Passivating Dipole Layer Bridged 3D/2D Perovskite Heterojunction for Highly Efficient and Stable p-i-n Solar Cells.

Constructing 3D/2D perovskite heterojunction is a promising approach to integrate the benefits of high efficiency and superior stability in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, in contrast to n-i-p architectural PSCs, the p-i-n PSCs with 3D/2D heterojunction have serious limitations in achieving high-performance as they suffer from a large energetic mismatch and electron extraction energy barrier from a 3D perovskite layer to a 2D perovskite layer, and serious nonradiative recombination at the heterojunction. Here a strategy of incorporating a thin passivating dipole layer (PDL) onto 3D perovskite and then depositing 2D perovskite without dissolving the underlying layer to form an efficient 3D/PDL/2D heterojunction is developed. It is revealed that PDL regulates the energy level alignment with the appearance of interfacial dipole and strongly interacts with 3D perovskite through covalent bonds, which eliminate the energetic mismatch, reduce the surface defects, suppress the nonradiative recombination, and thus accelerate the charge extraction at such electron-selective contact. As a result, it is reported that the 3D/PDL/2D junction p-i-n PSCs present a power conversion efficiency of 24.85% with robust stability, which is comparable to the state-of-the-art efficiency of the 3D/2D junction n-i-p devices.

Heterogeneous clinical and pathological landscapes of HER2 positive colorectal cancer.

Introduction: Metastatic (m) colorectal cancer (CRC) can be divided into specific subgroups under the 'one gene, one drug' paradigm of precision medicine. Progress of targeted therapy in mCRC patients significantly improved the overall survival rate, notably by therapy targeting of EGFR signaling in RAS wild-type mCRC patients. Activation of the HER2 pathway is an important mechanism of resistance for anti-EGFR therapy.Area covered: Inhibition of HER2 with monoclonal antibodies and/or tyrosine kinase inhibitors induces tumor responses in partial HER2-positive CRC refractory to standard systemic therapy. This manuscript aimed to provide an overall insight of the HER2 expression pattern and highlighted specific clinicopathological and molecular features involved in mCRC. In addition, we summarize preclinical and clinical trials in HER2-positive mCRC.Expert opinion: The status and progression of HER2-positive gastric cancer and breast cancer and anti-HER2 therapy have been reported widely. However, the understanding of HER2-positive CRC models which may guide future therapeutic decision-making is poor. Therefore, it is essential to summarize the existing research to extract similarity and difference among various studies.

Chronic Viral Hepatitis Signifies the Association of Premixed Insulin Analogues with Liver Cancer Risks: A Nationwide Population-Based Study.

This study sought to determine whether chronic hepatitis B or C would modify the association between insulin analogues and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risks. We conducted a nationwide nested case-control study for HCC cases and matched controls from 2003 to 2013 among newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients on any antidiabetic agents in Taiwan before and after exclusion of chronic viral hepatitis, respectively. A total of 5832 and 1237 HCC cases were identified before and after exclusion of chronic viral hepatitis, respectively. Incident HCC risks were positively associated with any use of premixed insulin analogues (adjusted odds ratio (OR), 1.27; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.55) among total participants, especially among current users (adjusted OR, 1.45; 95% CI 1.12 to 1.89). However, the association between HCC occurrence and premixed insulin analogues diminished among participants without chronic viral hepatitis (adjusted OR, 1.35; 95% CI 0.92 to 1.98). We also observed a significant multiplicative interaction between chronic viral hepatitis and premixed insulin analogues on HCC risks (P = 0.010). Conclusions: Chronic viral hepatitis signifies the role of premixed insulin analogues in HCC oncogenesis. We recommend a closer liver surveillance among patients prescribed premixed insulin analogues with concomitant chronic viral hepatitis.

