The intervention of artificial intelligence to improve the weaning outcomes of patients with mechanical ventilation: Practical applications in the medical intensive care unit and the COVID-19 intensive care unit: A retrospective study.

Patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU) and receiving mechanical ventilation (MV) may experience ventilator-associated adverse events and have prolonged ICU length of stay (LOS). We conducted a survey on adult patients in the medical ICU requiring MV. Utilizing big data and artificial intelligence (AI)/machine learning, we developed a predictive model to determine the optimal timing for weaning success, defined as no reintubation within 48 hours. An interdisciplinary team integrated AI into our MV weaning protocol. The study was divided into 2 parts. The first part compared outcomes before AI (May 1 to Nov 30, 2019) and after AI (May 1 to Nov 30, 2020) implementation in the medical ICU. The second part took place during the COVID-19 pandemic, where patients were divided into control (without AI assistance) and intervention (with AI assistance) groups from Aug 1, 2022, to Apr 30, 2023, and we compared their short-term outcomes. In the first part of the study, the intervention group (with AI, n = 1107) showed a shorter mean MV time (144.3 hours vs 158.7 hours, P = .077), ICU LOS (8.3 days vs 8.8 days, P = .194), and hospital LOS (22.2 days vs 25.7 days, P = .001) compared to the pre-intervention group (without AI, n = 1298). In the second part of the study, the intervention group (with AI, n = 88) exhibited a shorter mean MV time (244.2 hours vs 426.0 hours, P = .011), ICU LOS (11.0 days vs 18.7 days, P = .001), and hospital LOS (23.5 days vs 40.4 days, P < .001) compared to the control group (without AI, n = 43). The integration of AI into the weaning protocol led to improvements in the quality and outcomes of MV patients.

Effectiveness of abdominal sandbag training in enhancing diaphragm muscle function and exercise tolerance in patients with chronic respiratory failure.

BACKGROUND: Chronic respiratory failure is a common cause of ventilator dependence in the intensive care unit (ICU). The causes of chronic respiratory failure include primary disease or complications, such as ICU-acquired weakness. Traditional practice requires patients to remain immobile and bedridden; however, recent evidence suggests that early adequate exercise promotes recovery without increasing risks. In this study, we explored the efficacy of planned progressive abdominal sandbag training in promoting the successful withdrawal of patients with chronic respiratory failure from mechanical ventilation. METHODS: This study was conducted between April 2019 and November 2020. Patients were recruited and divided into two groups: abdominal sandbag training group and control group (no training). The training group participated in a 3-month daily pulmonary rehabilitation program, which involved a 30-min session of progressive sandbag loading on the upper abdomen as a form of diaphragmatic resistant exercise. The pressure support level of the ventilator was adjusted to maintain a tidal volume of 8 mL/kg. To investigate the effect of abdominal sandbag training on patients with chronic respiratory failure, we compared tidal volume, shallow breathing index, maximum respiratory pressure, and diaphragm characteristics between the training and control groups. RESULTS: This study included 31 patients; of them, 17 (54.8 %) received abdominal sandbag training and 14 (45.2 %) did not. No significant between-group difference was found in baseline characteristics. Compared with the control group, the training group exhibited considerable improvements in ventilation-related parameters (p < 0.001): the tidal volume markedly increased (p = 0.012), rapid shallow breathing index declined (p = 0.016), and maximum respiratory pressure increased (p < 0.001) in the training group. The diaphragm motion value (p = 0.048) and diaphragm thickness (p = 0.041) were greater in the training group than in the control group. Nine patients (52.9 %) in the training group were removed from the ventilator compared with 1 (7.1 %) in the control group (p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Abdominal sandbag training may be beneficial for patients dependent on a ventilator. The training improves the function of the diaphragm muscle, thereby increasing tidal volume and reducing the respiratory rate and rapid shallow breathing index, thus facilitating withdrawal from ventilation. This training approach may also improve the thickness and motion of the diaphragm and the rate of ventilator detachment.

