Peripheral blood indicators and COVID-19: an observational and bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.

Blood is critical for health, supporting key functions like immunity and oxygen transport. While studies have found links between common blood clinical indicators and COVID-19, they cannot provide causal inference due to residual confounding and reverse causality. To identify indicators affecting COVID-19, we analyzed clinical data (n = 2,293, aged 18-65 years) from Guangzhou Medical University's first affiliated hospital (2022-present), identifying 34 significant indicators differentiating COVID-19 patients from healthy controls. Utilizing bidirectional Mendelian randomization analyses, integrating data from over 2.46 million participants from various large-scale studies, we established causal links for six blood indicators with COVID-19 risk, five of which is consistent with our observational findings. Specifically, elevated Troponin I and Platelet Distribution Width levels are linked with increased COVID-19 susceptibility, whereas higher Hematocrit, Hemoglobin, and Neutrophil counts confer a protective effect. Reverse MR analysis confirmed four blood biomarkers influenced by COVID-19, aligning with our observational data for three of them. Notably, COVID-19 exhibited a positive causal relationship with Troponin I (Tnl) and Serum Amyloid Protein A, while a negative association was observed with Plateletcrit. These findings may help identify high-risk individuals and provide further direction on the management of COVID-19.

The genetic etiology of body fluids on chronic obstructive airways disease.

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have documented significant alterations in the bodily fluids of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients. However, existing literature lacks causal inference due to residual confounding and reverse causality. METHODS: Summary-level data for COPD were obtained from two national biobanks: the UK Biobank, comprising 1,605 cases and 461,328 controls, and FinnGen, with 6,915 cases and 186,723 controls. We also validated our findings using clinical data from 2,690 COPD patients and 3,357 healthy controls from the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University. A total of 44 bodily fluid biomarkers were selected as candidate risk factors. Mendelian randomization (MR) and meta-analyses were used to evaluate the causal effects of these bodily fluids on COPD and lung function (FEV1/FVC). RESULTS: Mendelian randomization (MR) and meta-analyses, by integrating data from the UK Biobank and FinnGen cohort, found that 3 bodily fluids indicators (HDLC, EOS, and TP) were causally associated with the risk of COPD, two (EOS and TP) of which is consistent with our observational findings. Moreover, we noticed EOS and TP were causally associated with the risk of lung function (FEV1/FVC). CONCLUSIONS: The MR findings and clinical data highlight the independent and significant roles of EOS and TP in the development of COPD and lung function (FEV1/FVC), which might provide a deeper insight into COPD risk factors and supply potential preventative strategies.

Impact of ultra-low temperature storage on serum sIgE detection and allergic disease biobank feasibility.

Research has shown that the concentration and composition of biological samples may change after long-term ultra-low temperature storage. Consequently, this study examined the effect of ultra-low temperature storage on serum sIgE detection by comparing sIgE concentrations at various durations from the time of sample storage to subsequent testing. We selected 40 serum samples from the Guangzhou Medical University Affiliated First Hospital Biobank, which had been tested for house dust mites, dog hair, tobacco mold, cockroaches, and cow milk allergen sIgE. Samples were categorized by storage duration: 14 samples stored for 10 years, 12 for 5 years, and 14 for 3 years. They were also classified by sIgE positive levels: 15 samples at levels 1-2, 15 at levels 3-4, and 10 at levels 5-6. The allergen sIgE of these samples was retested using the same technology. Regardless of the type of allergen or the level of positivity, the majority of sIgE concentrations measured at the time of storage were higher than the current measurements, but the difference was not statistically significant. The correlation between the sIgE results at the time of storage and the current results was high for samples stored for 10 years (rs = 0.991, P < 0.001) and 5 years (rs = 0.964, P < 0.001). Serum allergen sIgE is stable when stored under ultra-low temperature conditions, making the construction of a biological sample bank for allergic diseases feasible. This will facilitate researchers in quickly obtaining samples, conducting technical research, and translating findings, thereby promoting the development of the field of allergy through integration of industry, academia, and research.

Patterns of aeroallergen sensitization in asthma patients identified by latent class analysis: A cross-sectional study in China.