Association of loss of muscle mass with mortality in liver cirrhosis without or before liver transplantation: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Liver cirrhosis is a risk factor for the loss of muscle mass, which is associated with numerous adverse health outcomes. This meta-analysis aimed to examine whether loss of muscle mass was a predictor of increased mortality in cirrhotic patients without or before liver transplantation. METHODS: Without language restriction, PubMed and Embase were searched for articles published from the earliest records to December 2018 investigating the influence of loss of muscle mass on survival of cirrhotic patients. Those who had undergone liver transplantation and had hepatocellular carcinoma were excluded. The main outcome was the hazard ratio (HR) for the association of mortality with loss of muscle mass, and the secondary outcome was the association of loss of muscle mass with Child-Pugh class and death caused by severe infection. RESULTS: The meta-analysis included 16 observational studies, comprising 4070 participants. The pooled crude and adjusted HRs for the association of mortality with loss of muscle mass were 2.05 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.51-2.78) and 2.36 (95% CI, 1.61-3.46). Using Child-Pugh Class A as reference, the odds ratios (ORs) for the association of loss of muscle mass with Child-Pugh Class B and Class C were 1.68 (95% CI, 0.96-2.92) and 1.94 (95% CI, 0.66-5.65). Patients with loss of muscle mass were likely to have infection-related mortality (OR = 3.38, 95% CI, 0.61-18.88) but the association did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Loss of muscle mass is associated with mortality in cirrhotic patients without or before liver transplantation. Future studies should be conducted to explore whether exercise and nutritional supplementation can reverse muscle mass loss and improve long-term survival.

Is sarcopenia associated with hepatic encephalopathy in liver cirrhosis? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Hepatic encephalopathy (HE), a major neuropsychiatric complication in advanced liver disease, is associated with poor prognosis. Sarcopenia, characterized by a decline in muscle mass, strength, and physical performance, is prevalent in liver cirrhosis. This study aims to explore whether sarcopenia is associated with HE in cirrhotic patients. METHODS: PubMed and EMBASE were searched for relevant cohort and case-control studies investigating the association between sarcopenia and HE up to July 2018. Data of patients' characteristics, definition of low muscle mass, and protocols of grading/diagnosing HE were retrieved. The primary outcome was estimated by a pooled odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI), using a random effect model. RESULTS: The meta-analysis enrolled 6 studies, comprising 1795 patients. Sarcopenia was positively associated with the presence of HE (OR 2.74 with a 95% CI, 1.87 to 4.01). The association was less likely to be influenced by differences in research designs, focused study outcomes, muscle mass measurements, and protocols of grading/diagnosing HE. There was lack of evidence supporting higher serum ammonia levels in patients with sarcopenia. CONCLUSION: In patients with liver cirrhosis, there is a significant association between sarcopenia and HE. A greater number of prospective studies are necessary to clarify whether the association remains even after adjusting relevant confounders and to suggest effective prevention of HE in patients with coexisting sarcopenia.

Association between Loss of Skeletal Muscle Mass and Mortality and Tumor Recurrence in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has multiple prognostic factors, and there is an increase in knowledge about the body composition and physical status of patients with HCC. The present meta-analysis aimed to explore whether loss of skeletal muscle mass is associated with mortality and tumor recurrence in patients with HCC. METHOD: A systematic search was conducted for published literature using PubMed, Embase, and Scopus. We included cohort or case-control studies investigating patients with HCC. The primary and secondary outcomes were the associations of loss of skeletal muscle mass with overall survival and tumor recurrence, respectively, expressed by a summary hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULT: A total of 13 studies comprising 3,111 patients were included. The summary HRs calculated by either univariate or multivariate analysis both suggested a significant association between sarcopenia and all-cause mortality (crude HR = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.74-2.38; adjusted HR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.60-2.37). Similarly, loss of skeletal muscle mass was associated with tumor recurrence (crude HR = 1.85, 95% CI: 1.44-2.37; adjusted HR = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.27-2.45). The stratified analysis showed that treatment types and inclusion of body mass index or body weight in the Cox regression model did not modify both clinical outcomes. With an increase in cut-off values of muscle mass on computed tomography images (especially for male patients), there was an insignificant trend of stronger associations between loss of skeletal muscle mass and all-cause mortality. CONCLUSION: Loss of skeletal muscle mass is associated with increased all-cause mortality and tumor recurrence in patients with HCC. Further prospective studies incorporating measurements of muscle strength and physical function are warranted to see whether inclusion of both parameters better predicts the outcome than use of muscle mass only.