Aspergillus coinfection in critically Ill patients with severe dengue.

In 2014-2015, a significant outbreak of dengue fever occurred in southern Taiwan, with a subsequent decline in dengue incidence. Despite this, there is emerging concern about virus-associated aspergillosis, yet limited research has explored coinfections involving dengue and aspergillosis. We conducted a retrospective study at a single center in Southern Taiwan, specifically focusing on dengue patients admitted to the intensive care unit during the period between July and November 2015. Among the 142 dengue patients studied, only 8.06 % (10/142) underwent serum galactomannan testing, with a single patient undergoing bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) galactomannan assay. Out of those tested, 20 % (2/10) returned positive serum galactomannan results. Herein, we present two consecutive cases of coinfection involving dengue and pulmonary aspergillosis in immunocompetent patients.

Characteristics and outcomes for pulmonary aspergillosis in critically ill patients without influenza: A 3-year retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have revealed higher mortality rates in patients of severe influenza coinfected with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) than in those without the coinfection; nonetheless, the clinical outcome of IPA in critically ill patients without influenza remains unclear. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted in three institutes. From 2016-2018, all adult patients diagnosed with IPA in the intensive care units (ICUs) were identified. The logistic regression was used to identify the potential risk factors associated with in-hospital mortality in patients with non-influenza IPA. The stratified analysis of IPA patients with and without antifungal therapy was also performed. The final model was established using a forward approach, selecting variables with p-values less than 0.05. RESULTS: Ninety patients were included during the study period, and 63 (70%) were men. The most common comorbidity was diabetes mellitus (n = 24, 27%), followed by solid cancers (n = 22, 24%). Antifungal therapy was administered to 50 (56%) patients, mostly voriconazole (n = 44). The in-hospital mortality rate was 49% (n = 44). Univariate analysis revealed that the risk factors for mortality included daily steroid dose, APACHE II score, SOFA score, C-reactive protein (CRP) level, carbapenem use, antifungal therapy, and caspofungin use. Multiple regression analysis identified four independent risk factors for mortality: age (Odds ratio [OR], 1.052, p = 0.013), daily steroid dose (OR, 1.057, p = 0.002), APACHE II score (OR, 1.094, p = 0.012), and CRP level (OR, 1.007, p = 0.008). Furthermore, the multivariable analysis identified that more physicians would initiate antifungal therapy for patients with prolonged steroid use (p = 0.001), lower white blood cell count (p = 0.021), and higher SOFA score (p = 0.048). Thus, under the selection bias, the independent risk factors for mortality in the antifungal treatment subgroup were daily steroid dose (OR, 1.046, p = 0.001) and CRP (OR, 1.006, p = 0.018), whereas the independent risk factor for mortality in the untreated group became APACHE II score (OR, 1.232, p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with IPA had a substantially high mortality. Overall, age, steroid use, APACHE II score, and CRP level were identified as the independent risk factors for mortality in patients in the ICU.

Comparative efficacies of various corticosteroids for preventing postextubation stridor and reintubation: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Objectives: We assessed the efficacies of various corticosteroid treatments for preventing postexubation stridor and reintubation in mechanically ventilated adults with planned extubation. Methods: We searched the Pubmed, Embase, the Cochrane databases and ClinicalTrial.gov registration for articles published through September 29, 2022. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the clinical efficacies of systemic corticosteroids and other therapeutics for preventing postextubation stridor and reintubation were included. The primary outcome was postextubation stridor and the secondary outcome was reintubation. Results: The 11 assessed RCTs reported 4 nodes: methylprednisolone, dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, and placebo, which yielded 3 possible pairs for comparing the risks of post extubation stridor and 3 possible pairs for comparing the risks of reintubation. The risk of postextubation stridor was significantly lower in dexamethasone- and methylprednisolone-treated patients than in placebo-treated patients (dexamethasone: OR = 0.39; 95% CI = 0.22-0.70; methylprednisolone: OR = 0.22; 95% CI = 0.11-0.41). The risk of postextubation stridor was significantly lower in methylprednisolone-treated patients than in hydrocortisone-treated: OR = 0.24; 95% CI = 0.08-0.67) and dexamethasone-treated patients: OR = 0.55; 95% CI = 0.24-1.26). The risk of reintubation was significantly lower in dexamethasone- and methylprednisolone-treated patients than in placebo-treated patients: (dexamethasone: OR = 0.34; 95% CI = 0.13-0.85; methylprednisolone: OR = 0.42; 95% CI = 0.25-0.70). Cluster analysis showed that dexamethasone- and methylprednisolone-treated patients had the lowest risks of stridor and reintubation. Subgroup analyses of patients with positive cuff-leak tests showed similar results. Conclusions: Methylprednisolone and dexamethasone were the most effective agents against postextubation stridor and reintubation.

