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Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide-2 (LEAP-2) has mutual antagonism with ghrelin, which evokes food intake under a freely fed state. Nevertheless, the impact of LEAP-2 on ghrelin under time-restricted feeding (TRF), which has benefits in the context of metabolic disease, is still unknown. This study aims to explore the impact of central administration of LEAP-2 on the ingestion behavior of rats, which was evaluated using their cumulative food intake in the TRF state. Before intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of O-n-octanoylated ghrelin (0.1 nmol/rat), as a food-stimulatory model, the rats received various doses of LEAP-2 (0.3, 1, 3 nmol/rat, ICV). Cumulative food intake was recorded at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h after ICV injection under 12 h freely fed and TRF states in a light phase. In 12 h freely fed and TRF states, central administration of ghrelin alone induced feeding behavior. Pre-treatment with LEAP-2 (1 and 3 nmol/rat, ICV) suppressed ghrelin-induced food intake in a dose-dependent manner in a 12 h freely fed state instead of a TRF state, which may have disturbed the balance of ghrelin and LEAP-2. This study provides neuroendocrine-based evidence that may explain why TRF sometimes fails in fighting obesity/metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in clinics.
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Ingestão de Alimentos , Grelina , Animais , Masculino , Ratos , Peptídeos Catiônicos Antimicrobianos/administração & dosagem , Peptídeos Catiônicos Antimicrobianos/farmacologia , Proteínas Sanguíneas , Estado de Consciência , Ingestão de Alimentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Ingestão de Alimentos/fisiologia , Comportamento Alimentar/efeitos dos fármacos , Grelina/farmacologia , Grelina/administração & dosagem , Injeções Intraventriculares , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
Medium-entropy alloys (MEAs) have attracted considerable attention in recent decades due to their exceptional material properties and design flexibility. In this study, lightweight and non-equiatomic MEAs with low density (~5 g/cm3), high strength (yield strength: 1200 MPa), and high ductility (plastic deformation: â§10%) were explored. We fine-tuned a previously developed Ti-rich MEA by microalloying it with small amounts of Ni (reducing the atomic radius and increasing the elastic modulus) through solid solution strengthening to achieve a series of MEAs with enhanced mechanical properties. Among the prepared MEAs, Ti65Ni1 and Ti65Ni3 exhibited optimal properties in terms of the balance between strength and ductility. Furthermore, the Ti65Ni3 MEA was subjected to thermo-mechanical treatment (TMT) followed by cold rolling 70% (CR70) and cold rolling 85% (CR85). Subsequently, the processed samples were rapidly annealed at 743 °C, 770 °C, 817 °C, and 889 °C at a heating rate of 15 °C/s. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the MEA could retain its single-body-centered cubic solid solution structure after TMT. Additionally, the tensile testing results revealed that increasing the annealing temperature led to a decrease in yield strength and an increase in ductility. Notably, the Ti65Ni3 MEA sample that was subjected to CR70 and CR85 processing and annealed for 30 s exhibited high yield strength (>1250 MPa) and ductility (>13%). In particular, the Ti65Ni3 MEA subjected to CR85 exhibited a specific yield strength of 264 MPa·cm3/g, specific tensile strength of 300 MPa·cm3/g, and ductility of >13%.
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Ferromagnetism and superconductivity are two key ingredients for topological superconductors, which can serve as building blocks of fault-tolerant quantum computers. Adversely, ferromagnetism and superconductivity are typically also two hostile orderings competing to align spins in different configurations, and thus making the material design and experimental implementation extremely challenging. A single material platform with concurrent ferromagnetism and superconductivity is actively pursued. In this paper, we fabricate van der Waals Josephson junctions made with iron-based superconductor Fe(Te,Se), and report the global device-level transport signatures of interfacial ferromagnetism emerging with superconducting states for the first time. Magnetic hysteresis in the junction resistance is observed only below the superconducting critical temperature, suggesting an inherent correlation between ferromagnetic and superconducting order parameters. The 0-π phase mixing in the Fraunhofer patterns pinpoints the ferromagnetism on the junction interface. More importantly, a stochastic field-free superconducting diode effect was observed in Josephson junction devices, with a significant diode efficiency up to 10%, which unambiguously confirms the spontaneous time-reversal symmetry breaking. Our work demonstrates a new way to search for topological superconductivity in iron-based superconductors for future high Tc fault-tolerant qubit implementations from a device perspective.
