Photosynthesis in response to salinity and submergence in two Rhizophoraceae mangroves adapted to different tidal elevations.

Mangrove ecosystems are vulnerable to rising sea levels. When the sea level rises, the plants are exposed to increased salinity and tidal submergence. In Taiwan, the mangrove species Kandelia obovata and Rhizophora stylosa grow in different habitats and at different elevations. To understand the response of photosynthesis to salinity and submergence in mangroves adapted to different tidal elevations, gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were measured in K. obovata and R. stylosa under different salinity (20 and 40‰) and submergence treatments. The period of light induction of photosynthesis for the two mangrove species was >60 min. In the induction process, the increase in photosystem efficiency was faster than the increase in stomatal opening, but CO2 fixation efficiency was restricted by stomatal conductance. The constraint of stomatal opening speed is related to the conservative water-use strategy developed in response to mangrove environments. Submergence increased the photosynthetic rate of K. obovata, but not that of R. stylosa. Although R. stylosa was more salt tolerant than K. obovata, R. stylosa was not submergence tolerant in a high-salinity environment, which may be the reason for the higher intertidal elevations observed for R. stylosa in comparison with K. obovata. The photosynthetic rate and energy-dependent quenching (qE) of the two mangroves presented a negative relationship with photoinhibition, and high-salt treatment simultaneously reduced photosynthetic rate and qE. A decrease in the photosynthetic rate increased excess energy, whereas a decrease in qE decreased photoprotection; both increased photoinhibition. As the degree of photoinhibition can be easily measured in the field, it is a useful ecological monitoring index that provides a suitable reference for mangrove restoration, habitat construction and ecological monitoring.

Mediating effects of social support and self-concept on depressive symptoms in adults with spinal cord injury.

STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional, correlational design. OBJECTIVES: To examine the effects of individual demographics, activities of daily living, social support, and self-concept on depressive symptoms in people with spinal cord injury (SCI). SETTING: A convenience sample of 135 adults with SCI was recruited from medical and rehabilitation centres in Taiwan. METHODS: Face-to-face, structured interviews were employed to collect information. Study questionnaires included a demographic sheet, the Barthel scale, the modified Social Support Inventory, the Huang self-concept scale and the Beck Depression Inventory. Data were analysed by structural equation modelling (SEM). RESULTS: The average age of the participants was 43.3 years (±11.98), the mean duration of injury was 114 months (±93.78), and most were males. Emotional support (r=-0.173, P<0.05) and appraisal support (r=-0.261, P<0.01) were negatively correlated with depressive symptoms. The best fitted SEM model included individual demographics and physical function, social support and self-concept as significant predictors of depressive symptoms, with self-concept acting as a mediator in this relationship. Participants' characteristics and social support both contributed substantial indirect effects on depressive symptoms via self-concept. Self-concept also mediated the relationship between education, income, physical functioning and participants' depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: For this sample, the more negative that individuals perceived themselves, the more likely they were to report worsening depressive symptoms. The more social support that individuals have, the more likely they were to report less depressive symptoms. Further longitudinal research will help clarify the direction of these relationships.

Efficacy, toxicity and mortality of autologous SCT in multiple myeloma patients with dialysis-dependent renal failure.

Numerous studies have reported the feasibility and safety of autologous SCT (ASCT) in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) and mild to moderate renal impairment, but there are limited data in dialysis-dependent patients. In this retrospective study, we reviewed the toxicities and efficacy outcomes of 33 MM patients with dialysis-dependent renal failure who underwent ASCT at our institution from 1998 to 2012. The most common grade 3 non-hematologic toxicities were mucositis (49%), infection (15%) and bleeding (6%). Atrial dysrhythmias (24%) and delirium (30%) of all grades were also common. Hematologic toxicities included febrile neutropenia (88%); and RBC and platelet transfusions were required by 71 and 100% of patients, respectively. Transplant-related mortality (TRM) was high at 15%, predominantly caused by septic shock. Response to ASCT was at least VGPR (very good PR) in 50%, PR in 46.2% and stable disease (SD) in 3.8%. Median OS was 5.6 years, comparable to our overall institutional data. Overall, seven patients became dialysis independent. We conclude that ASCT can be an effective treatment for dialysis-dependent MM patients, with high response rates and survival. However, toxicities and a high TRM are observed indicating that further studies are needed to enhance the safety of this approach.