The clinical efficacy of cefoperazone-sulbactam versus piperacillin-tazobactam in the treatment of severe community-acquired pneumonia.

The objective was to compare the clinical efficacy of cefoperazone-sulbactam with piperacillin-tazobactam in the treatment of severe community-acquired pneumonia (SCAP). The retrospective study was conducted from March 1, 2018 to May 30, 2019. Clinical outcomes were compared for patients who received either cefoperazone-sulbactam or piperacillin-tazobactam in the treatment of SCAP. A total of 815 SCAP patients were enrolled. Among them, 343 received cefoperazone-sulbactam, and 472 received piperacillin-tazobactam. Patients who received cefoperazone-sulbactam presented with higher Charlson Comorbidity Index scores. (6.20 ± 2.77 vs 5.72 ± 2.61; P = .009). The clinical cure rates and effectiveness for patients receiving cefoperazone-sulbactam and piperacillin-tazobactam were 84.2% versus 80.3% (P = .367) and 85.4% versus 83.3% (P = .258), respectively. In addition, the overall mortality rate of the cefoperazone-sulbactam group was 16% (n = 55), which was also comparable to the piperacillin-tazobactam group (17.8%, n = 84, P = .572). The primary clinical outcomes for patients receiving cefoperazone-sulbactam were superior compared to those receiving piperacillin-tazobactam after adjusting disease severity status. The clinical efficacy of cefoperazone-sulbactam in the treatment of adult patients with SCAP is comparable to that of piperacillin-tazobactam. After adjusting for disease severity, cefoperazone-sulbactam tended to be superior to piperacillin-tazobactam.

Risk factors for reintubation and mortality among patients who had unplanned extubation.

BACKGROUND: Unplanned extubation (UE) occurs among 2%-16% of patients with mechanical ventilation (MV). Failed UE requiring reintubation could be associated with several adverse events. AIMS: The aim of this study was to investigate the outcomes and prognostic factors of patients with UE in intensive care units (ICUs). METHODS: We prospectively registered the patients who had UE and retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical records for 96-bed ICUs between 1 January 2009, and 31 December 2020. RESULTS: A total of 392 patients had UE, and 234 patients (59.7%) were ≥65 years (older adult group). The median Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score were 17 and the median Glasgow Coma Scale score was 10. In total, 205 patients (52.3%) were reintubated within 48 h (due to failed UE) and 75 patients (19.1%) died during hospitalization. Multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate those factors predicting failed UE and mortality. These analyses demonstrated that higher positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and the admission APACHE II scores predicted failed UE. A higher fraction of inspiration O2 (FiO2 ) and minute ventilation; lower haemoglobin (Hb); and higher instances of liver cirrhosis, cancer, and failed UE were independently associated with hospital mortality. CONCLUSION: We concluded that among patients who had UE, higher FiO2 or minute ventilation, or under MV or with lower Hb, liver cirrhosis, cancer, and failed UE tended to have higher mortality. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Patients with high disease severity indices who have an increased risk of UE required special attention to techniques to prevent endotracheal tubes from accidental removal.