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Diagnosing acute rejection after intestinal transplantation currently heavily relies on histopathological analysis of graft biopsies. However, the invasive risks associated with ileoscopic examination and the inaccessibility for biopsy after ileostomy closure hinder real-time detection of rejection responses. Molecules comprising the intestinal barrier have been identified as physiological and molecular biomarkers for various bowel conditions and systemic diseases. To investigate the potential of barrier function-related molecules in diagnosing rejection after intestinal transplantation, plasma samples were collected longitudinally from transplant recipients. The samples were categorized into "indeterminate for rejection (IND)" and "acute rejection (AR)" groups based on clinical diagnoses at each time point. The longitudinal association between plasma levels of these barrier function-related molecules and acute rejection was analyzed using the generalized estimating equations (GEE) method. Logistic GEE models revealed that plasma levels of claudin-3, occludin, sIgA, and zonulin were independent variables correlated with the clinical diagnosis of acute rejection. The subsequent prediction model demonstrated moderate ability in discriminating between IND and AR samples, with a sensitivity of 76.0%, specificity of 89.2%, and accuracy of 84.6%. In conclusion, monitoring plasma levels of claudin-3, occludin, sIgA, and zonulin shows great potential in aiding the diagnosis of acute rejection after intestinal transplantation.
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Rejeição de Enxerto , Intestinos , Humanos , Claudina-3 , Ocludina , Rejeição de Enxerto/diagnóstico , Imunoglobulina A SecretoraRESUMO
Efficient and durable electrocatalysts with superior activity are needed for the production of green hydrogen with a high yield and low energy consumption. Electrocatalysts based on transition metal oxides hold dominance due to their abundant natural resources, regulable physical properties, and good adaptation to a solution. In numerous oxide catalyst materials, ferroelectrics, possessing semiconducting characteristics and switchable spontaneous polarization, have been considered promising photoelectrodes for solar water splitting. However, few investigations noted their potential as electrocatalysts. In this study, we report an efficient electrocatalytic electrode made of a BiFeO3/nickel foam heterostructure, which displays a smaller overpotential and higher current density than the blank nickel foam electrode. Moreover, when in contact with an alkaline solution, the bond between hydroxyls and the BiFeO3 surface induces a large area of upward self-polarization, lowering the adsorption energy of subsequent adsorbates and facilitating oxygen and hydrogen evolution reaction. Our work demonstrates an infrequent pathway of using functional semiconducting materials for exploiting highly efficient electrocatalytic electrodes.
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Most medium entropy alloys (MEAs) exhibit excellent mechanical properties, but their applications are limited because of their high density. This study explores a series of lightweight nonequiatomic Ti65(AlCrNbV)35-xZrx (x = 3, 5, 7, and 10) MEAs with a low density, high strength, and high ductility. To achieve solid solution strengthening, Zr with a large atomic radius was used. In addition, various thermomechanical treatment parameters were adopted to further improve the MEAs' mechanical properties. The density of the MEAs was revealed to be approximately 5 g/cm3, indicating that they were lightweight. Through an X-ray diffraction analysis, the MEAs were revealed to have a single body-centered cubic structure not only in the as-cast state but also after thermomechanical treatment. In terms of mechanical properties, all the as-cast MEAs with Zr additions achieved excellent performance (>1000 MPa tensile yield strength and 20% tensile ductility). In addition, hot rolling effectively eliminated the defects of the MEAs; under a given yield strength, hot-rolled MEAs exhibited superior ductility relative to non-hot-rolled MEAs. Overall, the Ti65(AlCrNbV)28Zr7 MEAs exhibited an optimum combination of mechanical properties (yield strength > 1200 MPa, plastic strain > 15%) after undergoing hot rolling 50%, cold rolling 70%, and rapid annealing for 30 to 50 s (at a temperature of approximately 850 °C) with a heating rate of 15 K/s. With their extremely high specific yield strength (264 MPa·g/cm3) and high ductility (22%), the Ti65(AlCrNbV)28Zr7 MEAs demonstrate considerable potential for energy and transportation applications.