BACKGROUND: This cross-sectional study aimed to identify latent sensitization profiles of asthma patients in mainland China, unveiling the association between regional differences and sensitization patterns. METHODS: 1056 asthma participants from 10 medical centers divided into eastern and western cohorts were clustered into four individual sensitization patterns, respectively, by using an unsupervised statistical modeling method, latent class analysis (LCA), based on the levels of 12 aeroallergens specific IgE reactivities. Moreover, differences in clinical characteristics and environmental exposures were compared in different sensitization patterns. RESULTS: Four distinct sensitization patterns in the two cohorts were defined as follows, respectively. Eastern cohort: Class 1: "High weed pollen and house dust mites (HDMs) sensitization" (8.87%), Class 2: "HDMs dominated sensitization" (38.38%), Class 3: "High HDMs and animal dander sensitization" (6.95%), Class 4: "Low/no aeroallergen sensitization" (45.80%). Western cohort: Class 1: "High weed pollen sensitization" (26.14%), Class 2: "High multi-pollen sensitization" (15.02%), Class 3: "HDMs-dominated sensitization" (10.33%), Class 4: "Low/no aeroallergen sensitization" (48.51%). Of note, the significant statistical difference in age, asthma control test score (ACT) and comorbidities were observed within or between different sensitization patterns. Exposure factors in different sensitization patterns were pointed out. CONCLUSIONS: Asthmatic patients with distinct sensitization patterns were clustered and identified through the LCA method, disclosing the relationship between sensitization profiles of multiple aeroallergens and geographical differences, providing novel insights and potential strategies for atopic disease monitoring, management and prevention in clinical practice.

The genetic associations of COVID-19 on genitourinary symptoms.

Background: Recently emerged reports indicated that patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) might experience novo genitourinary symptoms after discharge. Nevertheless, the causal associations and underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. Methods: Genome-wide association study (GWAS) statistics for COVID-19 and 28 genitourinary symptoms with consistent definitions were collected from the COVID-19 Host Genetic Initiative, FinnGen, and UK Biobanks. Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were applied to explore the causal effects of COVID-19 on genitourinary symptoms by selecting single-nucleotide polymorphisms as instrumental variables. Meta-analyses were conducted to evaluate the combined causal effect. Molecular pathways connecting COVID-19 and its associated disorders were evaluated by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and enrichment analyses to extract insights into the potential mechanisms underlying the connection. Results: The MR and meta-analyses indicated that COVID-19 was causally associated with increased risk for calculus of the lower urinary tract (LUTC, OR: 1.2984 per doubling in odds of COVID-19, 95% CI: 1.0752-1.5680, p = 0.007) and sexual dysfunction (SD, OR: 1.0931, 95% CI: 1.0292-1.1610, p = 0.004). Intriguingly, COVID-19 might exert a slight causal protective effect on the progression of urinary tract infections (UTIs) and bladder cancer (BLCA). These results were robust to sensitivity analyses. Bioinformatic analyses indicated that the inflammatory-immune response module may mediate the links between COVID-19 and its associated disorders at the molecular level. Conclusions: In response to post-COVID-19 symptoms, we recommend that COVID-19 patients should strengthen the prevention of LUTC and the monitoring of sexual function. Meanwhile, the positive effects of COVID-19 on UTIs and BLCA should attach equal importance.

Connexin43 is associated with the progression of clear cell renal carcinoma and is regulated by tangeretin to sygergize with tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

