Periodate-Based Perovskite Energetic Materials: A Strategy for High-Energy Primary Explosives.

The requirements for high energy and green primary explosives are more and more stringent because of the rising demand in the application of micro initiation explosive devices. Four new energetic compounds with powerful initiation ability are reported and their performances are experimentally proven as designed, including non-perovskites ([H2 DABCO](H4 IO6 )2 ·2H2 O, named TDPI-0) and perovskitoid energetic materials (PEMs) ([H2 DABCO][M(IO4 )3 ]; DABCO=1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, M=Na+ , K+ , and NH4 + for TDPI-1, -2, and -4, respectively). The tolerance factor is first introduced to guide the design of perovskitoid energetic materials (PEMs). In conjunction with [H2 DABCO](ClO4 )2 ·H2 O (DAP-0) and [H2 DABCO][M(ClO4 )3 ] (M=Na+ , K+ , and NH4 + for DAP-1, -2, and -4), the physiochemical properties of the two series are investigated between PEMs and non-perovskites (TDPI-0 and DAP-0). The experimental results show that PEMs have great advantages in improving the thermal stability, detonation performance, initiation capability, and regulating sensitivity. The influence of X-site replacement is illustrated by hard-soft-acid-base (HSAB) theory. Especially, TDPIs possess much stronger initiation capability than DAPs, which indicates that periodate salts are in favor of deflagration-to-detonation transition. Therefore, PEMs provide a simple and feasible method for designing advanced high energy materials with adjustable properties.

The addition of bean curd dreg improved the quality of mixed cow manure and corn stalk composting: enhancing the maturity and improving the micro-ecological environment.

Bean curd dreg (BCD) is a by-product of bean products, which can be used as a great ingredient for composting, but it combined with cow manure and corn stalk composting was rarely reported. In this study, the effect of BCD on the maturity and the micro-ecological environment was investigated under a lab-scale composting experiment and found that BCD was conducive to improve the maturity of compost during the BCD application. The excitation-emission matrix (EEM) showed that the final humus content in BCD treatments was richer than that in CK treatment. High-throughput sequencing results showed that BCD-applied better ameliorated the bacteria community structure with higher Actinomycetes abundance and lower denitrifying bacteria abundance in the late stage of composting. PICRUSt results showed that BCD-added decreased the abundance of microbial metabolic genes in the high temperature period (> 70 °C), but the metabolic abundance increased rapidly as the temperature cooled down. Compared with CK, the metabolic abundance decreased significantly on day 24, which was consistent with the conclusion of composting maturity. Redundancy analysis (RDA) results indicated that there were significant discrepancies in the microbial community structure of samples at different composting periods and the change of the dominant population in the BCD-treated compost samples were more outstanding than that in the CK treatment. Hence, BCD is a very good composting modifier that compensates for the disadvantages of composting and enhances the fertility of the compost product.

Risk of penicillin fermentation dreg: Increase of antibiotic resistance genes after soil discharge.

Penicillin fermentation dreg (PFD) is a solid waste discharged by pharmaceutical enterprises in the fermentation production process. Due to the residual antibiotic of PFD, the risk of antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARB) generation should be considered in the disposal process. High-throughput quantitative PCR (HT-qPCR) and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were performed to investigate the effect of PFD on the dynamics of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and bacterial community during a lab-scale soil experiment. After the application of PFD, the bacterial number and diversity showed an obvious decrease in the initial days. The abundances of Streptomyces and Bacillus, which are the most widespread predicted source phyla of ARGs, increased remarkably from 4.42% to 2.59%-22.97% and 21.35%. The increase of ARGs was observed during the PFD application and the ARGs carried by PFD itself contributed to the initiation of soil ARGs. The results of redundancy analysis (RDA) show that the shift in bacterial community induced by variation of penicillin content is the primary driver shaping ARGs compositions.

Design and fabrication of energetic metal-organic framework [Cu(ntz)]n films with high energy-density and stability.

In this work, for the first time, we have successfully prepared energetic metal-organic framework [Cu(ntz)]n films by integrating electrochemical deposition and solvothermal growth. With its excellent energy, stability and ignition performances, the [Cu(ntz)]n film has potential application in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) to achieve functional nanoenergetics-on-a-chip.

In situ synthesized 3D metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) constructed from transition metal cations and tetrazole derivatives: a family of insensitive energetic materials.

The combination of the hydrothermal method with in situ synthesis has been successfully employed to prepare a family of tetrazole-based energetic metal-organic frameworks (EMOFs) ([Ag(Mtta)]n, 1; [Cd5(Mtta)9]n, 2; [Pb3(bta)2(O)2(H2O)]n, 3; and [Pb(tztr)2(H2O)]n, 4) through [2 + 3] cycloaddition of azide anions and nitrile groups. All the synthesized EMOFs were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis (EA), different scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetry (TG). Both complexes 1 and 4 consist of reticular two-dimensional (2D) layers that are linked by π-π overlap interactions between the ligands in neighbouring layers to form 3D supramolecular structures. In contrast, complexes 2 and 3 are 3D frameworks. The in situ formation of ligands bta and tztr has been described for the first time. Remarkably, thermogravimetric measurements demonstrated that the EMOFs 1-4 possess excellent thermostabilities with high decomposition temperatures up to 354, 389, and 372 °C for 1, 2, and 4, respectively. Sensitivity tests revealed that all the EMOFs are extremely insensitive.

The antioxidant methyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate.

The title compound, C18H28O3, was prepared by the reaction of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol with methyl acrylate under basic conditions using dimethyl sulfoxide as the promoter. The structure of this antioxidant indicates significant strain between the ortho tert-butyl substituents and the phenolic OH group. In spite of the steric crowding of the OH group, it participates in intermolecular hydrogen bonding with the ester carbonyl O atom.