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Metabolic surgery is a promising treatment for obese individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but the mechanism is not completely understood. Current understanding of the underlying ameliorative mechanisms relies on alterations in parameters related to the gastrointestinal hormones, biochemistry, energy absorption, the relative composition of the gut microbiota, and sera metabolites. A total of 13 patients with obesity and T2DM undergoing metabolic surgery treatments were recruited. Systematic changes of critical parameters and the effects and markers after metabolic surgery, in a longitudinal manner (before surgery and three, twelve, and twenty-four months after surgery) were measured. The metabolomics pattern, gut microbiota composition, together with the hormonal and biochemical characterizations, were analyzed. Body weight, body mass index, total cholesterol, triglyceride, fasting glucose level, C-peptide, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, gamma-glutamyltransferase, and des-acyl ghrelin were significantly reduced two years after metabolic surgery. These were closely associated with the changes of sera metabolomics and gut microbiota. Significant negative associations were found between the Eubacterium eligens group and lacosamide glucuronide, UDP-L-arabinose, lanceotoxin A, pipercyclobutanamide B, and hordatine B. Negative associations were identified between Ruminococcaceae UCG-003 and orotidine, and glucose. A positive correlation was found between Enterococcus and glutamic acid, and vindoline. Metabolic surgery showed positive effects on the amelioration of diabetes and metabolic syndromes, which were closely associated with the change of sera metabolomics, the gut microbiota, and other disease-related parameters.
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Cirurgia Bariátrica , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Glucose/farmacologia , Humanos , Metabolômica , Obesidade/metabolismoRESUMO
As extraordinary topological insulators, 2D bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) nanosheets have been synthesized and controlled with a few-layer structure by a facile and fast solvothermal process. The detail-oriented growth evolution of 2D Bi2Te3 in an ethylene glycol reducing solution is discovered and recorded for direct observation of the liquid-solid interactions through the use of environmental SEM. At the initial synthesis stage, Te nanowires are rapidly synthesized and observed in solution. In the next stage, Bi nanoclusters slowly adhere to the Te nanowires and react to form hierarchical Te-Bi2Te3 nanostructured materials. Additionally, the Te nanowires shorten in-plane in an orderly manner, while the Bi2Te3 nanosheets exhibit directional out-of-plane epitaxial growth. In the last procedure, Bi2Te3 nanosheets with a clear hexagonal appearance can be largely obtained. Experiments performed under these rigorous conditions require careful consideration of the temperature, time, and alkaline environment for each reaction process. In addition, the yield of a wider and thinner Bi2Te3 nanosheet is synthesized by manipulating the crystal growth with an optimal alkaline concentration, which is found through statistical analysis of the AFM results. In the UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy results, the main peak in the spectrum tends to redshift, while the other peak in the ultraviolet range decreases during Bi2Te3 nanosheet synthesis, facilitating a rapid understanding of the trends in the morphological evolution of the Bi2Te3 materials in solution. By rationalizing the above observations, we are the first to report the success of environmental SEM, HAADF-STEM, and UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy for confirming the Bi2Te3 nanosheet formation mechanism and the physical properties in the solvent media. This research promotes the future optimization of promising Bi2Te3 nanomaterials that can be used in the fabrication of thermoelectric and topological components.