Mediating effects on health-related quality of life in adults with osteoporosis: a structural equation modeling.

UNLABELLED: Participants with physical limitation and high degree of pain had poor mental and physical health-related quality of life. In addition, the more support and exercise that the participants had, the more likely they were to report better health-related quality of life. INTRODUCTION: Osteoporosis is a public health threat worldwide. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of individual demographics, disease characteristics, and social support on health-related quality of life (HrQoL) of adults with osteoporosis. Most psychosocial studies focused on the relationships but not the specific construct of social support on HrQoL. METHODS: In a correlational design, face-to-face, structured interviews were employed to collect information. Study questionnaires included a demographic sheet, the modified Social Support Inventory, and the Short-Form 36 scales on a convenience sample of 161 individuals recruited from four outpatient centers. Using the structural equation modeling approach, all relationships among factors, mediators, and HrQoL were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean duration of osteoporosis was longer than 5 years. Participants who exercised more than three times per week had greater HrQoL than individuals who exercised less frequently. Participants with physical limitation and high degree of pain had poor mental and physical HrQoL. The more support that the participants perceived, the more likely they were to report better HrQoL. The best fitted structural equation modeling (SEM) model included individual demographics and physical function, and social support as significant predictors on HrQoL, with informational support and physical function acting as mediators in those relationships. Moreover, this structural model explained 35, 42, and 40 % of the variance on activity of daily living (ADL), physical, and mental health-related quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: The more informational support that individuals have, the more likely they were to report better HrQoL. Individuals with osteoporosis who have lower pain and more exercise are considered having better HrQoL. Further longitudinal research will help clarify the direction of these relationships.

Comorbidities and personal burden of urgency urinary incontinence: a systematic review.

AIMS: Studies on the burden and comorbidities associated with urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) are difficult to compare, partly because of the evolution of definitions for lower urinary tract symptoms and the various instruments used to assess health-related quality of life (HRQL). This article summarises published evidence on comorbidities and the personal burden associated specifically with UUI to provide clinicians with a clear perspective on the impact of UUI on patients. METHODS: A PubMed search was conducted using the terms: (urgency urinary incontinence OR urge incontinence OR mixed incontinence OR overactive bladder) AND (burden OR quality of life OR well-being OR depression OR mental health OR sexual health OR comorbid), with limits for English-language articles published between 1991 and 2011. RESULTS: Of 1364 identified articles, data from 70 retained articles indicate that UUI is a bothersome condition that has a marked negative impact on HRQL, with the severity of UUI a predictor of HRQL. UUI is significantly associated with falls in elderly individuals, depression, urinary tract infections, increased body mass index, diabetes and deaths. The burden of UUI appears to be greater than that of stress urinary incontinence or overactive bladder symptoms without UUI. UUI adversely impacts physical and mental health, sexual function and work productivity. CONCLUSIONS: UUI is associated with numerous comorbid conditions and inflicts a substantial personal burden on many aspects of patients' lives. Healthcare providers should discuss UUI with patients and be aware of the impact of UUI and its associated comorbidities on patients' lives.

Cardiac damage induced by immunization with heat-killed Trypanosoma cruzi is not antibody mediated.

Cardiac inflammation that develops during infection with Trypanosoma cruzi may result in part from autoimmunity, which may occur after bystander activation, after parasite-induced cardiomyocyte damage, or molecular mimicry. A/J mice infected with T. cruzi or immunized with heat-killed T. cruzi (HKTC) develop strong autoimmunity accompanied by cardiac damage. To determine whether this cardiac damage occurs via an antibody-dependent mechanism, we analysed T. cruzi-infected and HKTC-immunized mice for the presence of autoantibodies, cardiac antibody deposition, and serum cardiac troponin I as a measure of cardiac damage. We also performed a serum transfer experiment in which sera from T. cruzi-infected and T. cruzi-immunized mice (and controls) were transferred into naïve recipients, which were then analysed for the presence of antibodies and serum troponin. Unlike T. cruzi-infected mice, T. cruzi-immunized mice did not show significant antibody deposition in the myocardium. These results indicate that antibody deposition does not precede cardiac damage and inflammation in mice immunized with or infected with T. cruzi. Serum adoptive transfer did not induce cardiac damage in any recipients. Based on these findings, we conclude that the cardiac damage induced by immunization with HKTC is not mediated by antibodies.

