Radiotherapy enhances efficacy of PD-1 inhibitors in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: A propensity-matched real-world study.

BACKGROUND: To address the need for immunotherapy in patients with advanced primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), combination with radiotherapy (RT) has emerged as a promising strategy. In preclinical studies, irradiated tumors released tumor antigens to synergistically increase the antitumor effect of immunotherapy. Hence, we investigated whether RT enhances the efficacy of anti-programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) inhibitors in advanced HCC in real-world practice. METHODS: Between August 2018 and June 2021, 172 patients with advanced primary HCC were enrolled in the tertiary center (Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University); 95 were treated with a combination of RT and the inhibitor of PD-1 (RT-PD1 cohort), and 77 were administered anti-PD-1 therapy (PD1 cohort). The first cycle of PD-1 inhibitors was administered within 60 days or concurrently with RT. Propensity score matching for bias reduction was used to evaluate the clinical outcomes. RESULTS: Among 71 propensity-matched pairs, median progression-free survival was 5.7 months in the RT-PD1 cohort vs. 2.9 months in the PD1 cohort ( P  <0.001). Median overall survival was 20.9 months in the RT-PD1 cohort vs. 11.2 months in the PD1 cohort ( P  = 0.018). Compared with patients in the PD1 cohort, patients in the RT-PD1 cohort had significantly higher objective response rates (40.8%, 29/71 vs. 19.7%, 14/71, P  = 0.006) and disease control rates (62.0%, 44/71 vs. 31.0%, 22/71, P  <0.001). The incidences of toxic effects were not significantly different between the two cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: RT plus anti-PD-1 therapy is well tolerated. RT enhances the efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy in patients with advanced primary HCC by improving survival outcomes without increased toxic effects.

Iron Overload-Dependent Ferroptosis Aggravates LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury by Impairing Mitochondrial Function.

Ferroptosis is a newly proposed form of programmed cell death that is iron-dependent and closely linked to oxidative stress. Its specific morphological changes include shrunken mitochondria, increased density of mitochondrial membrane, and rupture or disappearance of mitochondrial cristae. The main mechanism of ferroptosis involves excessive free iron reacting with membrane phospholipids, known as the Fenton reaction, resulting in lipid peroxidation. However, the role of iron in acute lung injury (ALI) remains largely unknown. In this study, LPS was instilled into the airway to induce ALI in mice. We observed a significant increase in iron concentration during ALI, accompanied by elevated levels of lipid peroxidation markers such as malonaldehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). Treatment with the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO) or ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) reversed lipid peroxidation and significantly attenuates lung injury. Similarly, DFO or Fer-1 treatment improved the cell survival significantly in vitro. These results demonstrated that ferroptosis occurs during ALI and that targeting ferroptosis is an effective treatment strategy. Interestingly, we found that the increased iron was primarily concentrated in mitochondria and DFO treatment effectively restored normal mitochondria morphology. To further confirm the damaging effect of iron on mitochondria, we performed mitochondrial stress tests in vitro, which revealed that iron stimulation led to mitochondrial dysfunction, characterized by impaired basal respiratory capacity, ATP production capacity, and maximum respiratory capacity. MitoTEMPO, an antioxidant targeting mitochondria, exhibited superior efficacy in improving iron-induced mitochondrial dysfunction compared to the broad-spectrum antioxidant NAC. Treatment with MitoTEMPO more effectively alleviated ALI. In conclusion, ferroptosis contributes to the pathogenesis of ALI and aggravates ALI by impairing mitochondrial function.

Antinuclear antibody (ANA) status predicts immune-related adverse events in liver cancer patients undergoing anti-PD-1 therapy.

Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) clinically resemble autoimmune diseases, indicating autoantibodies could be potential biomarkers for the prediction of irAEs. This study aimed to assess the predictive value of peripheral blood antinuclear antibody (ANA) status for irAEs, considering the time and severity of irAEs, as well as treatment outcome in liver cancer patients administered anti-PD-1 therapy. Ninety-three patients with advanced primary liver cancer administered anti-PD-1 treatment were analyzed retrospectively. They were divided into the ANA positive (ANA+, titer ≥ 1:100) and negative (ANA-, titer < 1:100) groups. Development of irAEs, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were assessed. Compared with ANA- patients, ANA+ cases were more prone to develop irAEs (43.3% vs. 19.2%, P = 0.031). With the increase of ANA titers, the frequency of irAEs increased. The time interval between anti-PD-1 therapy and the onset of irAEs was significantly shorter in ANA+ patients compared with the ANA- group (median, 1.7 months vs. 5.0 months, P = 0.022). Moreover, the time between anti-PD-1 therapy and irAE occurrence decreased with increasing ANA titer. In addition, PFS and OS were decreased in ANA+ patients compared with the ANA- group (median PFS, 2.8 months vs. 4.2 months, P = 0.043; median OS, 21.1 months vs. not reached, P = 0.041). IrAEs occur at higher frequency in ANA+ liver cancer patients undergoing anti-PD-1 therapy. ANA titer could help predict irAE development and treatment outcome in these patients.

