Azeotropic Binary Solvent System Containing Nonfluorinated Polymer-Grafted Silica Nanoparticles for the Fabrication of a Superhydrophobic Surface.

This study describes a method for fabricating a superhydrophobic surface on glass via a colloidal deposition technique based on solvent evaporation-induced aggregation. Silica nanoparticles with a low grafting density of long-chain poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate) (PCH) were dispersed in a binary solvent system consisting of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and methanol (MeOH) with an azeotropic point and the nonfluorinated and hydrophobic PCHMA having a solubility parameter similar to that of THF. In the early stages of evaporation, the binary mixtures tend to induce the aggregation of PCH-NP due to the azeotropic point of the solvent components, leading to the formation of surface structures ranging from smooth to rough on the substrate. By adjusting the initial ratio of the binary solvents, a superhydrophobic coating with a water contact angle of 154 ± 2° and a sliding angle of less than 10° was achieved at a THF content of 60 wt %. This facile approach using azeotropes successfully shows that changes in the solvent composition of the binary solvent system during evaporation can be used to prepare superhydrophobic coatings with well-controlled surface structures.

Not just flowering time: a resurrection approach shows floral attraction traits are changing over time.

Contemporary anthropogenic changes in climate and landscape form a complex set of selective pressures acting on natural systems, yet, in many systems, we lack information about both whether and how organisms may adapt to these changes. In plants, research has focused on climate-induced changes in phenology and the resultant potential for disruption of plant-pollinator interactions, however, there remains a paucity of knowledge regarding how other pollinator-mediated traits may be involved in the adaptive response. Here, we use resurrection experiments to investigate the phenotypic basis of adaptation in a mixed-mating system plant, the common morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea). Specifically, we measure temporal and spatial changes in traits grouped into three categories relevant to plant-pollinator interactions - floral morphology, floral rewards, and floral phenology. We show a significant temporal increase in corolla size and shift to earlier flowering times, as well as a potential for increased investment in floral rewards, all of which are driven primarily by populations at more northern latitudes. Additionally, we find evidence for directional selection on floral morphology and phenology and evidence of balancing selection acting on anther-stigma distance. Overall, these results show an adaptive response in line with greater investment in pollinator attraction rather than self-pollination and fine-scale spatial differences in adaptive potential.

Mechanical Behaviors of Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis Recycled Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Concrete with Early-Strength Cement.

This study aimed to investigate the mechanical performance of early-strength carbon fiber-reinforced concrete (ECFRC) by incorporating original carbon fiber (OCF), recycled carbon fiber (RCF), and sizing-removed carbon fiber (SCF). Compressive, flexural, and splitting tensile strength were tested under three fiber-to-cement weight ratios (5‱, 10‱, and 15‱). The RCF was produced from waste bicycle parts made of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) through microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MAP). The sizing-removed fiber was obtained through a heat-treatment method applied to the OCF. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) indicated the successful removal of sizing and impurities from the surface of the RCF and SCF. The mechanical test results showed that ECFRC with a 10‱ fiber-to-cement weight ratio of carbon fiber had the greatest improvement in its mechanical strengths. Moreover, the ECFRC with 10‱ RCF exhibited higher compressive, flexural, and splitting tensile strength than that of benchmark specimen by 14.2%, 56.5%, and 22.5%, respectively. The ECFRC specimens with a 10‱ fiber-to-cement weight ratio were used to analyze their impact resistance under various impact energies in the impact test. At 50 joules of impact energy, the impact number of the ECFRC with SCF was over 23 times that of the benchmark specimen (early-strength concrete without fiber) and was also greater than that of ECFRC with OCF and RCF.

An automated pipeline for supervised classification of petal color from citizen science photographs.

