Transurethral En Bloc Resection Versus Standard Resection of Bladder Tumour: A Randomised, Multicentre, Phase 3 Trial.

BACKGROUND: Conventionally, standard resection (SR) is performed by resecting the bladder tumour in a piecemeal manner. En bloc resection of the bladder tumour (ERBT) has been proposed as an alternative technique in treating non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether ERBT could improve the 1-yr recurrence rate of NMIBC, as compared with SR. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A multicentre, randomised, phase 3 trial was conducted in Hong Kong. Adults with bladder tumour(s) of ≤3 cm were enrolled from April 2017 to December 2020, and followed up until 1 yr after surgery. INTERVENTION: Patients were randomly assigned to receive either ERBT or SR in a 1:1 ratio. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The primary outcome was 1-yr recurrence rate. A modified intention-to-treat analysis on patients with histologically confirmed NMIBC was performed. The main secondary outcomes included detrusor muscle sampling rate, operative time, hospital stay, 30-d complications, any residual or upstaging of disease upon second-look transurethral resection, and 1-yr progression rate. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: A total of 350 patients underwent randomisation, and 276 patients were histologically confirmed to have NMIBC. At 1 yr, 31 patients in the ERBT group and 46 in the SR group developed recurrence; the Kaplan-Meier estimate of 1-yr recurrence rates were 29% (95% confidence interval, 18-37) in the ERBT group and 38% (95% confidence interval, 28-46) in the SR group (p = 0.007). Upon a subgroup analysis, patients with 1-3 cm tumour, single tumour, Ta disease, or intermediate-risk NMIBC had a significant benefit from ERBT. None of the patients in the ERBT group and three patients in the SR group developed progression to muscle-invasive bladder cancer; the Kaplan-Meier estimates of 1-yr progression rates were 0% in the ERBT group and 2.6% (95% confidence interval, 0-5.5) in the SR group (p = 0.065). The median operative time was 28 min (interquartile range, 20-45) in the ERBT group and 22 min (interquartile range, 15-30) in the SR group (p < 0.001). All other secondary outcomes were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with NMIBC of ≤3 cm, ERBT resulted in a significant reduction in the 1-yr recurrence rate when compared with SR (funded by GRF/ECS, RGC, reference no.: 24116518; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02993211). PATIENT SUMMARY: Conventionally, non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer is treated by resecting the bladder tumour in a piecemeal manner. In this study, we found that en bloc resection, that is, removal of the bladder tumour in one piece, could reduce the 1-yr recurrence rate of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

Metabolic syndrome and benign prostatic hyperplasia: An update.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities related to central adiposity and insulin resistance. Its importance is increasingly recognized as it associates with increased risks of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. These metabolic aberrations of MetS may lead to development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men. A 26.5%-55.6% prevalence of MetS in men with LUTS was reported in worldwide studies. Although the exact biological pathway is not clear yet, insulin resistance, increased visceral adiposity, sex hormone alterations and cellular inflammatory reactions played significant roles in the related pathophysiological processes. Clinician should recognize the cardiovascular and metabolic impacts of MetS in men with LUTS, early risk factors optimization and use of appropriate medical therapy may possibly alter or slower the progression of LUTS/BPH, and potentially avoid unnecessary morbidities and mortalities from cardiovascular and metabolic diseases for those men.

Does selective dorsal rhizotomy improve bladder function in children with cerebral palsy?

PURPOSE: To investigate the efficacy of selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) on urinary symptoms and bladder function in cerebral palsy children. METHODS: Selective dorsal rhizotomy was performed in 56 children with spastic cerebral palsy. Intraspinal nerve root divisions over the cauda equina from L1/2 to S1/2 levels were performed. Urinary symptoms and urodynamic study (UDS) parameters before and after SDR were analyzed. RESULTS: Fifty-four out of 56 children (mean age 7.7) with SDR performed had complete urinary symptoms for analysis, of which 90 % had diplegic cerebral palsy. Fifty-one children had preoperative UDS performed, and 20 children had both preoperative and postoperative UDS. All UDS were performed within 4 weeks before SDR, and the mean time from SDR to post-op UDS was 8.4 months. Before operation, 22 out of 54 (40.7 %) children had urgency or frequency, and 16 out of 54 (29.6 %) children had incontinence. Twelve out of 22 (54.5 %) children with urgency or frequency became completely asymptomatic after SDR (p = 0.013), while 9 out of the 10 children with residual urgency or frequency had significant improvement. Twelve out of 16 (75.0 %) incontinent children became continent after SDR (p = 0.013). Bladder capacity at first incontinence significantly increased from 70 to 130 ml (p = 0.016). Other parameters had no significant difference after SDR. There was a trend that S2 rootlet division had major contribution in achieving continence. CONCLUSIONS: Selective dorsal rhizotomy significantly improved urgency, frequency, incontinence, and urodynamic bladder capacity at first incontinence in a significant proportion of spastic cerebral palsy children.

The destruction of the lower urinary tract by ketamine abuse: a new syndrome?

OBJECTIVE: To report the clinical spectrum seen in young abusers of street-ketamine (regular recreational abusers of street-ketamine, for its hallucinogenic effects) in Hong Kong, presenting with significant lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) but with no evidence of bacterial infection. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analysed the clinical presentations, pelvic pain and urgency/frequency scores, video-urodynamic studies, cystoscopy findings, histological features of bladder biopsies and radiological findings of 59 ketamine abusers who were referred to the urology units of Princess Margaret and Tuen Mun Hospital, Hong Kong, from March 2000 to December 2007. RESULTS: Of the 59 patients, all had moderate to severe LUTS, i.e. frequency, urgency, dysuria, urge incontinence and occasionally painful haematuria. Forty-two (71%) patients had a cystoscopy that showed various degrees of epithelial inflammation similar to that seen in chronic interstitial cystitis. All of 12 available bladder biopsies had histological features resembling those of interstitial cystitis. Urodynamically, either detrusor overactivity or decreased bladder compliance with or without vesico-ureteric reflux was detected to some degree in all of 47 patients. Thirty patients (51%) had unilateral or bilateral hydronephrosis on renal ultrasonography, and four (7%) showed features suggestive of papillary necrosis on radiological imaging. Eight patients had a raised serum creatinine level. CONCLUSION: A syndrome of cystitis and contracted bladder can be associated with street-ketamine abuse. Secondary renal damage can occur in severe cases which might be irreversible, rendering patients dependent on dialysis. The present data do not establish the precise cause nor the incidence. Street-ketamine abuse is not only a drug problem, but might be associated with a serious urological condition causing a significant burden to healthcare resources.