Multifeature analysis of an ultrasound quantitative diagnostic index for classifying nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease related to metabolic syndrome. This study applied an integrated analysis based on texture, backscattering, and attenuation features in ultrasound imaging with the aim of assessing the severity of NAFLD. Ultrasound radiofrequency data obtained from 394 clinical cases were analyzed to extract three texture features (autocorrelation, sum average, and sum variance), the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and the slope of the center-frequency downshift (CFDS slope). The texture, SNR, and CFDS slope were combined to produce a quantitative diagnostic index (QDI) that ranged from 0 to 6. We trained the QDI using training data and then applied it to test data to assess its utility. In training data, the areas (AUCs) under the receiver operating characteristic curves for NAFLD and severe NAFLD were 0.81 and 0.84, respectively. In test data, the AUCs were 0.73 and 0.81 for NAFLD and severe NAFLD, respectively. The QDI was able to distinguish severe NAFLD and a normal liver from mild NAFLD, and it was significantly correlated with metabolic factors. This study explored the potential of using the QDI to supply information on different physical characteristics of liver tissues for advancing the ability to grade NAFLD.

High-dose dual therapy is superior to standard first-line or rescue therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The efficacy of treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection has decreased steadily because of increasing resistance to clarithromycin, metronidazole, and levofloxacin. Resistance to amoxicillin is generally low, and high intragastric pH increases the efficacy of amoxicillin, so we investigated whether a combination of a high-dose proton pump inhibitor and amoxicillin (dual therapy) was more effective than standard first-line or rescue therapies in eradicating H pylori. METHODS: We performed a large-scale multihospital trial to compare the efficacy of a high-dose dual therapy (HDDT) with that of standard therapies in treatment-naive (n = 450) or treatment-experienced (n = 168) patients with H pylori infection. Treatment-naive patients were randomly assigned to groups given HDDT (rabeprazole 20 mg and amoxicillin 750 mg, 4 times/day for 14 days, group A1), sequential therapy for 10 days (group B1), or clarithromycin-containing triple therapy for 7 days (group C1). Treatment-experienced patients were randomly assigned to groups given HDDT for 14 days (group A2), sequential therapy for 10 days (B2), or levofloxacin-containing triple therapy for 7 days (C2). H pylori infection was detected by using the (13)C-urea breath test. We evaluated factors associated with treatment outcomes. RESULTS: In the intention-to-treat analysis, H pylori was eradicated in 95.3% of patients in group A1 (95% confidence interval [CI], 91.9%-98.8%), 85.3% in B1 (95% CI, 79.6%-91.1%), and 80.7% in group C1 (95% CI, 74.3%-87.1%). Infection was eradicated in 89.3% of patients in group A2 (95% CI, 80.9%-97.6%), 51.8% in group B2 (95% CI, 38.3%-65.3%), and 78.6% (95% CI, 67.5%-89.7%) in group C2. The efficacy of HDDT was significantly higher than that of currently recommended regimens, irrespective of CYP2C19 genotype. Bacterial resistance to drugs was associated with treatment failure. There were no significant differences between groups in adverse events or patient adherence. CONCLUSIONS: HDDT is superior to standard regimens as empirical first-line or rescue therapy for H pylori infection, with similar safety profiles and tolerability. ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT01163435.

Significant reduction in end-stage liver diseases burden through the national viral hepatitis therapy program in Taiwan.