NK cells are dysfunctional in human chronic myelogenous leukemia before and on imatinib treatment and in BCR-ABL-positive mice.

Although BCR-ABL+ stem cells in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) resist elimination by targeted pharmacotherapy in most patients, immunological graft-versus-leukemia effects can cure the disease. Besides cytotoxic T cells, natural killer (NK) cells may have a role in immune control of CML. Here, we explored the functionality of NK cells in CML patients and in a transgenic inducible BCR-ABL mouse model. Compared with controls, NK-cell proportions among lymphocytes were decreased at diagnosis of CML and did not recover during imatinib-induced remission for 10-34 months. Functional experiments revealed limited in vitro expansion of NK cells from CML patients and a reduced degranulation response to K562 target cells both at diagnosis and during imatinib therapy. Consistent with the results in human CML, relative numbers of NK1.1+ NK cells were reduced following induction of BCR-ABL expression in mice, and the defects persisted after BCR-ABL reversion. Moreover, target-induced degranulation by expanded BCR-ABL+ NK cells was compromised. We conclude that CML is associated with quantitative and functional defects within the NK-cell compartment, which is reproduced by induced BCR-ABL expression in mice. Further work will aim at identifying the mechanisms of NK-cell deficiency in CML and at developing strategies to exploit NK cells for immunotherapy.

Sequential, cycling maintenance therapy for post transplant multiple myeloma.

High-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma can prolong survival but is not curative. Maintenance therapy post transplant may prolong the disease-free interval and impact overall survival. We have conducted a phase II pilot study of 28 post transplant myeloma patients treated with a sequential, cycling maintenance regimen. The regimen was designed to include a variety of active myeloma agents chosen for ease of administration to enhance patient compliance and scheduled sequentially to minimize toxicity. The 12-month cycling schedule included dexamethasone (months 1-3); melphalan and prednisone (months 4, 5); cyclophosphamide and prednisone (months 6, 7); alpha-interferon (months 8-10); followed by a drug holiday (months 11, 12). The regimen was generally well tolerated with five patients developing reversible grade III-IV toxicity (diabetes-induced hyperglycemia in four, neutropenia in one). There was one toxic death on study due to non-neutropenic pneumonia and sepsis. Median event-free survival from transplant was 36.9 months (95% CI 23.6 - upper limit not yet reached) with median overall survival not yet reached at a median follow-up of 44 months. This concept of cycling, sequential maintenance with various agents, perhaps including newer biological, targeted agents, warrants further investigation in multiple myeloma.

Treatment for Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia.

Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia is a rare form of indolent lymphoma characterized by the production of a monoclonal immunoglobulin M protein, and complications such as hyperviscosity, cytopenias and peripheral neuropathy. Conventional treatment approaches are based on alkylators or nucleoside analogs, but in the absence of a clearly superior regimen, a broad array of alternative therapies exists. Choices range from biological agents to combination chemotherapy to stem-cell transplantation. A rational approach therefore must be based on careful patient assessment and individualization of therapy.

Cellular profiles of induced sputum in children with stable cystic fibrosis: comparison with BAL.

