[The morbidity dynamics of alimentary-associated diseases in children and adolescents in Northern administrative district of Moscow over a period of 2006-2010].

Through socio-hygienic monitoring of the Northern administrative district of Moscow in 2006-2010 the study of nutritional status and morbidity rates for alimentary-associated diseases of the digestive tract, the endocrine system, cardiovascular diseases and obesity - was conducted in children (5-11 years old), adolescents (12-16 years old) and adult population. Over the last 5 years negative dynamics in morbidity rates for the illnesses related to malnutrition and nutritional status disturbances was shown in children and adolescents. Thus it was noted a considerable increase of alimentary-associated diseases among children (2,3 times more) and adolescents (2,1 times more). This applies especially to gastrointestinal diseases (gastritis, duodenitis, etc.) and obesity which prevalence increased over the last 5 years among children (under 5 years old) 2,4 times more; and 2,1 times more among teenagers. In children and adolescents from the district gastrointestinal diseases amount to 15,6% ofallnutrition-related diseases. The authors of the article emphasize that currently hygiene education of the population (including children and adolescents) must become a key tool in implementing the state policy in the area of healthy nutrition and in activities of the primary care health service to prevent nutritional disturbances and decrease the prevalence rate of alimentary-associated diseases with special attention from nutritionists, dietarians, and hygienists.

[Comprehensive hygienic evaluation of the environment and health status of children and adolescents in the North administrative district of Moscow].

The high environmental levels of foreign chemical substances and the inadequate intake of both essential nutrients, such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and micronutrients, such as minerals, vitamins, and trace elements, in half of the examined children and adolescents promoted a rise in the incidence of chronic noncommunicable diseases in 2005-2009 particularly in the districts of Dmitrovskv, Khovrino where the morbidity rates were 1.5-2 times higher than those in the whole area.

[The morbidity dynamics of acute intestinal infections in the Northern Administrative District of Moscow].

Acute intestinal infections morbidity of the Northern Administrative District of Moscow population was analyzed as a part of the socio-hygienic monitoring. Long-term dynamics and growth, both among total and child population (respectively on 29.5 and 72.38%) were shown. Also presents the results of laboratory tests of food and food raw materials by microbiological parameters. The percentage of unsatisfactory results on microbiological indicators in 2010 year was 5.0% (in 2009 - 5.5%, in 2008 - 7.5%). It is known, that at patients with intestinal infections not only the socio-hygienic conditions have a significant impact on the epidemic process, but also subjective factors, i.e. level of hygiene knowledge and behavior of the population. Often outbreaks of acute intestinal infections are the result of violations of food sanitation regulations among workers engaged in food production or food trade. According to the authors' opinion the current training system of decreed population groups, especially the nature of which is associated with the production, storage, transportation and food trade and drinking water needs further development and improvement.

Characteristics of human neural stem cells in vitro and after transplantation into rat brain.

We studied the effect of culturing conditions on the fate of human neural stem cells after transplantation into rat brain. Human neural stem cells cultured in the presence of mitogens without LIF migrated along the ependyma and cerebral vessels of recipients, but to a great extent degenerated by the 20th day after transplantation. Neural stem cells cultured with LIF migrated, apart from the above mentioned pathways, in the cortex and hippocampus, well survived; proliferating cells were retained 30 days after transplantation.

[Spread of salmonellosis in Moscow and the ways of its prophylaxis]. / Rasprostranenie sal'monellezov v Moskve i puti ikh profilaktiki.

The article deals with the results of the epidemiological analysis of the spread of salmonellosis in Moscow. During the last 15 years the proportion of Salmonella enteritidis was about 80% and more. After salmonellosis morbidity decreased to 19.9 per 100,000 of the population (the minimum level) in 1985 its sharp rise was noted. Morbidity rate increased from 31.7 in 1987 to 55.1 per 100,000 in 1988, then to 93.9 per 100,000 of the population in 1989 (the maximum level). In the subsequent years up to 1996 a decrease in morbidity rate was observed, but in 1997-2002 morbidity rate stabilized within 29.8-35.7 per 100,000 of the population without a perceptible tendency towards decrease. The sharp increase of the etiological role of S. enteritidis which led to a wide spread of Salmonella infections was caused by the "chicken-egg" factor of their transmission. High morbidity rate among children and adults, registered all the year round, is the consequence of the constant epidemic activity of this factor.

[Transplantation of stem/progenitor cells of human brain into the brain of adult rats]. / Transplantatsiia stvolovykh/progenitornykh kletok mozga cheloveka v mozg vzroslykh krys.

We studied the development of stem/progenitor cells of the human brain transplanted in the adult rat brain after reproduction in an in vitro tissue culture. It was preliminarily shown by the immunological methods that the stem cells grown in a medium with growth factors formed neurospheres, which were heterogenous and contained both stem and progenitor cells of the human brain. The cells were implanted in the hippocampus, striatum, or lateral ventricle of the rat brain as a suspension or aggregates (neurospheres) and their behavior and differentiation were studies within 10, 20, and 30 days using the morphological and immunochemical methods. The cultured cells of the human brain continued their development in the rat brain, migrated, and formed neurons and astrocytes. The white mater fibers, lateral ventricle wall, and perivascular spaces served as the main pathways of migration. The neuronal differentiation was shown by staining with antibodies to beta-tubulin III, neurofilaments-70, and calbindin. Some growing nerve cells had long processes with growth cones. At the same time, some transplanted cells retained the undifferentiated state within one month after the implantation, as shown by the vimentin expression.

