pparß regulates lipid catabolism by mediating acox and cpt-1 genes in Scophthalmus maximus under heat stress.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ß (pparß) is a key gene-regulating lipid metabolism pathway, but its function in turbot remains unclear. In this study, the CDS of pparß was cloned from kidney for the first time. The CDS sequence length was 1533 bp encoding 510 amino acids. Structural analysis showed that the pparß protein contained a C4 zinc finger and HOLI domain, suggesting that the pparß gene of turbot has high homology with the PPAR gene of other species. The high expression patterns of pparß, acox, and cpt-1 at high temperatures, as shown through qPCR, indicated that high temperatures activated the transcriptional activity of pparß and increased the activity of the acox and cpt-1 genes. The expression of acox and cpt-1 was significantly inhibited when pparß was downregulated using RNAi technology and inhibitor treatments, suggesting that pparß positively regulated acox and cpt-1 expression at high temperatures and, thus, modulates lipid catabolism activity. These results demonstrate that pparß is involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism at high temperatures and expand a new perspective for studying the regulation of lipid metabolism in stress environments of teleost.

Revisiting R&D intensity and CO2 emissions link in the USA using time varying granger causality test: 1870∼2020.

R&D intensity, per capita GDP, and per capita CO2 emissions links in the USA over the period of 1870-2020 reflects the evolution of the economic development and technology for the environment benefit. Using Time varying Granger causality, the empirical results indicate both causal links between R&D intensity and per capita CO2 emissions and between per capita GDP and per capita CO2 emissions are time varying. In addition, R&D intensity significantly affects per capita CO2 emissions since 1975, and the per capita GDP significantly influences per capita CO2 emissions since 1978. That is, these findings not only in supportive of the EKC theory, but further disentangle the subtly linkages for the R&D intensity and CO2 emissions and the per capita GDP and CO2 emissions. Finally, the policy implication is that launch the new technical innovation and increase in R&D investment to maintain its sustainable economic growth are the best government strategy to reduce CO2 emissions in the USA.