Utility of cell-free DNA from bronchial washing fluid in diagnosis and genomic determination for radiology-suspected pulmonary nodules.

BACKGROUND: Bronchial washing fluid (BWF) is a less-invasive specimen. Due to the limited sensitivity of BWF cellular component diagnosis, the aim of this study was to explore the potential role of BWF supernatant as a source of liquid biopsy of lung cancer. METHODS: This prospective study enrolled 76 suspected and 5 progressed lung cancer patients. Transbronchial biopsy tissues, BWF supernatant (BWF_Sup) and BWF precipitant (BWF_Pre) were tested by a targeted panel of 1021 genes. RESULTS: BWF_Sup cell-free DNA (cfDNA) was superior to tissue biopsy and BWF_Pre in determining mutational allele frequency, tumour mutational burden, and chromosomal instability. Moreover, BWF_Sup and BWF_Pre achieved comparable efficacy to tissue samples in differentiating malignant and benign patients, but only BWF_Sup persisted differentiated performance after excluding 55 malignancies pathologically diagnosed by bronchoscopic biopsy. Among 67 malignant patients, 82.1% and 71.6% of tumour-derived mutations (TDMs) were detected in BWF_Sup and BWF_Pre, respectively, and the detectability of TDMs in BWF_Sup was independent of the cytological examination of BWF. BWF_Sup outperformed BWF_Pre in providing more subclonal information and thus might yield advantage in tracking drug-resistant markers. CONCLUSIONS: BWF_Sup cfDNA is a reliable medium for lung cancer diagnosis and genomic profiles and may provide important information for subsequent therapeutic regimens.

Risk factors for immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis in non-small cell lung cancer.

Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have led to dramatic improvements in survival a subset of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); however, they have been shown to cause life-threatening toxicity such as immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis (CIP). Our previous studies have shown that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and circulating cytokines are associated with clinical outcomes in NSCLC patients receiving ICIs. However, the relationship between these factors and the development of CIP is unclear. In this study, we retrospectively assessed NSCLC patients receiving ICIs to identify CIP risk factors. Methods: This retrospective cohort study reviewed medical records of NSCLC patients receiving ICIs targeting programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) or its ligand PD-L1 between March 2017 and December 2020 at Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University. CIP was diagnosed by the treating investigator. Clinical characteristics and baseline plasma cytokines were collected. Logistic regression was used to compare clinical characteristics and circulating cytokine levels between patients with and without CIP to identify CIP risk factors. Results: Of 164 NSCLC patients who received ICIs, CIP developed in 20 cases (12.2%). The presence of COPD [odds ratio (OR), 7.194; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.130 to 45.798; P=0.037] and PD-L1 expression of ≥50% (OR, 7.184; 95% CI: 1.154 to 44.721; P=0.035) were independently associated with a higher incidence of CIP, whereas a higher baseline level of interleukin-8 (IL-8) was associated with a lower incidence of CIP (OR, 0.758; 95% CI: 0.587 to 0.978; P=0.033). The independent risk factors from final multivariate analysis were incorporated into a nomogram to predict the incidence of CIP. The nomogram model receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve had a good predictive accuracy of 0.883 (95% CI: 0.806 to 0.959). Conclusions: Increased risk of CIP independently associated with history of COPD, tumor PD-L1 expression ≥50%, and low baseline IL-8 level. The nomogram may hold promise for CIP risk assessment in the administration of ICIs.

Discovery of efficacy biomarkers for non-small cell lung cancer with first-line anti-PD-1 immunotherapy by data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry.