BACKGROUND: The roles of Connexin43 (Cx43) in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) microenviroment remains to be poorly defined. METHODS: The expression profile, prognosis and immune analysis of Cx43 in various cancers, particularly in ccRCC were performed using TCGA database, and various biological function assays were applied to explore the physiological role of Cx43 and tangeretin in ccRCC. Western blot were applied to examine the protein expression and Kunming mice were used to evaluate preliminary safety or anti-tumor activity of tangeretin and sunitinib. RESULTS: Compared with the normal group, higher expression levels of Cx43 in ccRCC, and distinct associations between Cx43 expression and ccRCC prognosis or immune infiltration, were found. Notably, the expression of Cx43 was found to be highly correlated with that of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), particularly with VEGFR1, VEGFR2 and VEGFR3. The expression of Cx43 and EGFR was also found to be higher in ccRCC than that in the para-cancerous specimens. Knocking down Cx43 expression decreased RCC cell viability, cell migration, p-EGFR, MMP-9 and survivin expression. Using 14 Chinese medicine monomers, tangeretin was screened and found to inhibit tumor cell viability and Cx43 expression. Tangeretin also enhanced the sensitivity of RCC cells to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) sunitinib and sorafenib. However, the same concentration of tangeretin exerted a less prominent effect on normal renal cell viability. CONCLUSIONS: Cx43 is strongly associated with RTK expression and ccRCC progression, while tangeretin can inhibit RCC cell malignancy by inhibiting Cx43 expression and enhance the sensitivity of RCC cells to TKIs.

Superselective renal arterial embolization for severe postpercutaneous nephrolithotomy haemorrhage: clinical characteristics and risk factors for initial failure.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the clinical characteristics of patients who underwent superselective renal arterial embolization (SRAE) after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and to explore the risk factors for failed initial SRAE after PCNL. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients who underwent SRAE for severe haemorrhage following PCNL between January 2014 and December 2020 were included in the study. The clinical data of those patients and the parameters and characteristics of the perioperative PCNL and SRAE procedures were collected and analysed. RESULTS: A total of 243 patients were included in this study. A total of 139 patients (57.2%) had a pseudoaneurysm, 25 (10.3%) had an arteriovenous fistula, 50 (20.6%) patients had both a pseudoaneurysm and an arteriovenous fistula, and 29 (11.9%) had an arterial laceration. In 177 patients with single percutaneous access, 125 (70.6%) patients exhibited nontract haemorrhage, and 55 (31.1%) patients exhibited multiple bleeding sites. In 66 patients with multiple percutaneous access, 44 (66.7%) patients exhibited nontract haemorrhage, and 32 (48.5%) patients exhibited multiple bleeding sites. The decrease in Hb before SRAE was 41.4 ± 19.8 g/L. The mean time between PCNL surgery and initial SRAE was 6.4 ± 4.9 days. Serum creatinine was increased after the SRAE procedure. Initial SRAE was successful in 229 (94.2%) patients and failed in 14 (5.8%) patients. Multivariate regression demonstrated that hydronephrosis < 20 mm, total ultrasonographic guidance, solitary kidney, previous ipsilateral renal surgery, PCNL duration > 90 min and multiple bleeding sites were potential risk factors for initial embolization failure. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous access was not the most important reason for post-PCNL severe haemorrhage. SRAE is effective for the treatment of severe haemorrhage following PCNL; however, several factors have an impact on the success of initial SRAE. Additionally, the SRAE procedure may affect renal function.

Fc Fragment of IgE Receptor Ig (FCER1G) acts as a key gene involved in cancer immune infiltration and tumour microenvironment.

Although recent studies have revealed the relationship between Fc Fragment of IgE Receptor Ig (FCER1G) and human tumours, there is still a lack of a more comprehensive pan-cancer analysis of FCER1G as an immune-related gene. In this study, we investigated the expression pattern and prognostic value of FCER1G based on multiple databases. Subsequently, we further explored the role of FCER1G in tumour proliferation and metastasis, as well as its genomic alterations and DNA methylation levels, we next assessed the association between FCER1G and the immune infiltrating cells of the tumour microenvironment in different cancers and verified it by immunohistochemical staining. The correlation between FCER1G and immune checkpoint genes expression and its predictive power in the immune checkpoint blockade treatment cohorts were used to evaluate the importance of FCER1G in immunotherapy. Enrichment analysis of FCER1G-associated partners was also performed. In addition, we substantiated the expression of FCER1G in specific cell types of different tumours using single-cell RNA sequencing data from different databases. Our research results showed that FCER1G is up-regulated in most tumour. Positive associations were found between FCER1G expression and tumour prognosis, proliferation, and metastasis, we also found that FCER1G is closely related to the tumour microenvironment and tumour immunity. Moreover, FCER1G-associated partners were enriched in pathways associated with neutrophils activation. Finally, we confirmed that FCER1G was mainly expressed in monocyte/macrophages of the tumour microenvironment. In conclusion, our findings provided a comprehensive understanding of FCER1G in oncogenesis and tumour immunology among various tumours and demonstrated its potential value in prognosis prediction and tumour immunotherapy.

