Climate Change for the Pulmonologist: A Focused Review.

Climate change adversely impacts global health. Increasingly, temperature variability, inclement weather, declining air quality, and growing food and clean water supply insecurities threaten human health. Earth's temperature is projected to increase up to 6.4 °C by the end of the 21st century, exacerbating the threat. Public and health care professionals, including pulmonologists, perceive the detrimental effects of climate change and air pollution and support efforts to mitigate its effects. In fact, evidence is strong that premature cardiopulmonary death is associated with air pollution exposure via inhalation through the respiratory system, which functions as a portal of entry. However, little guidance is available for pulmonologists in recognizing the effects of climate change and air pollution on the diverse range of pulmonary disorders. To educate and mitigate risk for patients competently, pulmonologists must be armed with evidence-based findings of the impact of climate change and air pollution on specific pulmonary diseases. Our goal is to provide pulmonologists with the background and tools to improve patients' health and to prevent adverse outcomes despite climate change-imposed threats. In this review, we detail current evidence of climate change and air pollution impact on a diverse range of pulmonary disorders. Knowledge enables a proactive and individualized approach toward prevention strategies for patients, rather than merely treating ailments reactively.

Effect of Awake Prone Positioning on Endotracheal Intubation in Patients With COVID-19 and Acute Respiratory Failure: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: The efficacy and safety of prone positioning is unclear in nonintubated patients with acute hypoxemia and COVID-19. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and adverse events of prone positioning in nonintubated adult patients with acute hypoxemia and COVID-19. Design, Setting, and Participants: Pragmatic, unblinded randomized clinical trial conducted at 21 hospitals in Canada, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and the US. Eligible adult patients with COVID-19 were not intubated and required oxygen (≥40%) or noninvasive ventilation. A total of 400 patients were enrolled between May 19, 2020, and May 18, 2021, and final follow-up was completed in July 2021. Intervention: Patients were randomized to awake prone positioning (n = 205) or usual care without prone positioning (control; n = 195). Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was endotracheal intubation within 30 days of randomization. The secondary outcomes included mortality at 60 days, days free from invasive mechanical ventilation or noninvasive ventilation at 30 days, days free from the intensive care unit or hospital at 60 days, adverse events, and serious adverse events. Results: Among the 400 patients who were randomized (mean age, 57.6 years [SD, 12.83 years]; 117 [29.3%] were women), all (100%) completed the trial. In the first 4 days after randomization, the median duration of prone positioning was 4.8 h/d (IQR, 1.8 to 8.0 h/d) in the awake prone positioning group vs 0 h/d (IQR, 0 to 0 h/d) in the control group. By day 30, 70 of 205 patients (34.1%) in the prone positioning group were intubated vs 79 of 195 patients (40.5%) in the control group (hazard ratio, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.59 to 1.12], P = .20; absolute difference, -6.37% [95% CI, -15.83% to 3.10%]). Prone positioning did not significantly reduce mortality at 60 days (hazard ratio, 0.93 [95% CI, 0.62 to 1.40], P = .54; absolute difference, -1.15% [95% CI, -9.40% to 7.10%]) and had no significant effect on days free from invasive mechanical ventilation or noninvasive ventilation at 30 days or on days free from the intensive care unit or hospital at 60 days. There were no serious adverse events in either group. In the awake prone positioning group, 21 patients (10%) experienced adverse events and the most frequently reported were musculoskeletal pain or discomfort from prone positioning (13 of 205 patients [6.34%]) and desaturation (2 of 205 patients [0.98%]). There were no reported adverse events in the control group. Conclusions and Relevance: In patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure from COVID-19, prone positioning, compared with usual care without prone positioning, did not significantly reduce endotracheal intubation at 30 days. However, the effect size for the primary study outcome was imprecise and does not exclude a clinically important benefit. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04350723.

Pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum in COVID-19: A case series.

COVID- 19 has become a major pandemic affecting more than 11 million people worldwide. Common radiological manifestations of COVID-19 include peripheral based ground-glass or consolidative opacities; however, pneumothorax and pneumo-mediastinum are very rare manifestations; even more so within patients not on mechanical ventilation. We present a case series of 5 patients with COVID-19 who either presented with or developed spontaneous pneumothorax or pneumo-mediastinum within the course of hospitalization. With the exception of one patient, all other patients developed pneumothorax as a late manifestation in their illness; more than 10 days after initial symptom onset in COVID-19. From within this case series, all patients who developed spontaneous pneumothorax or pneumo-mediastinum during hospitalization subsequently succumbed to the illness. Spontaneous pneumothorax or pneumo-mediastinum may be an important late manifestation in COVID-19; even in spontaneously breathing patients. This may be related to development of cystic changes within the lung parenchyma. Although the clinical relevance of this finding is unknown; in our series, it portended a worse prognosis in the majority of patients.