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BACKGROUND: Gastric bypass (GB) is an effective treatment for those who are morbidly obese with coexisting type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are involved in the regulation of energy metabolism. METHODS: We investigated the roles of FGF 19, FGF 21, and total bile acid among those with morbidly obese and T2DM undergoing GB. A total of 35 patients were enrolled. Plasma FGF 19, FGF 21, and total bile acid levels were measured before surgery (M0), 3 months (M3), and 12 months (M12) after surgery, while the hepatic steatosis index (HSI) was calculated before and after surgery. RESULTS: Obese patients with T2DM after GB presented with increased serum FGF 19 levels (p = 0.024) and decreased total bile acid (p = 0.01) and FGF 21 levels (p = 0.005). DM complete remitters had a higher FGF 19 level at M3 (p = 0.004) compared with DM non-complete remitters. Fatty liver improvers tended to have lower FGF 21 (p = 0.05) compared with non-improvers at M12. CONCLUSION: Changes in FGF 19 and FGF 21 play differential roles in DM remission and NAFLD improvement for patients after GB. Early increases in serum FGF 19 levels may predict complete remission of T2DM, while a decline in serum FGF 21 levels may reflect the improvement of NAFLD after GB.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Fatores de Crescimento de Fibroblastos , Derivação Gástrica , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica , Obesidade Mórbida , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Fatores de Crescimento de Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Humanos , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/complicações , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/metabolismo , Obesidade Mórbida/complicações , Obesidade Mórbida/metabolismo , Obesidade Mórbida/cirurgiaRESUMO
Reliable energy modules and higher-sensitivity, higher-density, lower-powered sensing systems are constantly required to develop wearable electronics and the Internet of Things technology. As an emerging technology, triboelectric nanogenerators have been potentially guiding the landscape of sustainable power units and energy-efficient sensors. However, the existing triboelectric series is primarily populated by polymers and rubbers, limiting triboelectric sensing plasticity to some extent owing to their stiff surface electronic structures. To enrich the current triboelectric group, we explore the triboelectric properties of the topological insulator nanofilm by Kelvin probe force microscopy and reveal its relatively positive electrification charging performance. Both the larger surface potential difference and the conductive surface states of the nanofilms synergistically improve the charge transfer behavior between the selected triboelectric media, endowing the topological insulator-based triboelectric nanogenerator with considerable output performance. Besides serving as a wearable power source, the ultra-compact device array demonstrates innovative system-level sensing capabilities, including precise monitoring of dynamic objects and real-time signal control at the human-machine interface. This work fills the blank between topological quantum matters and triboelectric nanogenerators and, more importantly, exploits the significant potential of topological insulator nanofilms for self-powered flexible/wearable electronics and scalable sensing technologies.
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Objective: To investigate whether the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content of a single biopsy at trophoblast correlates with the developmental potential and reproductive outcomes of blastocyst. Methods: A retrospective analysis applied the dataset of 1,675 embryos with preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) from 1,305 individuals, and 1,383 embryos involved cryotransfers of single euploid embryo between January 2015 and December 2019. The studied cohort was divided for algorithm establishment on the NGS platform (n=40), correlation of biological features (n=1,635), and correlation of reproductive outcomes (n=1,340). Of the algorithm derived from the NGS platform, the reliability and repeatability were validated via qPCR assay and inter-run controls, respectively. Of the correlation across biological features, stratification analyses were applied to evaluate the effect from a single contributor. Eventually, the correlation between the mtDNA ratios and reproductive outcomes was adjusted according to the significant effector(s). Results: The mtDNA ratios showed statistically different between embryos with different days of blastocyst formation ([Day 5]: 1.06 vs. [Day 6]: 0.66, p=0.021), and between embryos with different expansion stages ([Expansion 5]: 1.05 vs. [Expansion 6]: 0.49, p=0.012). None or weakly correlated with the maternal age, morphology, ploidy, and gender. Analyzed by the different days of blastocyst formation with fixed expansion score as 5 in the euploid single embryo transfers (eSET), the day 6 eSET showed significantly lower reduced mtDNA ratio (n=139) in failure groups of fetal heartbeat (p=0.004), ongoing pregnancy (p=0.007), and live birth (p=0.01); however, no correlation between mtDNA ratios and pregnancy outcomes was observed in the day 5 eSET (n=1,201). Conclusions: The study first demonstrated that mtDNA ratio was dependent on the days of blastocyst formation while expansion stage was fixed. Lower mtDNA ratios were observed in the day 6 eSET with adverse outcomes. The present stratification analyses reveal that the timeline of embryo is an important covariate to the mtDNA content.