An artificial intelligence system to predict the optimal timing for mechanical ventilation weaning for intensive care unit patients: A two-stage prediction approach.

Background: For the intensivists, accurate assessment of the ideal timing for successful weaning from the mechanical ventilation (MV) in the intensive care unit (ICU) is very challenging. Purpose: Using artificial intelligence (AI) approach to build two-stage predictive models, namely, the try-weaning stage and weaning MV stage to determine the optimal timing of weaning from MV for ICU intubated patients, and implement into practice for assisting clinical decision making. Methods: AI and machine learning (ML) technologies were used to establish the predictive models in the stages. Each stage comprised 11 prediction time points with 11 prediction models. Twenty-five features were used for the first-stage models while 20 features were used for the second-stage models. The optimal models for each time point were selected for further practical implementation in a digital dashboard style. Seven machine learning algorithms including Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machines (SVM), K Nearest Neighbor (KNN), lightGBM, XGBoost, and Multilayer Perception (MLP) were used. The electronic medical records of the intubated ICU patients of Chi Mei Medical Center (CMMC) from 2016 to 2019 were included for modeling. Models with the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) were regarded as optimal models and used to develop the prediction system accordingly. Results: A total of 5,873 cases were included in machine learning modeling for Stage 1 with the AUCs of optimal models ranging from 0.843 to 0.953. Further, 4,172 cases were included for Stage 2 with the AUCs of optimal models ranging from 0.889 to 0.944. A prediction system (dashboard) with the optimal models of the two stages was developed and deployed in the ICU setting. Respiratory care members expressed high recognition of the AI dashboard assisting ventilator weaning decisions. Also, the impact analysis of with- and without-AI assistance revealed that our AI models could shorten the patients' intubation time by 21 hours, besides gaining the benefit of substantial consistency between these two decision-making strategies. Conclusion: We noticed that the two-stage AI prediction models could effectively and precisely predict the optimal timing to wean intubated patients in the ICU from ventilator use. This could reduce patient discomfort, improve medical quality, and lower medical costs. This AI-assisted prediction system is beneficial for clinicians to cope with a high demand for ventilators during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Clinical effectiveness of branded versus generic piperacillin-tazobactam for treating severe community-acquired pneumonia.

PURPOSE: To compare the clinical effectiveness of branded versus generic piperacillin-tazobactam for treating severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We identified patients with severe CAP who received piperacillin-tazobactam based on a nine-center registry database. Furthermore, we classified the patients in three hospitals, which used only branded piperacillin-tazobactam as the study group, and the patients in six other hospitals, which used both branded and generic products as the control group. RESULTS: A total of 472 patients (n = 263 in the study group and n = 209 in the control group) with severe CAP were included. The study group using branded piperacillin-tazobactam had higher odds of clinical cure (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 3.77, 95 % confidence interval [CI], 1.93-7.37) and lower odds of treatment failure (adjusted OR = 0.28, 95 % CI, 0.13-0.58) than the control group receiving either branded or generic piperacillin-tazobactam. In addition, the study group was associated with higher odds of clinical effectiveness (adjusted OR = 2.95, 95 % CI, 1.46-6.11), less odds of clinical ineffectiveness (adjusted OR = 0.39, 95 % CI, 0.18-0.81), and lower risk of in-hospital mortality (adjusted OR = 0.39, 95 % CI, 0.21-0.73). CONCLUSION: Based on the findings of the present study using indirect comparison, the clinical effectiveness of generic piperacillin-tazobactam for treating patients with severe CAP might not be as good as that of brand-name products.

Development of an Interactive AI System for the Optimal Timing Prediction of Successful Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation for Patients in Respiratory Care Centers.