Premise: Petal color is an ecologically important trait, and uncovering color variation over a geographic range, particularly in species with large distributions and/or short bloom times, requires extensive fieldwork. We have developed an alternative method that segments images from citizen science repositories using Python and k-means clustering in the hue-saturation-value (HSV) color space. Methods: Our method uses k-means clustering to aggregate like-color pixels in sample images to generate the HSV color space encapsulating the color range of petals. Using the HSV values, our method isolates photographs containing clusters in that range and bins them into a classification scheme based on user-defined categories. Results: We demonstrate the application of this method using two species: one with a continuous range of variation of pink-purple petals in Geranium maculatum, and one with a binary classification of white versus blue in Linanthus parryae. We demonstrate results that are repeatable and accurate. Discussion: This method provides a flexible, robust, and easily adjustable approach for the classification of color images from citizen science repositories. By using color to classify images, this pipeline sidesteps many of the issues encountered using more traditional computer vision applications. This approach provides a tool for making use of large citizen scientist data sets.

Investigation of T site variation in spinel aluminates TAl2O4 (T= Mg, Zn & Cu), and formation of electrocatalyst CuAl2O4/carbon for efficient sensing application.

Spinel structured aluminates TAl2O4 (T = Mg, Zn, and Cu) were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method. The resultant enhancement in the electrochemical behavior was achieved due to the covalent synergism among the elements coexisting together. Structural and morphological characterizations were performed by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. MgAl2O4, ZnAl2O4 and CuAl2O4 has displayed same space group Fd3m of Laue class lattice type of the cubic structure as they were synthesized at same temperature (600 °C). CuAl2O4 spinel structure displayed a nanoneedle like structure along with the small sized cylindrical particles alongside to which CuAl2O4 spinel is combined with activated carbon (CuAl/C) and was applied to develop a facile sensor for the electrochemical detection of Acetaminophen (ACAP) using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), which exhibited maximum conductivity, and a substantial electroactive surface area. Finally, the defect-rich composite, CuAl/C, showed excellent sensor performance towards DPV with 21.5 nM limit of detection (LOD) in a wide linear working range of 0.199 µM-165.88 µM ACAP concentration, with a high sensitivity of 19.1221 µA µM-1cm2. Additionally, the sensor showed excellent recovery results in real-time analysis for environmental aquatic samples like industrial wastewater and Tuna Fish.

Preparation of substrates for microarray protein chips with different ending functional groups.

Protein microarray chips are composed of three components, these are pre-treatment substrates, surface chemical modification, and immobilizing protein on substrate surfaces. In this study, self-assembly monolayers are used for surface chemical modification. Using this method, silanization on a glass and silicon chip is achieved, forming the terminal group substrates. Modification of the substrate surface to provide COOH and NH2 terminal functional groups provides a mechanism to proteins to immobilize on the substrate surface. To observe immobilized proteins on the substrate surface, they are first labeled with Cy5 fluorescent dye before analysis using a GenePix 4000B Microarray Scanner. The scanner induces fluorescence in the labelling dye and the resulting light is analyzed to provide information concerning both the quantity of immobilized protein, and the orientation of attachment. The antigen of the HSV-1 virus, a common human virus, was used in this study, performing an antigen-antibody analysis to determine the efficacy of the method under test for clinical diagnosis.

Behavioral Factors Associated with Medication Nonadherence in Patients with Hypertension.

Medication nonadherence is associated with an increased risk of complications in hypertensive patients. We investigated behavioral factors associated with medication nonadherence in hypertensive patients in southern Taiwan. Using questionnaires, we collected data regarding clinicodemographic characteristics and nonadherence behaviors from 238 hypertensive patients. We assessed the self-reported prevalence of specific behaviors of medication nonadherence and investigated factors associated with each behavior using multivariable logistic regression analysis. The most common behavior of medication nonadherence was forgetting to take medication (28.6%), followed by discontinuing medication (9.2%) and reducing the medication dose (8.8%). Age ≥ 65 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.32, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.15-0.69) and male sex (aOR = 2.61, CI = 1.31-5.19) were associated with forgetting to take medication. The presence of comorbidities (diabetes, kidney disease, or both) and insomnia (aOR = 3.97, 95% CI = 1.30-12.1) was associated with reducing the medication dose. The use of diet supplements was associated with discontinuing the medication (aOR = 4.82, 95% CI = 1.50-15.5). Compliance with a low oil/sugar/sodium diet was a protective factor against discontinuing medication (aOR = 0.14; 95% CI = 0.03-0.75). The most pervasive behavior associated with medication nonadherence among hypertensive patients was forgetting to take medication. Age <65 years, male sex, comorbidities, insomnia, noncompliance with diet, and the use of dietary supplements were specifically associated with medication nonadherence.