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DNA Mitocondrial , Implantação do Embrião , Gravidez , Feminino , Humanos , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Estudos Retrospectivos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Ploidias , Resultado da GravidezRESUMO
BACKGROUND/AIM: Central administration of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptides (CARTp) alters gastrointestinal motility and reduces food intake in rats. Since neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) receive GABAergic and glutamatergic inputs and innervate the smooth muscle of gastrointestinal organs, we hypothesized that CARTp acts on the DMV or presynaptic neurons. METHODS: We used 3,3'-dioctadecyloxa-carbocyanine perchlorate (DiO) retrograde tracing with electrophysiological methods to record DMV neurons innervating the stomach antrum or cecum in brainstem slices from adult rats. RESULTS: DiO application did not change the electrophysiological properties of DMV neurons. CART55-102 had no effect on the basal firing rates of neurons in either the stomach antrum-labeled group (SLG) or cecum-labeled group (CLG). When presynaptic inputs were blocked, CART55-102 further increased the firing rates of the SLG, suggesting a direct excitatory effect. Spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) occurred at a higher frequency in SLG neurons than in CLG neurons. CART55-102 reduced the amplitude and the frequency of sIPSCs in SLG neurons dose-dependently, with higher doses also reducing spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs). Higher doses of CART55-102 reduced sIPSC and sEPSC amplitudes in CLG neurons, suggesting a postsynaptic effect. In response to incremental current injections, the SLG neurons exhibited less increases in firing activity. Simultaneous applications of current injections and CART55-102 decreased the firing activity of the CLG. Therefore, stomach antrum-projecting DMV neurons possess a higher gating ability to stabilize firing activity. CONCLUSION: The mechanism by which CARTp mediates anorectic actions may be through a direct reduction in cecum-projecting DMV neuron excitability and, to a lesser extent, that of antrum-projecting DMV neurons, by acting on receptors of these neurons.
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Ceco , Neurônios , Animais , Ceco/inervação , Masculino , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Estômago/inervação , Estômago/fisiologiaRESUMO
Biogenic microvesicles (MVs) play a pivotal role in intercellular signal communication, thus initiating critical biological responses such as the proliferation of cancer cells, gene and protein transport, and chemo-drug resistance. In addition, they have been recognized as having great potential in drug delivery applications. However, the productivity of biologically produced MVs is not sufficient for clinical applications. In this study, synthetic poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) MVs were prepared via a double emulsion method. The PLGA MVs had a biogenic MV-mimic vesicular structure with a hydrophilic core/surface and hydrophobic interior of the shell, showing great potential for drug delivery. We successfully embedded hydrophobic iron carbonyl (IC), a carbon monoxide (CO) donor, in the PLGA shell region, enabling the delivery of IC in an aqueous solution. Because of the intrinsic properties of PLGA, it was susceptible to temperature, and the MVs could easily collapse in a warm environment, leading to the decomposition of IC into CO. The in vitro result indicated that the cell viability of A549 lung carcinoma cells significantly decreased to 14% after treatment with IC-loaded PLGA MVs for 24 h, suggesting that these synthetic PLGA MVs constitute an excellent drug delivery platform.
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In this article, we demonstrate a facile, rapid, and practical approach to growing high-quality Cu2S nanosheets decorated with Ag nanoparticles (NPs) through the galvanic reduction method. The Ag/Cu2S nanosheets were efficiently applied to the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and photocatalytic degradation applications. The photodegradation of RhB dye with the Ag/Cu2S nanosheets composites occurred at a rate of 2.9 times faster than that observed with the undecorated Cu2S nanosheets. Furthermore, the Ag/Cu2S nanosheets displayed highly sensitive SERS detection of organic pollutant (R6G) as low as 10-9 M. The reproducibility experiments indicated that the Ag/Cu2S nanosheets composites could be used for dual functionality in a new generation of outstandingly sensitive SERS probes for detection and stable photocatalysts.