Successful weaning from prolonged mechanical ventilation (MV) is an important issue in respiratory care centers (RCCs). Delayed or premature extubation increases both the risk of adverse outcomes and healthcare costs. However, the accurate evaluation of the timing of successful weaning from MV is very challenging in RCCs. This study aims to utilize artificial intelligence algorithms to build predictive models for the successful timing of the weaning of patients from MV in RCCs and to implement a dashboard with the best model in RCC settings. A total of 670 intubated patients in the RCC in Chi Mei Medical Center were included in the study. Twenty-six feature variables were selected to build the predictive models with artificial intelligence (AI)/machine-learning (ML) algorithms. An interactive dashboard with the best model was developed and deployed. A preliminary impact analysis was then conducted. Our results showed that all seven predictive models had a high area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), which ranged from 0.792 to 0.868. The preliminary impact analysis revealed that the mean number of ventilator days required for the successful weaning of the patients was reduced by 0.5 after AI intervention. The development of an AI prediction dashboard is a promising method to assist in the prediction of the optimal timing of weaning from MV in RCC settings. However, a systematic prospective study of AI intervention is still needed.

Clinical effectiveness of cefoperazone-sulbactam vs. piperacillin-tazobactam for the treatment of pneumonia in elderly patients.

OBJECTIVES: Both cefoperazone-sulbactam (CFP-SUL) and piperacillin-tazobactam (PIP-TAZ) are ß-lactam/ß-lactamase inhibitor antibiotics and have a similar antimicrobial spectrum. However, comparative clinical efficacy and safety of CFP-SUL and PIP-TAZ for the treatment of pneumonia remain largely unknown, especially in elderly patients. METHODS: Based on a multi-centre registry database, patients aged ≥65 years, diagnosed with severe community-acquired pneumonia (SCAP), hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) or ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), and given empirical therapy with CFP-SUL or PIP-TAZ were included in the analysis. The primary outcome of interest was the proportion of patients achieving clinical cure. Multi-variate logistic regression was conducted to compare odds ratios (OR) for the outcome between patients who received CFP-SUL and patients who received PIP-TAZ. RESULTS: In total, 941 elderly patients (624 with SCAP, and 317 with either HAP or VAP) were included in this study. Overall in-hospital mortality for the entire cohort was 19%. Clinical cure was achieved in 81% and 83% of patients with SCAP and HAP/VAP, respectively. Multi-variate logistic regression analysis showed similar odds for clinical cure for patients receiving CFP-SUL or PIP-TAZ among those with SCAP [adjusted OR 1.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.71-1.70] or HAP/VAP (adjusted OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.30-1.76). Regarding safety, both CFP-SUL and PIP-TAZ were generally well tolerated with few reported adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Among elderly patients with SCAP or HAP/VAP, empirical therapy with CFP-SUL is a viable alternative to PIP-TAZ, while considering antibiotic heterogeneity in the antimicrobial stewardship context.

The Impacts of Aspergillosis on Outcome, Burden and Risks for Mortality in Influenza Patients with Critical Illness.

Previous studies have revealed higher mortality rates in patients with severe influenza who are coinfected with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) than in those without IPA coinfection; nonetheless, the clinical impact of IPA on economic burden and risk factors for mortality in critically ill influenza patients remains undefined. The study was retrospectively conducted in three institutes. From 2016 through 2018, all adult patients with severe influenza admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) were identified. All patients were classified as group 1, patients with concomitant severe influenza and IPA; group 2, severe influenza patients without IPA; and group 3, severe influenza patients without testing for IPA. Overall, there were 201 patients enrolled, including group 1 (n = 40), group 2 (n = 50), and group 3 (n = 111). Group 1 patients had a significantly higher mortality rate (20/40, 50%) than that of group 2 (6/50, 12%) and group 3 (18/11, 16.2%), p < 0.001. The risk factors for IPA occurrence were solid cancer and prolonged corticosteroid use in ICU of >5 days. Group 1 patients had significantly longer hospital stay and higher medical expenditure than the other two groups. The risk factors for mortality in group 1 patients included patients' Charlson comorbidity index, presenting APACHE II score, and complication of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Overall, IPA has a significant adverse impact on the outcome and economic burden of severe influenza patients, who should be promptly managed based on risk host factors for IPA occurrence and mortality risk factors for coinfection with both diseases.

