Traumatic retinal detachment: A contemporary update.

Retinal detachment following ocular trauma (TrRD) is one of the leading causes of blindness and visual impairment worldwide. In the absence of a standardized definition, the diagnosis of traumatic retinal detachment relies on identifying a history of trauma that precedes the detachment. There is an increasing pool of data regarding the etiology and epidemiology of TrRD.Various causes of TrRD mentioned in the literature include work-related eye trauma in construction and manufacturing industries, sports injuries, explosive eye injuries, road traffic accidents, and intraocular foreign bodies. Although there is extensive literature on post-trauma retinal detachments, a comprehensive discussion of its pathogenesis, management, outcomes, and complications is lacking. This article offers an in-depth review of the epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, and outcomes of TrRD based on the current literature. A literature review was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar using the keywords 'ocular trauma,' 'traumatic retinal detachments,' 'open globe injury,' 'closed globe injury,' and 'post-traumatic retinal detachment.'

Update on non-infectious uveitis treatment: anti-TNF-alpha and beyond.

Non-infectious uveitis (NIU) encompasses a range of conditions marked by inflammation within various layers of the eye. NIU is a significant contributor to irreversible vision loss among the working-age population in developed countries. The aim of treating uveitis is to manage inflammation, prevent its recurrences and to restore or salvage vision. Presently, the standard treatment protocol for NIU involves initiating corticosteroids as the primary therapeutic agents, although more aggressive approaches and steroid sparing agent may be necessary in certain cases. These advanced treatments option include synthetic immunosuppressants like antimetabolites, calcineurin inhibitors and alkylating agents. For patients who exhibit an intolerance or resistance to corticosteroids and conventional immunosuppressive therapies, biologic agents have emerged as a promising alternative. Notably, among the biologic treatments evaluated, TNF-α inhibitors, anti-CD20 therapy and alkylating agents have shown considerable efficacy. In this review, we delve into the latest evidence surrounding the effectiveness of biologic therapy and introduce novel therapeutic strategies targeting immune components as potential avenues for advancing treatment of NIU.

A novel technique for extensive submacular hemorrhage using high-dose tissue plasminogen activator.

BACKGROUND: Submacular hemorrhage (SMH) is a sight-threatening disorder. Choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration, polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, trauma, angioid streaks, and pathological myopia are a few important causes. The conventional treatment of massive SMH is vitrectomy with manual removal of the clot with extensive retinectomy with/without tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). The usual dose of subretinal tPA is 10-25 µg. PURPOSE: To describe a new surgical approach in a case of massive SMH with retinal detachment without retinectomy. SYNOPSIS: In our case of near total hemorrhagic retinal detachment due to subretinal hemorrhage caused by trauma (road traffic accident), the patient presented with a visual acuity of counting fingers. Core vitrectomy was performed and posterior vitreous detachment was induced. The locations for retinotomy to inject and aspirate subretinal blood were selected at the maximum height of retinal elevation near the arcades. Recombinant tPA (10 µg/0.1 ml concentration; 0.3 ml injected in two locations) was injected subretinally with a 23-G soft tip cannula in the superotemporal and inferonasal quadrant causing subretinal bleb formation. Subsequently, the surgeon waited for approximately 20 min on the table for the liquefaction of the clot. The liquefied blood and tPA were drained with a silicone soft tip. Endolaser was performed at the retinotomy site and 1000cs silicone oil was injected. No signs of toxicity such as vitritis, vasculitis, or retinal necrosis were noted. HIGHLIGHTS: Our unique technique of high-dose intraoperative subretinal tPA (60 µg) is safe and helpful in rapid clot lysis and recovery of visual acuity. The patient gained a visual acuity of 20/80 from counting fingers after 1 month of surgery and 20/60 after silicone oil removal. A high dose of tPA aids in the immediate aspiration of blood from a small retinotomy. A 23-G soft tip was used instead of a 41-G subretinal cannula to inject a large quantity of subretinal tPA. VIDEO LINK: https://youtu.be/JzZBDUfa3NA.

Comparative Attenuating Impact of Camel Milk and Insulin in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Albino Rats.