UNLABELLED: A national viral hepatitis therapy program was launched in Taiwan in October 2003. This study aimed to assess the impact of the program on reduction of end-stage liver disease (ESLD) burden. Profiles of national registries of households, cancers, and death certificates were used to derive incidence and mortality of ESLDs from 2000 to 2011. Age-gender-adjusted incidence and mortality rates of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and chronic liver diseases (CLDs) and cirrhosis of adults ages 30-69 years were compared before and after launching the program using Poisson's regression models. A total of 157,570 and 61,823 patients (15%-25% of those eligible for reimbursed treatment) received therapy for chronic hepatitis B and C, respectively, by 2011. There were 42,526 CLDs and cirrhosis deaths, 47,392 HCC deaths, and 74,832 incident HCC cases occurred in 140,814,448 person-years from 2000 to 2011. Male gender and elder age were associated with a significantly increased risk of CLDs and cirrhosis and HCC. Mortality and incidence rates of ESLDs decreased continuously from 2000 to 2003 (before therapy program) through 2004-2007 to 2008-2011 in all age and gender groups. The age-gender-adjusted rate ratio (95% confidence interval; P value) in 2008-2011 was 0.78 (0.76-0.80; P < 0.001) for CLDs and cirrhosis mortality, 0.76 (0.75-0.78; P < 0.005) for HCC mortality, and 0.86 (0.85-0.88; P < 0.005) for HCC incidence using 2000-2003 as the reference period (rate ratio = 1.0). CONCLUSIONS: The national viral hepatitis therapy program has significantly reduced the mortality of CLDs and cirrhosis and incidence and mortality of HCC.

Carriers of inactive hepatitis B virus are still at risk for hepatocellular carcinoma and liver-related death.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The risk and the predictors of liver disease progression in carriers of inactive hepatitis B virus (HBV) are unclear. METHODS: Participants in the Risk Evaluation of Viral Load Elevation and Associated Liver Disease/Cancer-Hepatitis B Virus (REVEAL-HBV) study who were seronegative for hepatitis B e antigen; had serum levels of HBV DNA <10,000 copies/mL; and did not have cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, or increased serum levels of alanine aminotransferase were classified as carriers of inactive HBV (n = 1932). Study participants who were seronegative for HB surface antigen and antibodies against hepatitis C virus, yet had similar clinical liver features, were the controls (n = 18,137). Liver-related death and new cases of hepatocellular carcinoma were ascertained through computerized data linkage with National Cancer Registry and Death Certification profiles. The disease progression rates were estimated. The multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios for risk predictors were derived from Cox regression models. RESULTS: There were 20,069 participants, contributing a total of 262,122 person-years, with a mean follow-up of 13.1 years. Annual incidence rates of hepatocellular carcinoma and liver-related death were 0.06% and 0.04%, respectively, for inactive HBV carriers; rates were 0.02%, and 0.02% for controls, respectively. The multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios for carriers of inactive HBV, compared to controls, were 4.6 (95% confidence interval: 2.5-8.3) for hepatocellular carcinoma and 2.1 (95% confidence interval: 1.1-4.1) for liver-related death. Older age and alcohol drinking habits were independent predictors of risk for carriers of inactive HBV to develop hepatocellular carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: Carriers of inactive HBV have a substantial risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and liver-related death compared with individuals not infected with HBV.

Hepatitis B genotypes correlate with tumor recurrence after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype C is associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), compared with genotype B. This study aims to investigate whether HBV genotypes influence the clinicopathologic features and long-term prognosis of patients after curative resection of HCC. METHODS: Stored serum samples from 62 patients with HBV-related HCC were tested for HBV genotype using a molecular method. RESULTS: Sixty of 62 patients (96.8%) undergoing curative resection of HCC were infected with genotype B or C. Concomitant cirrhosis was encountered more frequently in patients with genotype C. During a mean follow-up period of 26.3 +/- 9.8 months, patients with genotype B had a lower overall tumor recurrence rate than those with genotype C (22% vs. 46%; P = 0.04). Stepwise multiple Cox proportional hazards regression analysis showed that multiplicity of tumor (hazard ratio, 6.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.45-32.2; P = 0.02) was associated with tumor recurrence, whereas genotype C and age were associated with borderline significance (P = 0.06). Stratified analysis showed that genotype C was still associated with tumor recurrence in cirrhotic patients with borderline significance by univariate analysis (hazard ratio, 3.8; 95% CI, 0.84-17.6; P = 0.07). However, cumulative 2-year survival rates were similar between patients with genotype B and C (92% vs. 85%; P = 0.23). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that patients with HCC with genotype C have a greater tumor recurrence rate after curative resection of HCC compared with those with genotype B. Prolonged follow-up is needed to clarify the impact of HBV genotype on postoperative outcome.