Correlation of Body Mass Index with Oncologic Outcomes in Colorectal Cancer Patients: A Large Population-Based Study.

It has been acknowledged that excess body weight increases the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC); however, there is little evidence on the impact of body mass index (BMI) on CRC patients' long-term oncologic results in Asian populations. We studied the influence of BMI on overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and CRC-specific survival rates in CRC patients from the administrative claims datasets of Taiwan using the Kaplan-Meier survival curves and the log-rank test to estimate the statistical differences among BMI groups. Underweight patients (<18.50 kg/m2) presented higher mortality (56.40%) and recurrence (5.34%) rates. Besides this, they had worse OS (aHR:1.61; 95% CI: 1.53-1.70; p-value: < 0.0001) and CRC-specific survival (aHR:1.52; 95% CI: 1.43-1.62; p-value: < 0.0001) rates compared with those of normal weight patients (18.50-24.99 kg/m2). On the contrary, CRC patients belonging to the overweight (25.00-29.99 kg/m2), class I obesity (30.00-34.99 kg/m2), and class II obesity (≥35.00 kg/m2) categories had better OS, DFS, and CRC-specific survival rates in the analysis than the patients in the normal weight category. Overweight patients consistently had the lowest mortality rate after a CRC diagnosis. The associations with being underweight may reflect a reverse causation. CRC patients should maintain a long-term healthy body weight.

Clinical Efficacy of Cefoperazone-Sulbactam versus Piperacillin-Tazobactam in the Treatment of Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the usefulness of cefoperazone-sulbactam and that of piperacillin-tazobactam in the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). METHODS: This retrospective study included the adult patients receiving cefoperazone-sulbactam or piperacillin-tazobactam against HAP/VAP in nine hospitals in Taiwan from March 1, 2018 to May 30, 2019. Primary outcome was clinical cure rate. RESULTS: A total of 410 patients were enrolled. Among them, 209 patients received cefoperazone-sulbactam and 201 patients received piperacillin-tazobactam. Overall, cefoperazone-sulbactam group had similar distribution of age, sex, or SOFA scores as piperacillin-tazobactam group. However, cefoperazone-sulbactam had higher comorbidity score and disease severity than piperacillin-tazobactam group (Charlson score: 6.5 ± 2.9 vs 5.7 ± 2.7, p < 0.001; APACHE II score: 21.4 ± 6.2 vs 19.3 ± 6.0, p = 0.002). Regarding clinical outcomes, no significant difference in clinical cure and failure rates was observed between cefoperazone-sulbactam and piperacillin-tazobactam group (clinical cure rate: 80.9% vs 80.1% and clinical failure rate: 17.2% vs 18.4%, p = 0.943). Moreover, no significant difference in clinical effectiveness and ineffectiveness rates was observed between cefoperazone-sulbactam and piperacillin-tazobactam group (clinical effective rate: 80.9% vs 80.6% and clinical ineffective rate: 17.7% vs 18.9%, p = 0.711). The all-cause mortality rates of the cefoperazone-sulbactam and piperacillin-tazobactam groups were similar (23.9% vs 20.9%, p = 0.48). After adjustment of Charlson score and APACHE II score, the similarities in these clinical outcomes did not change in overall patients and patients with HAP or VAP. CONCLUSION: For treating adult patients with nosocomial pneumonia, cefoperazone-sulbactam was as effective as piperacillin-tazobactam.