Algorithmic Approach to the Diagnosis of Organizing Pneumonia: A Correlation of Clinical, Radiologic, and Pathologic Features.

Organizing pneumonia (OP), characterized histopathologically by patchy filling of alveoli and bronchioles by loose plugs of connective tissue, may be seen in a variety of conditions. These include but are not limited to after an infection, drug reactions, radiation therapy, and collagen vascular diseases. When a specific cause is responsible for this entity, it is referred to as "secondary OP." When an extensive search fails to reveal a cause, it is referred to as "cryptogenic OP" (previously called "bronchiolitis obliterans with OP"), which is a clinical, radiologic, and pathologic entity classified as an interstitial lung disease. The clinical presentation of OP often mimics that of other disorders, such as infection and cancer, which can result in a delay in diagnosis and inappropriate management of the underlying disease. The radiographic presentation of OP is polymorphous but often has subpleural consolidations with air bronchograms or solitary or multiple nodules, which can wax and wane. Diagnosis of OP sometimes requires histopathologic confirmation and exclusion of other possible causes. Treatment usually requires a prolonged steroid course, and disease relapse is common. The aim of this article is to summarize the clinical, radiographic, and histologic presentations of this disease and to provide a practical diagnostic algorithmic approach incorporating clinical history and characteristic imaging patterns.

52-Year-Old With Epistaxis, Hemoptysis, Hoarseness, and Weight Loss.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 52-year-old man presented with hemoptysis of 2 weeks' duration. He had been experiencing hoarseness, right-sided pleuritic chest pain, subjective fevers, chills, night sweats, and 10 pounds weight loss for the previous 2 months. He additionally reported severe frontal headaches, nasal congestion, and intermittent epistaxis, which had been present for a year before his current presentation. He had worked in construction and denied tobacco or illicit drug use.

Predictive factors for success of awake proning in hypoxemic respiratory failure secondary to COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Awake prone positioning has been recommended as an adjunctive measure in spontaneously breathing patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure during the COVID-19 pandemic. It remains uncertain as to how long this should be implemented, what variables to follow and who would be the ideal candidates for this adjunctive therapy. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of patients admitted from April to August 2020 within our institution with multifocal pneumonia and hypoxemic respiratory failure secondary to COVID-19 who underwent awake-proning for at least 3 hours was conducted. RESULTS: Improvement in respiratory parameters including ROX (SpO2/Fio2/ Respiratory Rate) indices and inflammatory markers within 4 days of institution of awake proning predicted a higher chance for success of this strategy in preventing need for mechanical ventilation. Moreover, benefits of awake proning were limited to patients with mild to moderate ARDS. CONCLUSIONS: Awake prone positioning can be safely performed with improvement in oxygenation. However, its institution may be beneficial only in patients with mild to moderate ARDS and requires careful evaluation of respiratory parameters and serum inflammatory markers to avoid a delay in endotracheal intubation and consequent increase in mortality rates.

Diagnostic yield of electromagnetic navigational bronchoscopy: A safety net community-based hospital experience in the United States.

INTRODUCTION: Electromagnetic navigational bronchoscopy (ENB) is an excellent tool to diagnose peripheral pulmonary nodules, especially in the setting of emphysema and pulmonary fibrosis. However, most of these procedures are done by interventional pulmonologists and academic tertiary centers under general anesthesia. Studies evaluating the diagnostic utility of this tool in safety-net community hospitals by pulmonologists not formally trained in this technology are lacking. The objective was to evaluate the diagnostic yield of ENB done in such a setting and its associated complications. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of consecutive ENB procedures over 5 years from 2014, since its inception in our institution-a safety-net community based hospital was performed. Multiple variables were analyzed to assess their impact on diagnostic yields. RESULTS: After exclusion criteria were applied, 72 patients with 76 procedures were eventually included within our study, with an overall 1-year diagnostic yield of 80.2%. Sensitivity for malignancy was 73% and negative predictive value of 65%. Primary lung cancer was the most common diagnosis obtained, followed by tuberculosis (TB). The overall complication rates were low, with only 1 patient (1.3%) requiring hospitalization due to pneumothorax needing tube thoracostomy. No deaths or respiratory failures were noted within the cohort. The only significant variable affecting diagnostic yield was forced expiratory volume in 1 s. The presence of emphysema did not affect diagnostic yield. CONCLUSIONS: ENB is safe and feasible with a high diagnostic success rate even when performed by pulmonologists not formally trained in interventional pulmonology in low resource settings under moderate sedation.