Cerium oxide-based nanozyme suppresses kidney calcium oxalate crystal depositions via reversing hyperoxaluria-induced oxidative stress damage.

Oxidative stress damage to renal epithelial cells is the main pathological factor of calcium oxalate calculi formation. The development of medicine that could alleviate oxidative damage has become the key to the prevention and treatment of urolithiasis. Herein, porous nanorods CeO2 nanoparticles (CNPs) were selected from CeO2 with different morphologies as an antioxidant reagent to suppress kidney calcium oxalate crystal depositions with excellent oxidation resistance due to its larger specific surface area. The reversible transformation from Ce3+ to Ce4+ could catalyze the decomposition of excess free radicals and act as a biological antioxidant enzyme basing on its strong ability to scavenge free radicals. The protection capability of CNPS against oxalate-induced damage and the effect of CNPS on calcium oxalate crystallization were studied. CNPS could effectively reduce reactive oxygen species production, restore mitochondrial membrane potential polarity, recover cell cycle progression, reduce cell death, and inhibit the formation of calcium oxalate crystals on the cell surface in vitro. The results of high-throughput sequencing of mRNA showed that CNPs could protect renal epithelial cells from oxidative stress damage caused by high oxalate by suppressing the expression gene of cell surface adhesion proteins. In addition, CNPS can significantly reduce the pathological damage of renal tubules and inhibit the deposition of calcium oxalate crystals in rat kidneys while having no significant side effect on other organs and physiological indicators in vivo. Our results provide a new strategy for CNPS as a potential for clinical prevention of crystalline kidney injury and crystal deposition.

Distinct immune and inflammatory response patterns contribute to the identification of poor prognosis and advanced clinical characters in bladder cancer patients.

Due to the molecular heterogeneity, most bladder cancer (BLCA) patients show no pathological responses to immunotherapy and chemotherapy yet suffer from their toxicity. This study identified and validated three distinct and stable molecular clusters of BLCA in cross-platform databases based on personalized immune and inflammatory characteristics. H&E-stained histopathology images confirmed the distinct infiltration of immune and inflammatory cells among clusters. Cluster-A was characterized by a favorable prognosis and low immune and inflammatory infiltration but showed the highest abundance of prognosis-related favorable immune cell and inflammatory activity. Cluster-B featured the worst prognosis and high immune infiltration, but numerous unfavorable immune cells exist. Cluster-C had a favorable prognosis and the highest immune and inflammatory infiltration. Based on machine learning, a highly precise predictive model (immune and inflammatory responses signature, IIRS), including FN1, IL10, MYC, CD247, and TLR2, was developed and validated to identify the high IIRS-score group that had a poor prognosis and advanced clinical characteristics. Compared to other published models, IIRS showed the highest AUC in 5 years of overall survival (OS) and a favorable predictive value in predicting 1- and 3- year OS. Moreover, IIRS showed an excellent performance in predicting immunotherapy and chemotherapy's response. According to immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR, IIRS genes were differentially expressed between tumor tissues with corresponding normal or adjacent tissues. Finally, immunohistochemical and H&E-stained analyses were performed on the bladder tissues of 13 BLCA patients to further demonstrate that the IIRS score is a valid substitute for IIR patterns and can contribute to identifying patients with poor clinical and histopathology characteristics. In conclusion, we established a novel IIRS depicting an IIR pattern that could independently predict OS and acts as a highly precise predictive biomarker for advanced clinical characters and the responses to immunotherapy and chemotherapy.