Incidence and management of metabolic acidosis with sodium bicarbonate in the ICU: An international observational study.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic acidosis is a major complication of critical illness. However, its current epidemiology and its treatment with sodium bicarbonate given to correct metabolic acidosis in the ICU are poorly understood. METHOD: This was an international retrospective observational study in 18 ICUs in Australia, Japan, and Taiwan. Adult patients were consecutively screened, and those with early metabolic acidosis (pH < 7.3 and a Base Excess < -4 mEq/L, within 24-h of ICU admission) were included. Screening continued until 10 patients who received and 10 patients who did not receive sodium bicarbonate in the first 24 h (early bicarbonate therapy) were included at each site. The primary outcome was ICU mortality, and the association between sodium bicarbonate and the clinical outcomes were assessed using regression analysis with generalized linear mixed model. RESULTS: We screened 9437 patients. Of these, 1292 had early metabolic acidosis (14.0%). Early sodium bicarbonate was given to 18.0% (233/1292) of these patients. Dosing, physiological, and clinical outcome data were assessed in 360 patients. The median dose of sodium bicarbonate in the first 24 h was 110 mmol, which was not correlated with bodyweight or the severity of metabolic acidosis. Patients who received early sodium bicarbonate had higher APACHE III scores, lower pH, lower base excess, lower PaCO2, and a higher lactate and received higher doses of vasopressors. After adjusting for confounders, the early administration of sodium bicarbonate was associated with an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 0.85 (95% CI, 0.44 to 1.62) for ICU mortality. In patients with vasopressor dependency, early sodium bicarbonate was associated with higher mean arterial pressure at 6 h and an aOR of 0.52 (95% CI, 0.22 to 1.19) for ICU mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Early metabolic acidosis is common in critically ill patients. Early sodium bicarbonate is administered by clinicians to more severely ill patients but without correction for weight or acidosis severity. Bicarbonate therapy in acidotic vasopressor-dependent patients may be beneficial and warrants further investigation.

Significance of the Modified NUTRIC Score for Predicting Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia.

Nutritional status could affect clinical outcomes in critical patients. We aimed to determine the prognostic accuracy of the modified Nutrition Risk in Critically Ill (mNUTRIC) score for hospital mortality and treatment outcomes in patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia (SCAP) compared to other clinical prediction rules. We enrolled SCAP patients in a multi-center setting retrospectively. The mNUTRIC score and clinical prediction rules for pneumonia, as well as clinical factors, were calculated and recorded. Clinical outcomes, including mortality status and treatment outcome, were assessed after the patient was discharged. We used the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve method and multivariate logistic regression analysis to determine the prognostic accuracy of the mNUTRIC score for predicting clinical outcomes compared to clinical prediction rules, while 815 SCAP patients were enrolled. ROC curve analysis showed that the mNUTRIC score was the most effective at predicting each clinical outcome and had the highest area under the ROC curve value. The cut-off value for predicting clinical outcomes was 5.5. By multivariate logistic regression analysis, the mNUTRIC score was also an independent predictor of both clinical outcomes in SCAP patients. We concluded that the mNUTRIC score is a better prognostic factor for predicting clinical outcomes in SCAP patients compared to other clinical prediction rules.

Outcome of improved care bundle in acute respiratory failure patients.

BACKGROUND: Prolonged physical immobilization has negative effects on patients on mechanical ventilation (MV). AIMS: To introduce a quality improvement programme with early mobilization on the outcomes of patients on MV in the intensive care unit (ICU). We particularly studied the impact of the ABCDE (daily Awakening, Breathing trial, drug Co-ordination, Delirium survey and treatment, and Early mobilization) bundle on the outcome of MV patients with acute respiratory failure in the ICU. DESIGN: This is a retrospective, observational, before-and-after outcome study. METHOD: Adult patients on MV (N = 173) admitted to a medical centre ICU with 19 beds in southern Taiwan were enrolled. A multidisciplinary team (critical care nurse, nursing assistant, respiratory therapist, physical therapist, patient's family) performed ABCDE with early mobilization within 72 hours of MV when patients became haemodynamically stable (twice daily [30 minutes each time], 5 days/week during family visits and in co-operation with family members). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcome measures were differences of MV duration, ICU and hospital length of stay, medical costs, and intra-hospital mortality before (phase 1) and after (phase 2) bundle care. RESULTS: Phases 1 and 2 revealed several differences, including Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II and blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels. The patients in phase 2 had a significantly lower mean ICU length of stay (8.0 vs 12.0 days) but a similar MV duration (170.2 vs 188.1 hours), hospital stays (21.1 vs 23.3 days) with reduced costs (22.1 vs 31.7 × 104 NT$), and intra-hospital mortality (8.3 vs. 36.6%). CONCLUSIONS: The ABCDE care bundle improved the outcome of acute renal failure patients with MV, especially shortening ICU stays and lowering medical costs and hospital mortality. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: An ABCDE care bundle with an inter-professional, evidence-based, multicomponent ICU early mobilization management strategy can reduce ICU stays, hospital expenditure, and mortality among acute respiratory failure patients with MV.