Synthesis and cytotoxic analysis of thiolated xylose derivatives decorated on gold nanoparticles.

The rapid development of metal nanoparticles capped by an organic monolayer offers the possibility to create a whole new variety of products with novel characteristic, functions and applications. Among these, nanoparticles covered with carbohydrates (glyconanoparticles) constitute a good bio-mimetic model of carbohydrate presentation at the cell surface and are currently centered on many glycobiological and biomedical applications. In this study, a series of novel D-xylose gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with linkages of alkyl or polyethylene glycol have been synthesized via D-xylosethiols, forming self-assembled monolayers on gold nanoparticles. The nano-gold solution, two carbohydrate derivatives and modified nano-gold solution were tested for cytotoxicity to check the biocompatibility. The MTT assay on NIH 3T3 cell lines confirmed that all the test materials showed no toxicity with the more than 90 % of cell viability in both low concentration (1 µM) and high concentration (100 µM), compared with the control.

Parallel and nonparallel genomic responses contribute to herbicide resistance in Ipomoea purpurea, a common agricultural weed.

The repeated evolution of herbicide resistance has been cited as an example of genetic parallelism, wherein separate species or genetic lineages utilize the same genetic solution in response to selection. However, most studies that investigate the genetic basis of herbicide resistance examine the potential for changes in the protein targeted by the herbicide rather than considering genome-wide changes. We used a population genomics screen and targeted exome re-sequencing to uncover the potential genetic basis of glyphosate resistance in the common morning glory, Ipomoea purpurea, and to determine if genetic parallelism underlies the repeated evolution of resistance across replicate resistant populations. We found no evidence for changes in 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), glyphosate's target protein, that were associated with resistance, and instead identified five genomic regions that showed evidence of selection. Within these regions, genes involved in herbicide detoxification-cytochrome P450s, ABC transporters, and glycosyltransferases-are enriched and exhibit signs of selective sweeps. One region under selection shows parallel changes across all assayed resistant populations whereas other regions exhibit signs of divergence. Thus, while it appears that the physiological mechanism of resistance in this species is likely the same among resistant populations, we find patterns of both similar and divergent selection across separate resistant populations at particular loci.

The relative contribution of natural landscapes and human-mediated factors on the connectivity of a noxious invasive weed.

Examining how the landscape may influence gene flow is at the forefront of understanding population differentiation and adaptation. Such understanding is crucial in light of ongoing environmental changes and the elevated risk of ecosystems alteration. In particular, knowledge of how humans may influence population structure is imperative to allow for informed decisions in management and conservation as well as to gain a better understanding of anthropogenic impacts on the interplay between gene flow, genetic drift, and selection. Here, we use genome-wide molecular markers to characterize the population genetic structure and connectivity of Ipomoea purpurea (Convolvulaceae), a noxious invasive weed. We, likewise, assess the interaction between natural and human-driven influences on genetic differentiation among populations. Our analyses find that human population density is an important predictor of pairwise population differentiation, suggesting that the agricultural and/or horticultural trade may be involved in maintaining some level of connectivity across distant agricultural fields. Climatic variation appears as an additional predictor of genetic connectivity in this species. We discuss the implications of these results and highlight future research needed to disentangle the mechanistic processes underlying population connectivity of weeds.