Safety and incidence of complications associated with bronchoscopy in an obese population.

INTRODUCTION: The safety of bronchoscopy in obese patients and those with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is unclear. Our objective was to evaluate the incidence of complications during bronchoscopy under moderate sedation in obese patients and to assess the impact of OSA, body mass index (BMI), and duration of the procedure. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study in adult patients undergoing bronchoscopy from January 2010 to August 2019. All patients with BMI > 30 kg/m2 were included. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify the factors associated with all-complications and respiratory complications. RESULTS: A total of 345 obese patients were identified. The average BMI in our cohort was 35.3 ± 5.1 kg/m2 . During the pre-procedure risk assessment, 165 (47.8%) patients were labelled as "suspected OSA." The most common doses of sedation given during the bronchoscopies were fentanyl 50 mcg (34.5%) and midazolam 3 mg (33.6%). The incidence of major complications was 0.6% and minor complications were 41.2%. Minor respiratory (22.9%) and cardiac (26.4%) complications were common. No deaths occurred due to bronchoscopy. Factors that were associated with increased respiratory complications were female gender, suspected OSA, and bronchoscopy duration 20-30 minutes and bronchoscopy duration greater than 1 hour. CONCLUSION: Bronchoscopy under moderate sedation performed in obese patients is safe; however, increased risk may exist with females, increased procedure time, and suspected OSA.

Clinical, radiology, pathologic patterns and outcomes of vaping related pulmonary injury in a single institution; A case series.

Since March 2019, E-cigarette or Vaping product associated lung injury (EVALI) has become an ongoing epidemic with more 2600 cases reported in the span of a few months in the United States. EVALI is defined as acute lung injury that develops secondary to the use of e-cigarettes or vaping products within the previous 90 days after exlusion of other possible inciting factors. Vitamin E acetate is believed to play a significant role in its pathogenesis. Treatment involves use of corticosteroids and further avoidance of these products. We describe a case series of 8 patients with EVALI, their clinical course and outcomes. All patients showed an excellent response to corticosteroids. In our experience, prognosis of EVALI is excellent, with complete resolution of symptoms in patients who followed up at 8 weeks.

A 35-Year-Old Woman With Progressive Dyspnea and Cough.

CASE PRESENTATION: A 35-year-old woman with no known medical history presented to the ED with complaints of progressive dyspnea for several months. The patient also reported episodic cough with yellow to green sputum production. She denied fever, chills, weight loss, or hemoptysis. She also denied any history of previous lung diseases in her family. She denied any history of tobacco or recreational drug use or any exposures. She was originally from El Salvador and immigrated to the United States approximately 3 years earlier. She was evaluated in El Salvador at age 15 for "lung issues" but had never received a formal diagnosis.

Pediatric size phlebotomy tubes and transfusions in adult critically ill patients: a pilot randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Transfusion of red blood cells (RBC) is common, can have adverse effects, and is a costly and limited resource. Interventions that reduce iatrogenic blood losses could reduce transfusions. The objectives of this pilot trial were to assess the feasibility (acceptability of the intervention and suitability of eligibility criteria) and potential effectiveness of pediatric size phlebotomy tubes in adult critically ill patients. METHODS: We conducted a pilot, randomized controlled trial in the medical intensive care unit (ICU) of a university-affiliated, tertiary care referral hospital from November 2017 to September 2018. A total of 200 patients with hemoglobin of at least 7 g/dL and without bleeding were randomized to pediatric or adult size phlebotomy tubes. Stratification was according to baseline hemoglobin (7-9.49 g/dL, 9.5-11.99 g/dL, and 12 g/dL or greater). Acceptability was measured via the number of blood test recollections and the number of patients that discontinued the use of pediatric tubes. The suitability of patient eligibility criteria was determined by identifying baseline characteristics associated with RBC transfusions. Potential effectiveness was estimated from the time to RBC transfusion or to hemoglobin level below 7 g/dL. RESULTS: The use of pediatric tubes was acceptable as patients experienced a low number of tests recollections (on average 1 every 57 days), and none of the participants discontinued their use. The baseline hemoglobin category was the only factor that appeared to be independently associated with RBC transfusions. A total of 6 patients (6%) in the pediatric tube group and 11 patients (11%) in the adult tube group (hazard ratio, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.25 to 1.9) received an RBC transfusion or reached hemoglobin below 7 g/dL. Almost all of these patients (16 of 17 participants) had baseline hemoglobin of 7-9.49 g/dL. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study suggests that pediatric phlebotomy tubes are acceptable to patients and can therefore be used in adult ICU patients. A future study should focus on patients with hemoglobin levels below 9.5 g/dL, as these patients have a high risk of transfusions. This intervention has the potential of being successful in selected patients. A definitive trial is warranted. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03286465. Retrospectively registered on September 18, 2017.