Rehabilitation programs for patients with COronaVIrus Disease 2019: consensus statements of Taiwan Academy of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation.

The COronaVIrus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which developed into a pandemic in 2020, has become a major healthcare challenge for governments and healthcare workers worldwide. Despite several medical treatment protocols having been established, a comprehensive rehabilitation program that can promote functional recovery is still frequently ignored. An online consensus meeting of an expert panel comprising members of the Taiwan Academy of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation was held to provide recommendations for rehabilitation protocols in each of the five COVID-19 stages, namely (1) outpatients with mild disease and no risk factors, (2) outpatients with mild disease and epidemiological risk factors, (3) hospitalized patients with moderate to severe disease, (4) ventilator-supported patients with clear cognitive function, and (5) ventilator-supported patients with impaired cognitive function. Apart from medications and life support care, a proper rehabilitation protocol that facilitates recovery from COVID-19 needs to be established and emphasized in clinical practice.

Does radiotherapy increase the risk of colorectal cancer among prostate cancer patients? A large population-based study.

Objective: The survival of prostate cancer (PC) patients after radiotherapy (RT) has improved over time, but it raises the debate of increased risk of secondary colorectal cancer (SCRC). This study aimed to assess whether RT for PC treatment increases the risk of SCRC in comparison with radical prostatectomy (RP). Methods: A population-based cohort of PC patients treated only with RT or only with RP between January 2007 and December 2015 was identified from the Taiwan Cancer Registry. The incidence rate of SCRC development was estimated using Cox regression model. Results: In this study, total 8,797 PC patients treated with either RT (n = 3,219) or RP (n =5,578). Patients subjected to RT were elder (higher percentage of 70≧years, p < 0.0001) and more advanced clinically (stage III: 22.90% vs. 11.87%; stage IV: 22.15% vs. 13.80%, p < 0.0001), compared to those subjected to RP. More patients subjected to RT had a much higher percentage of autoimmune disease (22.34% vs. 18.75%, p < 0.0001) and osteoarthritis and allied disorders (16.31% vs. 12.98%, p < 0.0001). Besides, RT patients had a higher percentage of underlying Crohn's disease (0.25% vs. 0.05%, p = 0.0230). Although almost all selected factors were not statistically significant, they presented the positive risk of SCRC for those under RP compared with those among RT. Besides, for PC patients in clinical stage I and II, patients with RP may have borderline significantly protective effects of SCRC compared with those under RT (stage I, HR: 0.14; 95% C.I.:0.01-1.39; p = 0.0929; stage II, HR: 1.92; 95% C.I.:0.93-3.95; p = 0.0775). Kaplan-Meier curves for a 3-year-period, which demonstrated no statistical difference in the risk of SCRC free between PC patients undergoing RT and RP (p = 0.9766). Conclusion: Whether or not pelvic RT for PC is associated with an increased risk for SCRC on a population-based level remains a matter of considerable debate. From a clinical perspective, these PC survivors should be counseled accordingly and received continued cancer surveillance with regular colonoscopy follow-up.