First-line immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have greatly ameliorated outcomes in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, approximately a quarter of patients receiving ICIs demonstrate long-term clinical benefit, and the true responders have not been fully clarified by the existing biomarkers. To discover potential biomarkers treatment-related outcomes in plasma, mass spectrometry assay for the data-independent acquisition was analyzed plasma samples collected before the anti-PD-1 treatment. From July 2019 to January 2020, 15 patients with EGFR/ALK-negative NSCLC receiving first-line anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitors were enrolled, and six healthy individuals have collected the plasma samples as control. We explored plasma proteome profiles and conducted stratified analyses by anti-PD-1 responders and non-responders. To validate the target proteins by ELISA, we recruited 22 additional independent patients and 15 healthy individuals from April 2021 to August 2021. By identifying biomarkers to predict better efficacy, we performed differential expression analysis in 12 responders and three non-responders. Compared with healthy individuals, hierarchical cluster analysis revealed plasma proteome profiles of NSCLC were markedly changed in 170 differentially expressed proteins. Furthermore, we discovered that SAA1, SAA2, S100A8, and S100A9 were noticeably increased among non-responders than responders, which may serve as predictive biomarkers with unfavorable responses. The validated results from all samples via ELISA have confirmed this observation. Identified a set of plasma-derived protein biomarkers (SAA1, SAA2, S100A8, and S100A9) that could potentially predict the efficacy in cohorts of patients with NSCLC treated with first-line anti-PD-1 inhibitors and deserves further prospective study.

Impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy in advanced lung cancer and the potential prognostic factors.

BACKGROUND: The coexistence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in lung cancer patients often correlates with a poor clinical outcome regardless of tumor stage, mainly due to older age, poor lung function, and complex comorbid disease. Emerging data suggest that the pathogenesis of both diseases involves aberrant immune functioning. We conducted this retrospective study to describe the impact of COPD on the clinical outcomes of lung cancer patients treated with immunotherapy and investigate the potential prognostic factors. METHODS: In total, 156 patients with advanced-stage lung cancer who received at least one administration of an anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/anti-programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) at any treatment line at Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University between May 2018 and December 2019 were enrolled in our study. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were analyzed according to the presence of COPD. We also evaluated the prognostic value of circulating cytokine levels for clinical outcome. RESULTS: We found that the presence of COPD (both spirometry-based COPD and physician-defined COPD) was significantly associated with longer PFS (316 vs. 186 days, P=0.018). Moderate and severe COPD tended to have a better impact on the survival of these patients. In the present study, we reported that patients with mixed ventilatory defects tended to have a better OS (P=0.043) and PFS (P=0.18) when treated with ICIs compared to the normal lung function group. We also found that low baseline plasma interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) levels were associated with longer PFS in patients with advanced-stage lung cancer who received ICI treatment. Furthermore, patients who had increased IL-2R levels had significantly poorer OS [hazard ratio (HR) =3.63; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.98-13.44; P=0.040] and PFS (HR =3.241; 95% CI, 1.032-10.18; P=0.035) when treated with ICIs. Nomograms were established based on the independent prognostic factors derived from our final multivariate models. CONCLUSIONS: COPD was associated with better survival in advanced-stage lung cancer patients treated with ICIs. Plasma IL-8 and IL-2R levels were potential prognostic factors for clinical outcome. The nomograms represent a possibly useful tool for predicting the clinical outcomes of immunotherapy.

Rapid discrimination between tuberculosis and sarcoidosis using next-generation sequencing.

OBJECTIVES: Tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), has similar clinical, radiological, and histopathological characteristics to sarcoidosis (SA). Accurately distinguishing SA from TB remains a clinical challenge. METHODS: A total of 44 TB patients and 47 SA patients who were clinically diagnosed using chest radiography, pathological examination, routine smear microscopy, and microbial culture were enrolled in this study. The MTB genome was captured and sequenced directly from tissue specimens obtained upon operation or biopsy, and the feasibility of next-generation sequencing (NGS) for the MTB genome in the differential diagnosis of TB from SA was evaluated. RESULTS: Using a depth >10× and coverage >15% of the sequencing data, TB patients were identified via the NGS approach directly using operation or biopsy specimens without clinical pretreatment. The sensitivity, specificity, and concordance of the NGS method were 81.8% (36/44), 95.7% (45/47), and 89.0% (81/91), respectively (kappa = 0.78, 95% confidence interval 0.65-0.91; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study established an improved NGS strategy for rapidly distinguishing patients with TB from those with SA and has potential clinical benefits.

Day-to-Day Variability of Parameters Recorded by Home Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation for Detection of Severe Acute Exacerbations in COPD.