In this study, albino Wistar rats that have developed diabetes as a result of the drug streptozotocin (STZ) were treated with camel milk and insulin. For this, 36 rats were divided into six different (n = 6) groups: control, control + camel milk, diabetic control, insulin, camel milk, and combined camel milk + insulin. A 50 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection of STZ was used to induce diabetes. Rats with blood glucose levels exceeding 250 mg/dL after the induction of diabetes were taken into consideration for the study. The diabetic rats were treated with camel milk (50 mL/rat/day), insulin (6 units kg-1 b·wt/day), or their combination daily for 30 days. Throughout the course of the study, the rats' glucose levels and body weight were checked. In the diabetic control rats, a reduction in body weight and hyperglycemic condition was seen. Improvements in glycemic levels and weight gain were seen in the camel milk, insulin, and combined treatment groups compared to the diabetic control group; however, the combined treated group did not show the same degree of improvement as the alone treated group. Hematological changes in the diabetic control group included reductions in lymphocytes, platelets, total leukocyte count (TLC), and red blood cell (RBC) indices (mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), packed cell volume (PCV), and mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)). Each group that got insulin and camel milk separately and combined showed improvement in these changes. The liver, kidney, and pancreas in the diabetic control group had worsened morphological alterations. These histopathological alternations were significantly improved in the treatment groups. Hence, this study demonstrates the antidiabetic effects of camel milk in comparison to insulin. These findings highlight the potential of camel milk as an alternative therapy for diabetes, although further research is warranted to fully understand its mechanisms of action and long-term effects.

Demystifying Ocular Syphilis - A Major Review.

Syphilis, caused by the spirochaete, Treponema pallidum, continues to be a public health challenge globally with its rates steadily increasing in the past few years. The disease is transmitted through small breaks in the skin during sexual contact, or via congenital transmission in utero, either across the placenta or by contact with an active genital lesion during delivery. Estimated 5.7-6 million new cases are detected every year worldwide in the 15-49 years age group. An increased incidence has been reported in most populations with particular clusters in special groups like men who have sex with men, female sex workers, and their male clients. Ocular syphilis has a varied presentation and is considered a great mimicker in all cases of uveitis. The laboratory diagnosis of syphilis is predominantly based on serological tests including TPHA and VDRL. Parenteral penicillin is the cornerstone of treatment for all stages of ocular syphilis.

Systematic Toxicity of Cypermethrin and Alterations in Behavior of Albino Rats.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of repeatedly orally administering cypermethrin (CYP) at different doses on the behavior, hematology, and histology of adult male and female albino rats for 1 month. For this, animals have divided into four different groups and each group contained 10 animals (5 males and 5 females). Group I served as a control group and groups II, III, and IV were represented as experimental groups and treated with CYP at doses of 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg body weight/day/rat, respectively. Through the behavioral results of this study, it was observed that cypermethrin intoxication causes dose-dependent moderate to high toxicity symptoms like vomiting, decreased food consumption, thick eye discharge, rolling, tremors, loss of coordination, tilted neck, and convulsion attacks. A significant reduction in body weight of high-dose (75 mg)-treated animals, especially in females, was noticed. Similarly, hematological data also revealed that CYP exposure caused a reduction in the level of Hb, RBC, WBC, neutrophil, and other blood indices such as PCV and MCV and an increase in the lymphocyte percentage in both male and female experimental groups. Microscopic observation stated that CYP produced infiltration of cells near the central vein, hepatocyte degeneration, congestion of the central and portal veins, hemorrhage, and necrosis in liver tissue. Shrinkage of the glomerulus, necrosis in the glomerulus and renal tubules, congestion of blood cells, and hemorrhage were seen in kidney tissue. The current study suggests that hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity due to cypermethrin exposure were more prominent in female rats.

Optical coherence tomography-based assessment of macular vessel density, retinal layer metrics and sub-foveal choroidal thickness in COVID-19 recovered patients.

Purpose: The primary objective of the study was to assess the macular retinal vessel density, subfoveal choroidal thickness, and retinal layer metrics by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT), and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), respectively, in recovered COVID-19 patients and its comparison with the same in control subjects. The secondary objective was to evaluate differences in OCTA parameters in relation with the severity of COVID-19 disease and administration of corticosteroids. Methods: A case-control study was performed that included patients who had recovered from COVID-19 and age-matched healthy controls. Complete ocular examination including OCTA, SD-OCT, and EDI-OCT were performed three months following the diagnosis. Results: Three hundred sixty eyes of 180 subjects were enrolled between the two groups. A decreased mean foveal avascular zone area in both superficial capillary plexuses (P = 0.03) and deep capillary plexuses (P < 0.01), reduced average ganglion cell layer-inner plexiform layer thickness (P = 0.04), and increased subfoveal choroidal thickness (P < 0.001) were observed among cases in comparison to the control group. A significant correlation was found between sectoral macular vessel density in relation to disease severity and a decrease in vessel density with greater severity of the disease. Conclusion: OCTA detected retinal microvascular alterations following SARS-CoV-2 infection in subjects with the absence of any clinical ocular manifestation or systemic thrombotic events. These parameters could be used to help identify patients with a higher incidence of systemic thromboembolism on longer follow-ups and identify the impact of corticosteroids on retinal architecture.

Rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis and its resurgence during COVID-19 pandemic: A review.