Characterization and adsorption capacity of potassium permanganate used to modify activated carbon filter media for indoor formaldehyde removal.

This study examined the effect of potassium permanganate (KMnO4)-modified activated carbon for formaldehyde removal under different face velocities and different initial formaldehyde concentrations in building environment. We chose the coconut shell activated carbon due to their high density and purity. Moreover, they have a clear environmental advantage over coal-based carbons, particularly in terms of acidification potential. The chemical properties were characterized by FTIR to show the functional groups, EDS to calculate each component of their energy bands to know how the ratio is. Also, the morphology of the surface was examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The BET determines specific surface area, pore size, and pore volume. It was found that where the initial formaldehyde concentration and the face velocity are low, adsorption capacity is high. The adsorption isotherms of formaldehyde on modified activated carbon are well fitted by both Langmuir and Freundlich equations. The rate parameter for the pseudo-first-order model, pseudo-second-order model, and intraparticle diffusion model was compared. The correlation coefficient of pseudo-second-order kinetic model (0.999 > R2 > 0.9548) is higher than the coefficient of pseudo-first-order kinetic model (0.5785 < R2 < 0.8755) and intraparticle diffusion model (0.9752 < R2 < 0.9898). Thus, pseudo-second-order kinetic model is more apposite to discuss the adsorption kinetic in this test, and the overall rate of the modified activated carbon adsorption process appears to be influenced by more than one step that is both the intraparticle diffusion model and membrane diffusion.

Natural and Anthropogenic Influences on the Mating System of the Common Morning Glory.

Evolutionary biologists remain puzzled by the often dramatic variation of mating strategies within single species. Of particular interest is the extent to which environmental conditions shape patterns of variation of mating system components within mixed mating species, and how widespread anthropogenic manipulations may influence these associations. Here, we address this question in the common morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea) by combining a dataset of floral traits, estimates of the mating system, and relevant environmental factors compiled for 22 populations of this species distributed along a wide range of environments from the Southeastern and Midwestern United States. We identify a disparate set of environmental factors to influence population-level variation in selfing, inbreeding, and flower morphology. Although floral traits are primarily associated with climatic variation, the outcrossing rate and inbreeding coefficient are primarily influenced by the level of herbicide resistance. Furthermore, we find that populations with higher levels of herbicide resistance exhibit a stronger correlation between mating system-floral traits and mating system estimates (outcrossing rate and inbreeding coefficient). Altogether, these results demonstrate the dominant role that herbicide application plays in the determination of I. purpurea's mating system, and more generally uncover the complex and unforeseen evolutionary consequences of anthropogenic manipulations in natural systems.

Sexual expression and reproductive output in the ephemeral Geranium transversale are correlated with environmental conditions.

PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Abiotic environmental factors are often considered to be important in the distribution and maintenance of variation in sexual systems in flowering plants. Associations between sexes and abiotic factors are well documented in dioecious systems, but much less is known about this relationship in other sexually polymorphic systems. Species that are highly variable in sexual expression and habitat distribution can provide insights into the role of abiotic factors in maintaining variation in sexual expression. METHODS: Focusing on a sexually polymorphic species, Geranium transversale, we measured sexual expression at both the flower and the plant level and examined vegetative and floral traits, pollen deposition, and reproductive success. We also tested for correlations between sexual expression and other traits and examined whether and how these traits covaried with abiotic environmental conditions. KEY RESULTS: We identified unique variation of sexual expression in G. transversale. There are four sexual morphs that display different combinations of the three flower types (pistillate, staminate, and perfect). Sexual morphs that are phenotypically more female (i.e., female and gynomonoecious morphs) are found in wetter and milder environments, and flower earlier than morphs that are more male (i.e., hermaphroditic and andromonoecious morphs). Additionally, floral organ size and reproductive success are influenced not only by the flower type but also by the sexual morph of the plant. CONCLUSIONS: Environmental conditions are likely to cause some of the variation in sexual expression found in G. transversale. Both genetic and ecological factors likely contribute to the maintenance of sexual variation in this species.