BACKGROUND: Home noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) can be considered not only as an evidence-based treatment for stable hypercapnic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, but also as a predictor for detecting severe acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). METHODS: In this retrospective observational study, we collected clinical exacerbations information and daily NPPV-related data in a cohort of COPD patients with home NPPV for 6 months. Daily changes in NPPV-related parameters' variability prior to AECOPD were examined using two-way repeated measures ANOVA and individual abnormal values (>75th or <25th percentile of individual baseline parameters) were calculated during 7-day pre-AECOPD period. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the independent risk factors associated with AECOPD that then were incorporated into the nomogram. RESULTS: Between January 1, 2018, and January 1, 2020, a total of 102 patients were included and 31 (30.4%) participants experienced hospitalization (AECOPD group) within 6 months. Respiratory rate changed significantly from baseline at 1, 2 or 3 days prior to admission (p<0.001, respectively) in the AECOPD group. The number of days with abnormal values of daily usage, leaks, or tidal volume during the 7-day pre-AECOPD period in the AECOPD group was higher than in the stable group (p<0.001, respectively). On multivariate analysis, 7-day mean respiratory rate (OR 1.756, 95% CI 1.249-2.469), abnormal values of daily use (OR 1.918, 95% CI 1.253-2.934) and tidal volume (OR 2.081, 95% CI 1.380-3.140) within 7 days were independently associated with the risk of AECOPD. Incorporating these factors, the nomogram achieved good concordance indexes of 0.962. CONCLUSION: Seven-day mean respiratory rate, abnormal values of daily usage, leaks, and tidal volume within the 7-day pre-AECOPD period may be biomarkers for detection of AECOPD.

Coagulopathy is a major extrapulmonary risk factor for mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 with type 2 diabetes.

INTRODUCTION: To investigate the risk factors for the death in patients with COVID-19 with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We retrospectively enrolled inpatients with COVID-19 from Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital (Wuhan, China) between December 25, 2019, and March 3, 2020. The epidemiological and clinical data were compared between non-T2DM and T2DM or between survivors and non-survivors. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses were used to explore the effect of T2DM and complications on in-hospital death. RESULTS: A total of 1105 inpatients with COVID-19, 967 subjects with without T2DM (n=522 male, 54.0%) and 138 subjects with pre-existing T2DM (n=82 male, 59.4%) were included for baseline characteristics analyses. The complications were also markedly increased in patients with pre-existing T2DM, including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (48.6% vs 32.3%, p<0.001), acute cardiac injury (ACI) (36.2% vs 16.7%, p<0.001), acute kidney injury (AKI) (24.8% vs 9.5%, p<0.001), coagulopathy (24.8% vs 11.1%, p<0.001), and hypoproteinemia (21.2% vs 9.4%, p<0.001). The in-hospital mortality was significantly higher in patients with pre-existing T2DM compared with those without T2DM (35.3% vs 17.4%, p<0.001). Moreover, in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 with T2DM, ARDS and coagulopathy were the main causes of mortality, with an HR of 7.96 (95% CI 2.25 to 28.24, p=0.001) for ARDS and an HR of 2.37 (95% CI 1.08 to 5.21, p=0.032) for coagulopathy. This was different from inpatients with COVID-19 without T2DM, in whom ARDS and cardiac injury were the main causes of mortality, with an HR of 12.18 (95% CI 5.74 to 25.89, p<0.001) for ARDS and an HR of 4.42 (95% CI 2.73 to 7.15, p<0.001) for cardiac injury. CONCLUSIONS: Coagulopathy was a major extrapulmonary risk factor for death in inpatients with COVID-19 with T2DM rather than ACI and AKI, which were well associated with mortality in inpatients with COVID-19 without T2DM.

Corticosteroid therapy for coronavirus disease 2019-related acute respiratory distress syndrome: a cohort study with propensity score analysis.

BACKGROUND: The impact of corticosteroid therapy on outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is highly controversial. We aimed to compare the risk of death between COVID-19-related ARDS patients with corticosteroid treatment and those without. METHODS: In this single-center retrospective observational study, patients with ARDS caused by COVID-19 between January 20, 2020, and February 24, 2020, were enrolled. The primary outcome was 60-day in-hospital death. The exposure was prescribed systemic corticosteroids or not. Time-dependent Cox regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for 60-day in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: A total of 382 patients [60.7 ± 14.1 years old (mean ± SD), 61.3% males] were analyzed. The median of sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score was 2.0 (IQR 2.0-3.0). Of these cases, 94 (24.6%) patients had invasive mechanical ventilation. The number of patients received systemic corticosteroids was 226 (59.2%), and 156 (40.8%) received standard treatment. The maximum dose of corticosteroids was 80.0 (IQR 40.0-80.0) mg equivalent methylprednisolone per day, and duration of corticosteroid treatment was 7.0 (4.0-12.0) days in total. In Cox regression analysis using corticosteroid treatment as a time-varying variable, corticosteroid treatment was associated with a significant reduction in risk of in-hospital death within 60 days after adjusting for age, sex, SOFA score at hospital admission, propensity score of corticosteroid treatment, comorbidities, antiviral treatment, and respiratory supports (HR 0.42; 95% CI 0.21, 0.85; p = 0.0160). Corticosteroids were not associated with delayed viral RNA clearance in our cohort. CONCLUSION: In this clinical practice setting, low-dose corticosteroid treatment was associated with reduced risk of in-hospital death within 60 days in COVID-19 patients who developed ARDS.