Neutrophil-dominated endobronchial inflammation is a major characteristic of cystic fibrosis (CF) and there is increasing demand for easy-to-perform noninvasive monitoring for prediction and intervention. Fourteen stable paediatric CF patients (8-17 yrs; mean forced expiratory volume in one second 86.7% of the predicted value) were investigated once by fractional bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and by sputum induction on three occasions, 2-6 weeks apart. Sputum was induced by consecutive 10-min inhalations of 3, 4 and 5% saline. CF sputum cellular profiles were compared with BAL fluid cell counts and samples from age-matched healthy children, and between different time points to assess reproducibility. Adequate sputum was recovered on >95% of occasions. In all sputum fractions, CF patients showed higher neutrophil counts than healthy children. Neutrophil percentages were highest in the first BAL fraction (median 92%), followed by sputum, in which the percentages decreased in consecutive fractions (72, 66 and 64%), whereas counts were lowest in the pooled BAL fraction (53%). Increasing percentages of macrophages mirrored the decreases in neutrophil percentage. Results of sputum induction at different time points in the CF patients showed good reproducibility and nonoverlap with counts from healthy children. In conclusion, the results of sputum induction in children with mild stable cystic fibrosis adequately describe airway inflammation by providing cellular profiles with lower relative neutrophil counts than in the first ("bronchial") bronchoalveolar lavage fraction and higher relative neutrophil counts than in subsequent pooled ("more peripheral") bronchoalveolar lavage fractions.

Intermediate dose thalidomide (200 mg daily) has comparable efficacy and less toxicity than higher doses in relapsed multiple myeloma.

Thalidomide at doses >200 mg has 100% grade 1-2 and 25% grade 3-4 toxicities requiring discontinuation. We report a retrospective study of relapsed myeloma patients treated with thalidomide 200 mg with no dose escalation. Thirty patients were identified; 43% of patients responded with paraprotein decline >75% -- 2 (6%), 50-75% -- 7 (23%), 25-50% -- 4 (14%) and 2 (6%) were stable. All five patients with 13q deletion responded. Only 54% reported grade 1-2 toxicities (none reporting > grade 2) with 5 (17%) discontinuing treatment due to toxicity. Thalidomide 200 mg daily with no dose escalation appears as effective and better tolerated than escalated doses for relapsed myeloma patients.

'Relative' chemotherapy sensitivity: the impact of number of salvage regimens prior to autologous stem cell transplant for relapsed and refractory aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of number of salvage regimens needed to demonstrate chemotherapy sensitivity on relapse rates, survival, and toxicity following high-dose therapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) in relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. We retrospectively reviewed 136 patients with intermediate-grade lymphoma who underwent ABMT. All patients were treated with salvage therapy to maximum tumor reduction. Three quarters (102/136) of the patients received one salvage regimen, while 31 (23%) patients received two or more regimens. When compared to patients requiring >or= two regimens, patients requiring only one salvage regimen to demonstrate chemosensitivity were more likely to have a longer previous CR from initial therapy (CR >or=12 months in 47% vs 26%; P = 0.04) and to have attained CR with salvage (54% vs 16%; P = 0.001). Both median relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) have not yet been reached in patients receiving one salvage regimen (median follow-up 50.6 months). This is superior to the median RFS of 9.1 months (P = 0.004) and OS of 11.1 months in patients requiring >or=two regimens to demonstrate chemosensitivity (P = 0.002). Time to engraftment, toxic deaths and incidence of myelodysplasia were similar in the groups. The survival rate observed in patients requiring >or=two salvage regimens, although inferior to that of patients receiving a single salvage regimen, are still generally superior to results in the literature for patients treated with chemotherapy alone without ABMT. We conclude that high-dose therapy with ABMT is appropriate for lymphoma patients even when disease reduction requires repeated numbers of salvage regimens.