Allicin suppressed Escherichia coli-induced urinary tract infections by a novel MALT1/NF-κB pathway.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains cause the majority of urinary tract infections (UTIs) and are resistant to various antibiotics. Therefore, it is imperative to explore novel host-target therapies. As a famous food and condiment, garlic (Allium sativum L.) is widely used in medicine, but its exact key targets in UTIs remain elusive. To identify the major active ingredient of garlic and its molecular target against UTIs, a network pharmacology analysis was carried out, and allicin was revealed to be a key active component in garlic acting on UTIs. By molecular docking, allicin showed a good binding affinity to mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein 1 (MALT1). The possible regulatory mechanisms of allicin against UTIs were based on the modules of immune and inflammatory responses mainly through AKT/NF-κB signaling. Next, an E. coli-stimulated human uroepithelial cell (HUC) model was established to confirm the anti-infective effect of allicin. The results showed that allicin could significantly inhibit the upregulation of MALT1, the AKT/NF-κB pathway, and cytokines (IL-6 and IL-1ß). HUCs pretreated with the PI3K inhibitor or transfected with MALT-siRNA also partly suppressed the activation of the AKT/NF-κB pathway and cytokines. Furthermore, by establishing the PCA algorithm to evaluate the therapeutic score, allicin was proved to achieve the optimal therapeutic effects compared with the PI3K inhibitor and siRNA-MALT1. Moreover, in rats with an E. coli-induced UTI model, allicin significantly alleviated the infection and up-regulation of MALT1 expression in the bladders, a marked increase in the bacterial load of urine, and deviations in serum biochemical parameters. In conclusion, allicin exerts anti-infective effects in UTIs mainly via the MALT1/NF-κB axis or AKT/NF-κB pathway, which provides a theoretical basis for understanding the function of allicin against UTIs and facilitates its clinical application.

Citrus Flavone Tangeretin Inhibits CRPC Cell Proliferation by Regulating Cx26, AKT, and AR Signaling.

Prostate cancer (PCa) progression depends on the action of androgen receptors (AR). Therefore, preventing ligand-mediated activation of AR is the first-line treatment strategy for metastatic PCa. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) can inhibit ligand binding to AR and alleviate PCa progression initially. However, due to the adaptation of PCa and recovery of AR signaling, castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) eventually develops. Exploring novel dietary compounds that can target AR signaling appears to be a viable alternative therapeutic option for CRPC. In the present study, compounds from the citrus fruits were focused upon, which contain various flavonoid ingredients. Key components contained within orange peel, which is frequently used in traditional Chinese medicine, and downstream targets were first analyzed using network pharmacology approach. Notably, it was found that tangeretin, an active ingredient from orange peel, can significantly inhibit CRPC cell (C4-2 and Du145 cells) proliferation and migration whilst also synergistically increasing the sensitivity of CRPC cells to anti-tumor drugs sorafenib or cisplatin. Tangeretin also significantly reduced AR and AKT expressions in C4-2 cells and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 expression in the androgen-insensitive cell line Du145. In addition, tangeretin increased the expression of both connexin26 (Cx26) and gap junction function, which may mediate the bystander effects of cisplatin or sorafenib. Taken together, the present study revealed a novel molecular mechanism by which tangeretin may inhibit the proliferation of CRPC cells, by affecting the Cx26/AKT/AR pathway, to synergistically increase the sensitivity of CRPC cells to sorafenib and cisplatin.

Composition of Urine Collected from Non-Stone-Forming Chinese Persons during Different Short-Term Periods of the Day.

The purpose of this study in a small group of non-stone-forming Chinese persons was to measure the levels of supersaturation with calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate and pH with the aim of confirming if any of the different short-term urine samples were better for risk evaluation than a 24-h sample. Nine normal men and 1 woman collected urine during 4 periods of the day. Period 1 between 08 and 12 h, Period 2 between 12 and 18 h, Period 3 between 18 and 22 h, and Period 4 between 22 and 08 h. Each sample was analysed for calcium, oxalate, citrate, magnesium and phosphate, and estimates of supersaturation with calcium oxalate (CaOx) and calcium phosphate (CaP) were expressed in terms of AP(CaOx) and AP(CaP) index. An estimate of the solute load of CaOx was also calculated. Urine composition for 24-h urine (Period 24) was obtained mathematically from the analysed variables. Urine composition corresponding to 14-h urine portions 22-12 h (Period 14N) and 08-22 h (Period 14 D) were calculated. The lowest pH levels were recorded in Period 1 urine. The highest level of AP(CaOx) index was recorded during Period 1, and the product AP(CaOx) index × 107 × hydrogen ion concentration was significantly higher in Period 1 urine than in 24-h urine (p = 0.02). Also, the product SL(CaOx) × 107 × hydrogen ion concentration was significantly higher in Period 1 urine (p = 0.02). Low AP (CaP) index levels were recorded in Period 4, but also in all periods following dietary loads of calcium and phosphate. With the important reservation that the analytical results were obtained from non-stone-forming persons, the conclusion is that analysis of urine samples collected between 08 and 12 h might be an alternative to 24-h urine. The risk evaluation might advantageously be expressed either in terms of the product AP(CaOx) index × 107 × hydrogen ion concentration or the product SL(CaOx) × 107 × hydrogen ion concentration.