A Fluorogenic Molecule for Probing Islet Amyloid Using Flavonoid as a Scaffold Design.

Aggregation of polypeptides and proteins is commonly associated with human and other vertebrate diseases. For example, amyloid plaques consisting of amyloid-ß proteins are frequently identified in Alzheimer's disease and islet amyloid formed by islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP, amylin) can be found in most patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Although many fluorescent dyes have been developed to stain amyloid fibrils, very few examples have been designed for IAPP. In this study, a series of environmentally sensitive fluorescent probes using flavonoid as a scaffold design are rationally designed and synthesized. One of these probes, namely 3-HF-ene-4'-OMe, can bind to IAPP fibrils but not nonfibrillar IAPP by exhibiting a much stronger fluorescent enhancement at 535 nm. In addition, this probe shows better detection sensitivity to IAPP fibrils compared with that of conventionally used thioflavin-T. We demonstrate that 3-HF-ene-4'-OMe can be used to monitor the kinetics of IAPP fibril formation in vitro even in the presence an amyloid inhibitor. To test the specificity of the probe, we attempt to incubate this probe with amyloid fibrils formed from other amyloidogenic proteins. Interestingly, this probe shows different responses when mixed with these fibrils, suggesting the mode of binding of this probe on these fibrils could be different. Moreover, we show that this probe is not toxic to pancreatic mouse ß-cells. Further structural optimization based on the structure of 3-HF-ene-4'-OMe may yield a specific probe for imaging islet amyloid in the pancreas. That would improve our understanding of the relationship between islet amyloid and T2D.

Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China.

Importance: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging infectious disease that was first reported in Wuhan, China, and has subsequently spread worldwide. Risk factors for the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 pneumonia have not yet been well delineated. Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia who developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or died. Design, Setting, and Participants: Retrospective cohort study of 201 patients with confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia admitted to Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital in China between December 25, 2019, and January 26, 2020. The final date of follow-up was February 13, 2020. Exposures: Confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia. Main Outcomes and Measures: The development of ARDS and death. Epidemiological, demographic, clinical, laboratory, management, treatment, and outcome data were also collected and analyzed. Results: Of 201 patients, the median age was 51 years (interquartile range, 43-60 years), and 128 (63.7%) patients were men. Eighty-four patients (41.8%) developed ARDS, and of those 84 patients, 44 (52.4%) died. In those who developed ARDS, compared with those who did not, more patients presented with dyspnea (50 of 84 [59.5%] patients and 30 of 117 [25.6%] patients, respectively [difference, 33.9%; 95% CI, 19.7%-48.1%]) and had comorbidities such as hypertension (23 of 84 [27.4%] patients and 16 of 117 [13.7%] patients, respectively [difference, 13.7%; 95% CI, 1.3%-26.1%]) and diabetes (16 of 84 [19.0%] patients and 6 of 117 [5.1%] patients, respectively [difference, 13.9%; 95% CI, 3.6%-24.2%]). In bivariate Cox regression analysis, risk factors associated with the development of ARDS and progression from ARDS to death included older age (hazard ratio [HR], 3.26; 95% CI 2.08-5.11; and HR, 6.17; 95% CI, 3.26-11.67, respectively), neutrophilia (HR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.09-1.19; and HR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.01-1.17, respectively), and organ and coagulation dysfunction (eg, higher lactate dehydrogenase [HR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.44-1.79; and HR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.11-1.52, respectively] and D-dimer [HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.04; and HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01-1.04, respectively]). High fever (≥39 °C) was associated with higher likelihood of ARDS development (HR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.11-2.84) and lower likelihood of death (HR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.21-0.82). Among patients with ARDS, treatment with methylprednisolone decreased the risk of death (HR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.20-0.72). Conclusions and Relevance: Older age was associated with greater risk of development of ARDS and death likely owing to less rigorous immune response. Although high fever was associated with the development of ARDS, it was also associated with better outcomes among patients with ARDS. Moreover, treatment with methylprednisolone may be beneficial for patients who develop ARDS.