This study aimed to review the current literature for epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical spectrum and management of rhino-orbito-cerebral-mucormycosis (ROCM), especially highlighting the association between ROCM and COVID-19 disease and factors resulting in its resurgence during the pandemic. Mucormycosis is a rare, but an important emerging opportunistic fungal infection, often associated with high morbidity and mortality. ROCM is the commonest and also the most aggressive clinical form occurring in debilitated patients in conjunction with sinus or para-sinus involvement due to the propensity for contiguous spread. Recently ROCM has shown an unprecedented resurgence during the current pandemic. Reports from different parts of the world indicated an increased risk and incidence of ROCM in patients who had required hospital admission and have recovered from moderate-to-severe COVID-19 disease. A majority of mucormycosis cases have been reported from India. The presence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and use of corticosteroids for COVID-19 pneumonia were found to be the key risk factors, resulting in higher mortality. Amidst the ongoing pandemic, with the third wave already having affected most of the world, it becomes imperative to adopt a risk-based approach toward COVID-19 patients predisposed to developing ROCM. This could be based on the most recently published literature and emerging data from centers across the world. The present review intended to elucidate the causes that brought about the current spike in ROCM and the importance of its early detection and management to reduce mortality, loss of eye, and the need for mutilating debridement.

Corticosteroids in the Management of Infectious Keratitis: A Concise Review.

Microbial keratitis is devastating corneal morbidity with a variable spectrum of clinical manifestations depending on the infective etiology. Irrespective of the varied presentation delayed treatment can lead to severe visual impairment resulting from corneal ulceration, possible perforation, and subsequent scarring. Corticosteroids with a potent anti-inflammatory activity reduce host inflammation, thus minimizing resultant scarring while improving ocular symptoms. These potential effects of corticosteroids have been applied widely to treat various corneal diseases ranging from vernal keratoconjunctivitis to dry eye disease. However, antimicrobial therapy remains the mainstay of treatment in microbial keratitis, whereas the use of adjunctive topical corticosteroid therapy remains a matter of debate. Understandably, the use of topical corticosteroids is a double-edged sword with pros and cons in the treatment of microbial keratitis. Herein we review the rationale for and against the use and safety of topical corticosteroids in the treatment of infective keratitis. Important considerations, including type, dose, efficacy, the timing of initiation of corticosteroids, use of concomitant antimicrobial agents, and duration of corticosteroid therapy while prescribing corticosteroids for microbial keratitis, have been discussed. This review intends to provide new insights into the therapeutic utility of steroids as adjunctive treatment of corneal ulcer.

Acute proptosis secondary to bilateral pansinus mucopyocele with orbital compartment syndrome: a rare presentation, its management and outcome.

A 37-year-old Indian female presented with forward protrusion of left eye for one week, associated with progressive diminution of vision. The patient had undergone sinus surgery for nasal polyposis a year ago. On examination, there was severe proptosis and limitation of extraocular movements in all gazes. CT-scan revealed a heterogeneous expansile mass, arising from left fronto-ethmoidal sinus, infiltrating left orbit. MRI showed T2-hyperintense, peripherally enhancing areas in bilateral nasal cavity (right >left), bilateral ethmoidal sinuses and frontal, sphenoidal and maxillary sinuses. Otorhinolaryngology consultation was sought and in view of vision threatening proptosis - with likely orbital compartment syndrome - emergent endoscopic guided exploration and orbital decompression was undertaken. Rapid relief of signs and symptoms was achieved, with normal vision, extraocular movements and resolution of proptosis. Cytology and microbiology ruled out infectious or malignant aetiology and helped in resolving a diagnostic dilemma. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of mucopyocele and follow-up period was uneventful.

Silicone oil-associated orbital cellulitis with lipogranulomatous inflammation in the setting of HIV: a management challenge and clinicopathological correlation.

A 58-year-old Indian man presented with pain and redness of the left eye (OS) for one day. Patient had undergone silicone oil removal in OS for emulsified oil following vitrectomy and oil tamponade six months ago when he was diagnosed with retinal detachment in both eyes due to HIV retinopathy. Retinal detachment in the right eye (OD) was inoperable and had turned prephthisical at presentation, while his vision in OS was finger counting. Intraocular pressure in OD was 8 mm Hg and unrecordably elevated in OS. Extraocular movements were limited by periorbital oedema and proptosis. Slit-lamp examination revealed corneal haze, cells 2+/flare 1+ with pseudophakia, and attached retina. Histopathology showed lipogranulomatous inflammation, hitherto unreported in association with silicone oil. The index case posed a management challenge since his only functional eye had potentially been compromised by glaucoma and orbital cellulitis with compartment syndrome, against the backdrop of an immunocompromised status.

Genital Self-mutilation in a Case of First Episode Psychosis.

Genital self-mutilation (GSM) is a much rare finding and more commonly associated with psychosis when it comes to comparison with self-mutilation as a whole. There have been anecdotal case reports of GSM in psychotic disorders with most of them being in long standing psychoses. We describe herein a case of GSM during the first episode of psychosis where multiple phenomenological variables were seen responsible for the act.