Modulation of the gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acid production by gac fruit juice and its fermentation in in vitro colonic fermentation.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of gac fruit juice and its probiotic fermentation (FGJ) utilizing Lactobacillus paracasei on the modulation of the gut microbiota and the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). We conducted a comparison between FGJ, non-fermented gac juice (GJ), and control samples through in vitro digestion and colonic fermentation using the human gut microbiota derived from fecal inoculum. Our findings revealed that both GJ and FGJ led to an increase in the viability of Lactobacilli, with FGJ exhibiting even higher levels compared to the control. The results from the 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing technique showed that both GJ and FGJ exerted positive impact on the gut microbiota by promoting beneficial bacteria, notably Lactobacillus mucosae and Bacteroides vulgatus. Additionally, both GJ and FGJ significantly elevated the levels of SCFAs, particularly acetic, propionic, and n-butyric acids, as well as lactic acid, in comparison to the control. Notably, FGJ exhibited a more pronounced effect on the gut microbiota compared to GJ. This was evident in its ability to enhance species richness, reduce the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio, promote Akkermansia, and inhibit pathogenic Escherichia coli. Moreover, FGJ displayed enhanced production of SCFAs, especially acetic and lactic acids, in contrast to GJ. Our findings suggest that the probiotic fermentation of gac fruit enhances its functional attributes in promoting a balanced gut microbiota. This beverage demonstrates potential as a functional food with potential advantages for sustaining intestinal health.

Synergistic activity of Limosilactobacillus reuteri KUB-AC5 and water-based plants against Salmonella challenge in a human in vitro gut model.

A synbiotic is a combination of live microorganisms and specific substrates that are selectively utilized by host microorganisms, resulting in health benefits for the host. Previous studies have demonstrated the protective effects of L. reuteri KUB-AC5 against Salmonella infection in chicken and mouse models. The probiotic activity of L. reuteri KUB-AC5 in these hosts was influenced by nutritional supplements. Water-based plants contain significant amounts of carbohydrates, particularly dietary fiber and proteins, making them potential prebiotic substrates. In this study, four water-based plants (Ulva rigida, Caulerpa lentillifera, Wolffia globosa, and Gracillaria fisheri) were screened for their ability to support the growth of L. reuteri KUB-AC5. Under monoculture testing, U. rigida exhibited the highest capacity to support the growth of L. reuteri KUB-AC5 and the production of organic acids, including acetic acid, lactic acid, and propionic acid (p ≤ 0.05). In co-culture experiments, the synbiotic combination of U. rigida and L. reuteri KUB-AC5 demonstrated the potential to eliminate Salmonella Typhimurium DMST 48437 when inoculated at 104 CFU/mL within 9 h. The synbiotic activities of U. rigida and L. reuteri KUB-AC5 were further investigated using an in vitro human gut model. Compared to the probiotic treatment, the synbiotic combination of L. reuteri KUB-AC5 and U. rigida showed significantly higher levels of L. reuteri KUB-AC5 (5.1 log copies/mL) and a reduction of S. Typhimurium by 0.8 log (CFU/ml) after 24 h (p ≤ 0.05). Synbiotic treatment also significantly promoted the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), including butyric acid, propionic acid, and acetic acid, compared to prebiotic and probiotic treatments alone (p ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, the synbiotic formulation modulated the in vitro simulated gut microbiome, enhancing putatively beneficial gut microbes, including lactobacilli, Faecalibacterium, and Blautia. Our findings demonstrated that L. reuteri KUB-AC5, in combination with U. rigida, exhibited synergistic activity, as indicated by increased viability, higher anti-pathogenicity toward Salmonella, and the ability to modulate the gut microbiome.

Influence of Prolonged Whole Egg Supplementation on Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 and Short-Chain Fatty Acids Product: Implications for Human Health and Gut Microbiota.