Studying plant-pollinator interactions facing climate change and changing environments.

Plant-pollinator interactions are essential for successful plant reproduction in both natural and agricultural systems. These interactions are negatively impacted by recent large-scale alterations of the environments, particularly climate change. The responses of plants and pollinators to changing abiotic conditions that vary seasonally and geographically are often uncoordinated, potentially leading to the breakdown of this interaction. The complexity of the responses of plants and pollinators to our changing climate necessitates creative approaches. The six articles in this special issue directly address this need by providing a variety of key methods and reviews of current methodology. The articles include: DNA barcoding methods for use on pollen collected from visiting bees; methods for assessment of plant attraction traits (nectar and review of floral volatiles methods); a field sampling method for ground nesting bees; a review of using spatial and temporal transplants for addressing changing dynamics of plant-pollinator interactions; and a review of approaches used to assess potential shifts in phenology of plants and pollinators. Collectively, these articles illustrate some of the breadth of approaches needed to address the changing dynamics of plant-pollinator interactions.

Not all weeds are created equal: A database approach uncovers differences in the sexual system of native and introduced weeds.

Weedy species provide excellent opportunities to examine the process of successful colonization of novel environments. Despite the influence of the sexual system on a variety of processes from reproduction to genetic structure, how the sexual system of species influences weediness has received only limited consideration. We examined the hypothesis that weedy plants have an increased likelihood of being self-compatible compared with nonweedy plants; this hypothesis is derived from Baker's law, which states that species that can reproduce uniparentally are more likely to successfully establish in a new habitat where mates are lacking. We combined a database of the weed (weedy/nonweedy) and introduction status (introduced/native) of plant species found in the USA with a database of plant sexual systems and determined whether native and introduced weeds varied in their sexual systems compared with native and introduced nonweeds. We found that introduced weeds are overrepresented by species with both male and female functions present within a single flower (hermaphrodites) whereas weeds native to the USA are overrepresented by species with male and female flowers present on a single plant (monoecious species). Overall, our results show that Baker's law is supported at the level of the sexual system, thus providing further evidence that uniparental reproduction is an important component of being either a native or introduced weed.

Inbreeding depression and drift load in small populations at demographic disequilibrium.

Inbreeding depression is a major driver of mating system evolution and has critical implications for population viability. Theoretical and empirical attention has been paid to predicting how inbreeding depression varies with population size. Lower inbreeding depression is predicted in small populations at equilibrium, primarily due to higher inbreeding rates facilitating purging and/or fixation of deleterious alleles (drift load), but predictions at demographic and genetic disequilibrium are less clear. In this study, we experimentally evaluate how lifetime inbreeding depression and drift load, estimated by heterosis, vary with census (Nc ) and effective (estimated as genetic diversity, He ) population size across six populations of the biennial Sabatia angularis as well as present novel models of inbreeding depression and heterosis under varying demographic scenarios at disequilibrium (fragmentation, bottlenecks, disturbances). Our experimental study reveals high average inbreeding depression and heterosis across populations. Across our small sample, heterosis declined with He , as predicted, whereas inbreeding depression did not vary with He and actually decreased with Nc . Our theoretical results demonstrate that inbreeding depression and heterosis levels can vary widely across populations at disequilibrium despite similar He and highlight that joint demographic and genetic dynamics are key to predicting patterns of genetic load in nonequilibrium systems.

Shifts in outcrossing rates and changes to floral traits are associated with the evolution of herbicide resistance in the common morning glory.