Autotransplants for histologically transformed follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Histological transformation from a follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) to a higher grade lymphoma carries a poor prognosis despite treatment with aggressive anthracycline-based chemotherapy. We retrospectively analysed 35 patients with histologically transformed NHL who underwent high-dose therapy and autotransplantation at our centre. Patients up to 65 years old were eligible for autotransplant at the time of transformation or with subsequent relapses, provided that chemosensitivity to a salvage regimen could be demonstrated. All patients received high-dose therapy [etoposide 60 mg/kg, melphalan 160 mg/m2 and fractionated total body irradiation (TBI) 12 Gy] followed by unpurged autologous bone marrow or blood stem cell rescue. Most patients (69%) had advanced stage disease (stages 3--4) at transformation and bone marrow involvement was common (49%). Twenty-six (74%) patients were in partial remission (PR) and nine (26%) in complete remission (CR) at the time of transplant. Median duration from transformation to transplant was 10.9 months (range, 5.2 months--4.6 years). At a median follow up of 52 months after autotransplant, 19 (54%) patients had died. Causes of death were progressive lymphoma in nine patients (26%), treatment-related mortality (TRM) in seven (20%) and myelodysplasia in three (8%). Only five patients in our cohort were > 60 years old, but all died as a result of treatment-related causes (mostly pulmonary infections). Five-year overall survival and progression-free survival from time of transplant were 37% and 36% respectively. Using multivariate analysis of factors including gender, age, stage, extranodal disease, disease bulk, B symptoms, number of prior therapies, relapse status and CR/PR status at transplant, only advanced age significantly predicted for survival from autotransplant (P = 0.002). Our survival data are comparable to previous reports of autotransplantation for transformed NHL and suggest a benefit over standard chemotherapy alone in selected patients. However, our high TRM cautions the use of aggressive therapy, including TBI, in patients over 60 years old.

Radiation-associated pneumonitis following autologous stem cell transplantation: predictive factors, disease characteristics and treatment outcomes.

High-dose therapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) prolongs survival in patients with multiple myeloma and is relatively safe with treatment-related mortality rates of only 1-5%. Interstitial pneumonitis (IP) is normally an infrequent complication of ASCT with a reported incidence of 0-16%. Between 1992 and 1998, 94 myeloma patients at our center underwent ASCT using a high-dose regimen of etoposide (60 mg/kg), melphalan (160 mg/m2) and fractionated TBI 12 Gy. An unusually high incidence of IP (29/94 (31%)) was noted. Mortality in the IP patients was high at 45%. Patients developing IP were more frequently anemic than those who did not have pulmonary complications (hemoglobin <100 g/l) prior to transplant (P = 0.03) but no other pre-transplant factors were predictive (ie age, gender, smoking history, CMV status, pulmonary function, creatinine, beta2-microglobulin or C-reactive protein, prior cumulative chemotherapy or chest irradiation). A significantly lower IP rate was noted in 32 contemporaneous myeloma control patients conditioned with BU-CY without TBI at our center (3/32 (9%); P=0.03) and in 32 lymphoma control patients conditioned with the same melphalan and etoposide regimen minus the TBI (2/32 (6%); P = 0.003). In contrast, when using the same TBI-containing regimen in 32 concurrently treated lymphoma patients, an increase in IP similar to that seen in our myeloma cohort (7/32 (22%); P = 0.3) was noted. This strongly suggests that TBI is the predominant factor contributing to lung toxicity. We conclude that radiation-associated pneumonitis cannot be easily predicted by pretransplant variables. Therefore surveillance, early recognition and prompt therapy are recommended.

Selective termination of aneuploidy utilizing rapid fluorescence in situ hybridization detection techniques.

Twin pregnancy following assisted reproductive technology with a euploid fetus and a coexisting aneuploid co-twin constitutes a conflicting situation; therefore, it is important for the genetic constitution of each co-twin to be diagnosed accurately and promptly for parental genetic counseling and subsequent aggressive management. A 35-year-old woman, gravida 1, with a 2-year history of infertility, presented bilateral fallopian tubal obstruction at her infertility workups, for which she received in vitro fertilization; subsequently she conceived a twin pregnancy. She underwent genetic amniocentesis at 16 weeks' gestation, as indicated by an advanced maternal age. Presented with the diagnosis of twin pregnancy with discordancy for trisomy 21, a rapid fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique for aneuploidy mapping was applied for subsequent abdominal selective fetal reduction. The FISH technique facilitates the rapid analysis of uncultured amniocytes. Normal (disomic) and trisomic samples can be distinguished clearly and rapidly for subsequent selective fetocide. The FISH technique is an important tool in prenatal diagnosis and clinical applications.