E-Cigarette or Vaping Product-Associated Lung Injury: A Review.

Since its introduction in the US market in 2007, the use of electronic nicotine delivery systems, colloquially referred to as e-cigarettes or "vaping" products, has increased substantially, particularly among high school children and young men. With the legalization of marijuana within multiple states in the United States and thus, coincident change in the public perception of its risk, the availability of multiple tetrahydrocannabinol (the psychoactive agent in marijuana)- and cannabidiol (a nonpsychogenic agent in marijuana)- containing vaping products has also increased tremendously. Since March 2019, there has been an ongoing epidemic of acute lung injury secondary to the use of e-cigarettes, with over 2600 cases and 60 deaths reported all over the United States; the term e-cigarette- or vaping product-associated lung injury is used. E-cigarette- or vaping product-associated lung injury is defined by the 1) presence of pulmonary infiltrates in imaging; 2) use of electronic nicotine delivery systems within the previous 90 days; and 3) absence of other possible causes such as infection, cardiac, neoplastic, or rheumatologic causes. A significant proportion of patients hospitalized with e-cigarette- or vaping product-associated lung injury have required admission in the intensive care unit, with mechanical ventilation needed in up to one-third of patients. Corticosteroids, supportive care, and further avoidance of vaping products remain the cornerstone of treatment. Although generally associated with an excellent prognosis, older patients and patients with underlying cardiac and pulmonary conditions are at risk for higher mortality and morbidity. This review article aims to describe e-cigarette- or vaping product-associated lung injury, its pathogenesis, clinical and radiological manifestations, and management.

Lung Hyperlucency: A Clinical-Radiologic Algorithmic Approach to Diagnosis.

Areas of diminished lung density are frequently identified both on routine chest radiographs and chest CT examinations. Colloquially referred to as hyperlucent foci of lung, a broad range of underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms and differential diagnoses account for these changes. Despite this, the spectrum of etiologies can be categorized into underlying parenchymal, airway, and vascular-related entities. The purpose of this review is to provide a practical diagnostic algorithmic approach to pulmonary hyperlucencies incorporating clinical history and characteristic imaging patterns to narrow the differential.

Developmental lung anomalies in adults: A pictorial review.

Developmental lung anomalies represent a heterogeneous group of diverse, yet related abnormalities that involve the lung parenchyma, pulmonary vasculature or a combination of both-which usually present prenatally and in early childhood. However, a substantial number of cases go unnoticed during childhood and present either incidentally or with recurrent respiratory infections progressing into adulthood. Defective development of the tracheobronchial tree and the pulmonary vasculature are proposed to cause these developmental anomalies. Encountering these lung anomalies in adults is a diagnostic challenge given their rarity and they are often mistaken as other serious pathological conditions, resulting in unnecessary diagnostic tests and procedures. The developmental lung anomalies in adults can be broadly divided into three categories: bronchopulmonary anomalies encompassing congenital bronchial atresia, bronchogenic cysts, congenital lobar emphysema and congenital pulmonary airway malformations. Vascular anomalies include pulmonary agenesis-aplasia- hypoplasia complex, unilateral absence of the pulmonary artery, pulmonary artery sling, partial anomalous pulmonary venous return, pulmonary venous varix and pulmonary arteriovenous malformations. Finally combined lung parenchymal-vascular anomalies of the lung involve hypogenetic lung (scimitar) syndrome and bronchopulmonary sequestration. This article discusses the spectrum of these developmental anomalies of the lung, their etiopathogenesis, clinical and radiographic presentations in adults and management in brief.

A 45-Year-Old Woman With Multiple Pulmonary Nodules and Sjögren Syndrome.

CASE PRESENTATION: A 45-year-old woman presented for evaluation for 3 months of coughing and dyspnea. A recent chest CT scan done for workup of her symptoms revealed a 2-cm right-sided pulmonary nodule. She had a medical history of Sjögren syndrome, hypertension, and obesity. She also noted a weight loss of 30 lb over the last 3 years. She denied smoking, alcohol consumption, illicit drug use, or occupational exposures. A chest radiograph done 3 years prior did not reveal any pulmonary nodules. She had no personal or family history of arteriovenous malformations, hamartomas, or any malignancies and had been up to date with her breast cancer screening. She was treated with courses of hydroxychloroquine and mycophenolate mofetil for her Sjögren syndrome and did not have a history of opportunistic pulmonary infections. She denied any recent travel or exposure to TB.