The gut microbiota exert a profound influence on human health and metabolism, with microbial metabolites playing a pivotal role in shaping host physiology. This study investigated the impact of prolonged egg supplementation on insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and circulating short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). In a subset of a cluster-randomized trial, participants aged 8-14 years were randomly assigned into three groups: (1) Whole Egg (WE)-consuming 10 additional eggs per week [n = 24], (2) Protein Substitute (PS)-consuming yolk-free egg substitute equivalent to 10 eggs per week [n = 25], and (3) Control Group (C) [n = 26]. At week 35, IGF-1 levels in WE significantly increased (66.6 ± 27.7 ng/mL, p < 0.05) compared to C, with positive SCFA correlations, except acetate. Acetate was stable in WE, increasing in PS and C. Significant propionate differences occurred between WE and PS (14.8 ± 5.6 µmol/L, p = 0.010). WE exhibited notable changes in the relative abundance of the Bifidobacterium and Prevotella genera. Strong positive SCFA correlations were observed with MAT-CR-H4-C10 and Libanicoccus, while Roseburia, Terrisporobacter, Clostridia_UCG-014, and Coprococcus showed negative correlations. In conclusion, whole egg supplementation improves growth factors that may be related to bone formation and growth; it may also promote benefits to gut microbiota but may not affect SCFAs.

Microbiome analysis of thai traditional fermented soybeans reveals short-chain fatty acid-associated bacterial taxa.

Thua Nao is a Thai traditional fermented soybean food and low-cost protein supplement. This study aimed to evaluate the bacterial community in Thua Nao from northern Thailand and assess potentially active short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-related bacteria. Sixty-five Thua Nao consisting of 30 wet and 35 dried samples were collected from six provinces: Chiang Rai, Chiang Mai, Mae Hong Son, Lampang, Lamphun, and Phayao. Bacterial diversity was significantly higher in the wet samples than in the dried samples. The dominant phyla were Firmicutes (92.7%), Proteobacteria (6.7%), Actinobacteriota (0.42%), and Bacteroidota (0.26%). The genus Bacillus (67%) was the most represented in all samples. Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, and Globicatella were enriched in the wet samples. Assessment of the SCFA-microbiota relationships revealed that high butyrate and propionate concentrations were associated with an increased Clostridiales abundance, and high acetate concentrations were associated with an increased Weissella abundance. Wet products contained more SCFAs, including acetate (P = 2.8e-08), propionate (P = 0.0044), butyrate (P = 0.0021), and isovalerate (P = 0.017), than the dried products. These results provide insight into SCFA-microbiota associations in Thua Nao, which may enable the development of starter cultures for SCFA-enriched Thua Nao production.

A review on the gastrointestinal protective effects of tropical fruit polyphenols.

Tropical fruits are popular because of their unique, delicious flavors and good nutritional value. Polyphenols are considered to be the main bioactive ingredients in tropical fruits, and these exert a series of beneficial effects on the human gastrointestinal tract that can enhance intestinal health and prevent intestinal diseases. Moreover, they are distinct from the polyphenols in fruits grown in other geographical zones. Thus, the comprehensive effects of polyphenols in tropical fruits on gut health warrant in-depth review. This article reviews, first, the biological characteristics of several representative tropical fruits, including mango, avocado, noni, cashew apple, passion fruit and lychee; second, the types and content of the main polyphenols in these tropical fruits; third, the effects of each of these fruit polyphenols on gastrointestinal health; and, fourth, the protective mechanism of polyphenols. Polyphenols and their metabolites play a crucial role in the regulation of the gut microbiota, increasing intestinal barrier function, reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting the secretion of inflammatory factors and regulating immune function. Thus, review highlights the value of tropical fruits, highlighting their significance for future research on their applications as functional foods that are oriented to gastrointestinal protection.

Enhancing Phytochemical Compounds, Functional Properties, and Volatile Flavor Profiles of Pomelo (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) Juices from Different Cultivars through Fermentation with Lacticaseibacillus paracasei.