Escherichia coli Aggravates Calcium Oxalate Stone Formation via PPK1/Flagellin-Mediated Renal Oxidative Injury and Inflammation.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is closely associated with the formation of kidney stones. However, the role of E. coli in CaOx stone formation is not well understood. We explored whether E. coli facilitate CaOx stone formation and its mechanism. Stone and urine cultures were reviewed from kidney stone formers. The ability of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) aggregation was detected to evaluate the influence of uropathogenic E. coli, then gel electrophoresis and nanoLC-MS/MS to detect the crystal-adhered protein. Flagellin (Flic) and polyphosphate kinase 1 (PPK1) were screened out following detection of their role on crystal aggregation, oxidative injury, and inflammation of HK-2 cell in vitro. By transurethral injection of wild-type, Ppk1 mutant and Flic mutant strains of E. coli and intraperitoneally injected with glyoxylate in C57BL/6J female mice to establish an animal model. We found that E. coli was the most common bacterial species in patients with CaOx stone. It could enhance CaOx crystal aggregation both in vitro and in vivo. Flagellin was identified as the key molecules regulated by PPK1, and both of them could facilitate the crystal aggregation and mediated HK-2 cell oxidative injury and activated the inflammation-related NF-κB/P38 signaling pathway. Wild-type strain of E. coli injection significantly increased CaOx deposition and enhanced oxidative injury and inflammation-related protein expression, and this effect could be reversed by Ppk1 or Flic mutation. In conclusion, E. coli promotes CaOx stone formation via enhancing oxidative injury and inflammation regulated by the PPK1/flagellin, which activated NF-κB/P38 pathways, providing new potential drug targets for the renal CaOx calculus precaution and treatment.

Dissecting and Evaluating the Therapeutic Targets of Coptis Chinensis Franch in the Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections Induced by Escherichia coli.

Coptis chinensis Franch (CCF) is extensively used in the treatment of inflammatory-related diseases. Accumulating studies have previously demonstrated the anti-inflammatory properties of CCF, yet data on its exact targets against urinary tract infections (UTIs) remain largely unknown. Therefore, the present study decodes the potential targets of action of CCF against UTIs by network pharmacology combined with experiment evaluations. Based on the pharmacology network analysis, the current study yielded six core ingredients: quercetin, palmatine (R)-canadine, berlambine, berberine, and berberrubine. The protein-protein interaction network (PPI) was generated by the string database, and then, four targets (IL6, FOS, MYC, and EGFR) were perceived as the major CCF targets using the CytoNCA plug-in. The results of molecular docking showed that the six core constituents of CCF had strong binding affinities toward the four key targets of UTIs after docking into the crystal structure. The enrichment analysis indicated that the possible regulatory mechanisms of CCF against UTIs were based on the modules of inflammation, immune responses, and apoptosis among others. Experimentally, the Escherichia coli (E. coli) strain CFT073 was applied to establish in vivo and in vitro models. In vivo results revealed that the key targets, IL6 and FOS, are significantly upregulated in rat bladder tissues of UTIs, whereas the expression of MYC and EGFR remained steady. Last, in vitro results further confirmed the therapeutic potential of CCF by reducing the expression of IL6 and FOS. In conclusion, IL6 and FOS were generally upregulated in the progression of E. coli-induced UTIs, whereas the CCF intervention exerted a preventive role in host cells stimulated by E. coli, partially due to inhibiting the expression of IL6 and FOS.