[Intracerebral transplants of embryonic nerve tissue result in the recovery of the ultrastructure of dystrophic neurons following hypoxia in adult rats]. / Vnutrimozgovye transplantaty émbrional'noi nervnoi tkani vyzyvaiut vosstanovlenie ul'trastruktury distrofirovannykh posle gipoksii neironov vzroslykh krys.

Fragments of the intact rat embryonic brain cortex were transplanted into sensomotor cortex of adult Wistar rats subjected to hypoxia 26 days before surgery. Ultrastructure of the host brain was studied 4, 100, 130 days, 1.5, and 2 years after the operation using electron microscopy. The observed regeneration of ultrastructure of the host's neurons appears to be due to either recovery or de novo formation of the organelles.

Normalization of protein synthesis in dystrophic neurons of cerebral cortex in rats after hypoxia, opening of the blood-brain barrier and treatment with organospecific RNA.

The possibility of normalization of protein synthesis intensity was explored in dystrophic neurons and in the total brain cortex of rats after acute hypoxic hypoxia. We avoided transplantation of embryonic nervous tissue (ENT) into the rat brain, as we did before, as well as operations and brain damages in opening of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) caused by hypoxia and intramuscular injections of organo (brain)-specific RNA. As shown by the autoradiographic and biochemical methods using radioactive isotopes (3H-leucine), hypoxia causes a statistically significant reduction in the intensity of protein synthesis which increases and becomes normalized after injection of brain-specific RNA into femoral muscles of animals. Thus, it is possible to normalize hypoxia-inhibited compensation-restoration processes in the brain cortex of animals and, probably, the function of the higher nervous activity using the new simple and harmless biological method. The data presented are of priority significance and important both for development of a number of fundamental biological problems and for medicine since the described method permits the treatment of some serious nervous and mental diseases in humans.

Normalization of protein synthesis and the structure of brain dystrophic neurons after the action of hypoxia, 10% NaCl and organ-specific RNA.

It was shown previously (Polezhaev and Alexandrova, 1986) that hypoxic hypoxia causes mass (up to 30%) diffuse dystrophy of brain cortex and hippocamp neurons in rats, disturbances in the higher nervous activity, reduction of protein, RNA synthesis in neurons and of DNA synthesis in the whole brain cortex. Transplantation of embryonic nervous tissue (ENT) in one of the hemispheres normalizes all the above abnormalities observed in some neurologic and mental diseases in humans. However, transplantation may entail injuries of parenchyma and brain blood vessels. This forces researchers to search for another biological method similar by its action but safer and simpler. ENT transplantation has a dual action: 1) formation of biologically active substances (BAS) releasing from the ENT transplant and from the host brain nervous tissue upon operation; 2) establishment of synaptic connections between the transplant and host neurons. Previously we (Vitvitsky, 1987) described the isolation of BAS from rat forebrain in the form of organ-specific RNA. The latter was injected intraperitoneally several times to post-hypoxic rats in which 30 min prior to that the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was opened by injecting intravenously and intraperitoneally 10% NaCl solution without damaging the host brain. At the beginning 10% NaCl increased the destruction of brain cortical neurons and then stimulated protein synthesis in them. RNA injections stimulated the synthesis in cortical neurons and normalized their structure. Thus, we propose a safe and simple method for normalization of dystrophic neurons which can be used after certain improvement for curing neurodegenerative and neuropsychic diseases in humans.

Stimulation of protein synthesis in dystrophic brain cortex neurons of hypoxia-subjected rats by proliferation-activating protein isolated from nervous tissue of newborn animals.

Hypoxia causes mass diffuse dystrophy of brain cortex neurons, reduces RNA and protein synthesis in neurons and DNA synthesis in the total brain cortex in adult rats. Subsequent transplantation of embryonic nervous tissue (ENT) into the brain of hypoxia-subjected rats normalizes the structure of a considerable part of dystrophic neurons. A protein activator (molecular mass 30,000 D and PI 6.8) was isolated from intensively proliferating cerebellum tissue of newborn rats, dissolved in physiological solution, and injected into one of the hemispheres of hypoxia-subjected rats. The activator significantly stimulated the proliferation of recipient brain cells and normalized the protein biosynthesis in cortical neurons of the recipients like an ENT transplant. Injection into the brain of hypoxia-subjected rats of a physiological solution alone does not produce such an effect. The presented results have been obtained by the methods of autoradiography and biochemistry using 3H-leucine for estimating the intensity of protein synthesis by its incorporation into cells.

[The ultrastructure of the neurons of a graft developing in the brain of rats experiencing hypoxia]. / Ul'trastruktura neironov transplantata, razvivaiushchegosia v mozge krys, perenesshikh gipoksiiu.

Fragments of the brain cortex of 17- or 18-day-old rat embryos were allotransplanted into the brain cortex of rats subjected to hypoxia. Four days later the graft consisted of mixed differentiating neuroblasts. By the 100th to 130th day after transplantation the graft contained mature neurons, differentiating neurons and neuroblasts. Hypochromic neurons showing the signs of intracellular reparation were also detected. A well-developed neuropile was localized inside the graft. In contrast to the normal brain, neurons in the graft were not organized in layers.