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Most high-entropy alloys and medium-entropy alloys (MEAs) possess outstanding mechanical properties. In this study, a series of lightweight nonequiatomic Al50-Ti-Cr-Mn-V MEAs with a dual phase were produced through arc melting and drop casting. These cast alloys were composed of body-centered cubic and face-centered cubic phases. The density of all investigated MEAs was less than 5 g/cm3 in order to meet energy and transportation industry requirements. The effect of each element on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of these MEAs was investigated. All the MEAs demonstrated outstanding compressive strength, with no fractures observed after a compressive strain of 20%. Following the fine-tuning of the alloy composition, the Al50Ti20Cr10Mn15V5 MEA exhibited the most compressive strength (~1800 MPa) and ductility (~34%). A significant improvement in the mechanical compressive properties was achieved (strength of ~2000 MPa, strain of ~40%) after annealing (at 1000 °C for 0.5 h) and oil-quenching. With its extremely high specific compressive strength (452 MPa·g/cm3) and ductility, the lightweight Al50Ti20Cr10Mn15V5 MEA demonstrates good potential for energy or transportation applications in the future.
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BACKGROUND: Gastric bypass (GB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) were found to achieve different remission rates in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The alteration in several gut hormones after bariatric surgery has been demonstrated to play a key role for T2DM remission. Nevertheless, amylin, one of the diabetes-associated peptides, so far has an undetermined position on T2DM remission after bariatric surgery. METHODS: Sixty eligible patients with T2DM (GB, 30; SG, 30) were initially enrolled in the hospital-based randomized trial. Twenty patients (GB, 10; SG, 10) who met the inclusion criteria and agreed to undergo 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were recruited. The recruited subjects underwent anthropometric measurements, routine laboratory tests, and 75-g OGTT before and 1 year after bariatric surgery. Enzyme immunoassays for plasma amylin were analyzed. RESULTS: All subjects that underwent GB and half of those who underwent SG achieved T2DM remission. Plasma amylin levels significantly decreased 60-90 min after OGTT in the GB group (p < 0.05) and 30-60 minutes after OGTT in the SG group (p < 0.05). Significantly decreased plasma amylin levels were observed at 30-90 minutes after OGTT in the noncomplete remitters of the GB group (p < 0.05). Plasma amylin levels initially increased (p < 0.05) within 30 minutes after OGTT and then decreased (p < 0.05) in the next 30-minute interval in the nonremitters of the SG group. CONCLUSION: Postoral glucose challenge amylin levels could be as one of the parameters to evaluate T2DM remission after bariatric surgery, especially in those after SG.
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Cirurgia Bariátrica , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Glucose/análise , Polipeptídeo Amiloide das Ilhotas Pancreáticas/sangue , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Indução de Remissão , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Previous studies have reported the positive effects of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) supplementation on lowering plasma markers of muscle damage and subjective soreness after resistance exercise. However, a variety of factors can potentially moderate its efficacy. This meta-analysis aimed to summarize the evidence regarding the effect of BCAAs supplementation on plasma muscle damage markers and soreness after resistance exercise in only trained males, by considering the plasma lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK). Randomized controlled trials were identified through a computerized literature search for the period 2010-2020. The pooled data were analyzed with the random-effects model and heterogeneity using I2. Cochrane Collaboration tools was used for the assessment of risk of bias. Nine studies met the inclusion criteria. A positive effect was found for CK at <24, 24, and 48 h after exercise and for muscle soreness at <24 h only. However, the positive effect was not evident for plasma LDH at any follow-up time. Different outcomes for post-exercise responses may suggest that BCAAs supplementation can attenuate muscle damage and ameliorate muscle soreness after resistance exercise in trained males.