The current study aimed to explore the effects of fermenting five different pomelo cultivars using Lacticaseibacillus paracasei on various physicochemical, phytochemical, and organoleptic attributes. Fermentation led to an increase in viable lactic acid bacteria count (8.80-9.28 log cfu/mL), organic acids, total polyphenols, and flavonoids, resulting in improved antioxidant activity, bile acid binding, cholesterol micellization disruption, and inhibition of pancreatic lipase activity. Additionally, some cultivars displayed higher levels of naringin, naringenin, and hesperetin after fermentation. The levels of volatile compounds were elevated after fermentation. The bitterness and overall acceptability scores were improved in the fermented samples of the Kao Numpueng cultivar. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the Tubtim Siam cultivar demonstrated the highest functionality and health-related benefits among all fermented pomelos. Overall, the study suggests that pomelo exhibits potential as a valuable resource for creating a dairy-free probiotic drink enriched with bioactive phytochemical compounds and beneficial functional attributes.

Polymeric Packaging Applications for Seafood Products: Packaging-Deterioration Relevance, Technology and Trends.

Seafood is a highly economical product worldwide. Primary modes of deterioration include autolysis, oxidation of protein and lipids, formation of biogenic amines and melanosis, and microbial deterioration. These post-harvest losses can be properly handled if the appropriate packaging technology has been applied. Therefore, it is necessary for packaging deterioration relevance to be clearly understood. This review demonstrates recent polymeric packaging technology for seafood products. Relationship between packaging and quality deterioration, including microbial growth and chemical and biochemical reactions, are discussed. Recent technology and trends in the development of seafood packaging are demonstrated by recent research articles and patents. Development of functional polymers for active packaging is the largest area for seafood applications. Intelligent packaging, modified atmosphere packaging, thermal insulator cartons, as well as the method of removing a fishy aroma have been widely developed and patented to solve the specific and comprehensive quality issues in seafood products. Many active antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds have been found and successfully incorporated with polymers to preserve the quality and monitor the fish freshness. A thermal insulator has also been developed for seafood packaging to preserve its freshness and avoid deterioration by microbial growth and enzymatic activity. Moreover, the enhanced biodegradable tray is also innovative as a single or bulk fish container for marketing and distribution. Accordingly, this review shows emerging polymeric packaging technology for seafood products and the relevance between packaging and seafood qualities.

Antimicrobial and Functional Properties of Duckweed (Wolffia globosa) Protein and Peptide Extracts Prepared by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction.

Wolffia globosa is an interesting alternative plant-based protein source containing up to 40% protein dry weight. Dried duckweed protein extract (PE) was obtained using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) before isoelectric precipitation (pH 3.5) to yield protein concentrate (PC) and protein solution (PS). The PC was hydrolyzed using Alcalase enzyme to obtain protein concentrate hydrolysate (PCH). Among all fractions, PCH exhibited antimicrobial properties by decreasing populations of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Candida albicans at 0.43 ± 1.31 log reduction (66.21%) and 3.70 ± 0.11 log reduction (99.98%), respectively. The PE and PS also showed high solubilities at pH 8 of 90.49% and 86.84%, respectively. The PE demonstrated the highest emulsifying capacity (EC) (71.29%) at pH 4, while the highest emulsifying stability (ES) (~98%) was obtained from the PE and PS at pH 6 and pH 2, respectively. The major molecular weights (Mw) of the PE, PC, PCH and PS were observed at 25, 45, 63 and 100 kDa, with a decrease in the Mw of the PCH (<5 kDa). The PCH contained the highest total amino acids, with aspartic acid and glutamic acid being the major components. The results revealed the antimicrobial and functional properties of duckweed protein and hydrolysate for the first time and showed their potential for further development as functional food ingredients.

Gut Microbiota Modulation, Anti-Diabetic and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Polyphenol Extract from Mung Bean Seed Coat (Vigna radiata L.).