Human-mediated selection can strongly influence the evolutionary response of natural organisms within ecological timescales. But what traits allow for, or even facilitate, adaptation to the strong selection humans impose on natural systems? Using a combination of laboratory and greenhouse studies of 32 natural populations of the common agricultural weed, Ipomoea purpurea, we show that herbicide-resistant populations self-fertilise more than susceptible populations. We likewise show that anther-stigma distance, a floral trait associated with self-fertilisation in this species, exhibits a nonlinear relationship with resistance such that the most and least resistant populations exhibit lower anther-stigma separation compared to populations with moderate levels of resistance. Overall, our results extend the general finding that plant mating can be impacted by human-mediated agents of selection to that of the extreme selection of the agricultural system. This work highlights the influence of human-mediated selection on rapid responses of natural populations that can lead to unexpected long-term evolutionary consequences.

A resurrection experiment finds evidence of both reduced genetic diversity and potential adaptive evolution in the agricultural weed Ipomoea purpurea.

Despite the negative economic and ecological impact of weeds, relatively little is known about the evolutionary mechanisms that influence their persistence in agricultural fields. Here, we use a resurrection approach to examine the potential for genotypic and phenotypic evolution in Ipomoea purpurea, an agricultural weed that is resistant to glyphosate, the most widely used herbicide in current-day agriculture. We found striking reductions in allelic diversity between cohorts sampled nine years apart (2003 vs. 2012), suggesting that populations of this species sampled from agricultural fields have experienced genetic bottleneck events that have led to lower neutral genetic diversity. Heterozygosity excess tests indicate that these bottlenecks may have occurred prior to 2003. A greenhouse assay of individuals sampled from the field as seed found that populations of this species, on average, exhibited modest increases in herbicide resistance over time. However, populations differed significantly between sampling years for resistance: some populations maintained high resistance between the sampling years whereas others exhibited increased or decreased resistance. Our results show that populations of this noxious weed, capable of adapting to strong selection imparted by herbicide application, may lose genetic variation as a result of this or other environmental factors. We probably uncovered only modest increases in resistance on average between sampling cohorts due to a strong and previously identified fitness cost of resistance in this species, along with the potential that nonresistant migrants germinate from the seed bank.

Fitness costs of herbicide resistance across natural populations of the common morning glory, Ipomoea purpurea.

Although fitness costs associated with plant defensive traits are widely expected, they are not universally detected, calling into question their generality. Here, we examine the potential for life-history trade-offs associated with herbicide resistance by examining seed germination, root growth, and above-ground growth across 43 naturally occurring populations of Ipomoea purpurea that vary in their resistance to RoundUp®, the most commonly used herbicide worldwide. We find evidence for life-history trade-offs associated with all three traits; highly resistant populations had lower germination, shorter roots, and smaller above-ground size. A visual exploration of the data indicated that the type of trade-off may differ among populations. Our results demonstrate that costs of adaptation may be present at stages other than simply the production of progeny in this agricultural weed. Additionally, the cumulative effect of costs at multiple life cycle stages can result in severe consequences to fitness when adapting to novel environments.

Pollen competition in style: Effects of pollen size on siring success in the hermaphroditic common morning glory, Ipomoea purpurea.

PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Pollen size varies greatly among flowering plant species and has been shown to influence the delivery of sperm cells to the eggs. Relatively little is known, however, about the functional significance of within-species genetic variation in pollen size. This study tests whether pollen size influences the relative siring success of a pollen donor during in vivo pollen competition experiments. METHODS: We used two groups of Ipomoea purpurea plants genetically divergent in their pollen sizes and applied equal number of pollen grains from one large-pollen and one small-pollen donor onto the same stigma. Using microsatellite genetic markers, we identified the pollen parent of each of the resulting progeny to determine the relative siring success of the competing donors. Competitions between donors of equal-sized pollen served as a control. KEY RESULTS: Differences in pollen size significantly affected the relative siring success of a pollen donor; larger-grained individuals outcompeted smaller-grained competitors but not equal-sized competitors. Relative siring success, however, sometimes varied across different pollen recipients. CONCLUSIONS: Pollen size can influence the relative siring success of different individuals competing on the same stigma during postpollination processes. However, other factors, such as pollen-pistil interaction and environmental conditions, are likely to influence these competitions as well.