Potential injectable hydrogels as biomaterials for central nervous system injury: A narrative review.

Numerous modalities exist through which the central nervous system (CNS) may sustain injury or impairment, encompassing traumatic incidents, stroke occurrences, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Presently available pharmacological and therapeutic interventions are incapable of restoring or regenerating damaged CNS tissue, leading to substantial unmet clinical needs among patients with CNS ailments or injuries. To address and facilitate the recovery of the impaired CNS, cell-based repair strategies encompass multiple mechanisms, such as neuronal replacement, therapeutic factor secretion, and the promotion of host brain plasticity. Despite the progression of cell-based CNS reparation as a therapeutic strategy throughout the years, substantial barriers have impeded its widespread implementation in clinical settings. The integration of cell technologies with advancements in regenerative medicine utilizing biomaterials and tissue engineering has recently facilitated the surmounting of several of these impediments. This comprehensive review presents an overview of distinct CNS conditions necessitating cell reparation, in addition to exploring potential biomaterial methodologies that enhance the efficacy of treating brain injuries.

Dietary Antioxidants Significantly Reduced Phorbol Myristate Acetate Induced Oxidative Stress of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis.

BACKGROUND: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease responsible for maximum human morbidity in modern life, whereas oxidative stress is the ultimate potential biomarker for determining disease activity in patients with RA. OBJECTIVE: The present study scientifically validated the effectiveness of antioxidants commonly present in different food supplements to neutralize the free radicals mediated oxidative stress in isolated peripheral blood mononuclear lymphocytes (PBML) of patients with RA. METHODS: The study population included patients with Rheumatoid arthritis, RA (n =15), who fulfilled the American College of Rheumatology criteria for RA. Peripheral blood was collected, and isolated mononuclear lymphocyte cells (PBML) were pretreated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMS) and furthermore, incubated with different concentrations of Naringenin, ß carotene and Nacetyl cysteine (NAC) in an ex vivo condition. The resultant cell lysate was used for further studies for the determination of other oxidative biomarkers. The increase of superoxide and nitric oxide production was observed when PBML was treated PMS. RESULTS: Importantly, the increased oxidative stress was effectively decreased by the selected plantderived compounds ß-carotene and naringenin. CONCLUSION: The study scientifically evaluated the efficacy of the molecules validated by one-way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett's post hoc test of significance. Collectively, our results indicate that both ß carotene and naringenin may be a promising non-toxic food supplement in attenuating the oxidative stress associated pathology in RA, meriting further pharmacological studies on other inflammatory cells like neutrophils.

Cat's whiskers flavonoid attenuated oxidative DNA damage and acute inflammation: its importance in lymphocytes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Cleome gynandra L. (Capparidaceae) is one of the vegetables commonly known as 'Hurhur' and 'Karaila' in India, 'Pe Hua Tsai' in China and "Cat's whiskers" in English. Present study was aimed to characterize previously isolated Cat's whiskers flavonoid as 5-hydroxy-3, 7, 4' -trimethoxyflavone (5HTMF) and to evaluate its effect on carrageenan-induced acute inflammation in rats and hydrogen peroxide induced DNA damage in mouse macrophages. The ex vivo effect of 5HTMF upon generation of free radicals in the mononuclear lymphocytes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was also evaluated. 5HTMF not only reduce the swelling of hind paw in rats from 1 to 3 h of carrageenan injection but also decreased serum nitric oxide (NO) production. Toxic hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative DNA damage that was significantly decreased by 5HTMF. Though oxidative stress is a potential biomarker for determining disease activity in patients with RA, surprisingly 5HTMF inhibited the superoxide, hydroxyl and NO radicals in the isolated peripheral blood mononuclear lymphocytes of patients with RA. From the above study, it may be concluded 5HTMF attenuated acute inflammation by inhibiting NO and by protecting the oxidative DNA damage due to hydrogen peroxide scavenging property. It was also equally effective in scavenging the free radicals in lymphocytes of patients with RA. Collectively, our results indicate that 5HTMF as well as leafy vegetable of Cat's whiskers may be a promising nontoxic food alternative in attenuating the oxidative stress, meriting further studies on other human inflammatory cells.