The present study investigated the gut health, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities of mung bean seed coat extract (MSE). MSE was obtained by pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) using 50% ethanol as the extracting solvent. After 24 h of in vitro human fecal fermentation, MSE exhibited higher productions of total short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) than those of the control group (CON) and other polyphenol-rich substrates, including gallic acid (GA) and vitexin (VIT) (p > 0.05), but still lower than the fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS). In 16S-rRNA next-generation sequencing, MSE regulated the composition of gut microbiota by stimulating the growth of the beneficial bacteria Enterococcus, Ruminococcus, Blautia, and Bacteroides and decreasing the growth of the potential pathogenic bacteria Escherichia-Shigella. Similarly, qPCR showed increased numbers of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and Prevotella, compared with those of CON (p < 0.05). MSE also reduced reactive oxygen species and increased glucose uptake in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells dose-dependently. The anti-inflammatory activity of MSE was observed in LPS-stimulated THP-1 monocytes with the reduction of TNFα, IL-1ß, IL-6, and IL-8 genes. The data demonstrated the potential applications of MSE as a dietary supplement with gut health benefits and its ability to mitigate diabetes and inflammatory-related diseases.

Lactococcus lactis KA-FF 1-4 reduces vancomycin-resistant enterococci and impacts the human gut microbiome.

Probiotic is an alternative method to treat intestinal infection disease caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In this study, Lactococcus lactis KA-FF 1-4 demonstrated to have the potential to inhibit the growth of Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) by producing anti-microbial substance. In co-culture, L. lactis KA-FF 1-4 (108 CFU/mL) inhibited the growth of VRE from 103-104 CFU/mL to zero after 6 h of exposure. However, in a gut model contained human gut microbiota, this anti-VRE activity of L. lactis KA-FF 1-4 was reduced to only 3.59-6.12%. The unexpected difference in efficacy between the experimental models could be explained by the fact that the growth of L. lactis KA-FF 1-4 was stable in the gut model. Leaving aside these limitations, we observed that adding L. lactis KA-FF 1-4 into the human gut model containing VRE was able to enhance microbial richness and diversity. Specifically, a higher abundance of beneficial microbes from the group of Bifidobacterium spp. and Bacteroides fragilis. L. lactis KA-FF 1-4 also enhanced the abundance of Parabacteroides, Lactococcus, and Fusobacterium and promoted the production of lactic acid in the gut model. However, these effects were not observed in the gut model without L. lactis KA-FF 1-4. Even though this study could not demonstrate a significant anti-VRE effect of the L. lactis KA-FF 1-4 in a gut model, our results still offer evidence that L. lactis KA-FF 1-4 could positively modulate the gut microbiota by promoting the growth of beneficial microbes and their metabolite. L. lactis KA-FF 1-4 has probiotic properties to fight against VRE infection, therefore further investigation in animal model is needed.

Seaweed and seaweed-derived metabolites as prebiotics.

Seaweeds and their bioactive compounds, particularly polysaccharides and phenolics can be regarded as great dietary supplements with gut health benefits and prebiotics. These components are resistant to digestion by enzymes present in the human gastrointestinal tract, also selectively stimulate the growth of beneficial gut bacteria and the production of fermentation products such as short chain fatty acids. Commonly, the health benefits of seaweed components are assessed by including them in an in vitro anaerobic fermentation system containing human fecal inocula that mimics the environment of the human large bowel. Regarding to the complex interactions between dietary components, gastrointestinal physiological processes, and gut microbiota are difficult to model in vitro. Consequently it is important to follow up the promising in vitro results with in vivo animal or human testing. The aim of this chapter is to have a comprehensive review on the application of seaweeds and seaweed-derived metabolites as prebiotics, and understand the trends, gaps and future directions of both scientific and industrial developments. This work contributes to develop and expand new platform of seaweed utilization for higher-value products, particularly to functional food and nutraceutical industries in order to serve the social demand for health awareness and support economic development.