Pediatric eosinophilic gastritis treated with benralizumab: A case report.

We report one of the first cases of eosinophilic gastritis (EoG) in a child under 12 years treated with benralizumab. At 7 years, our patient was started on benralizumab after failing to respond to various combinations of high-dose omeprazole, milk elimination diet, oral viscous budesonide, and oral systemic steroids. He had a complete depletion of gastrointestinal tissue eosinophils with improved symptoms but had symptomatic flares with tapering of background therapy. However, after 4 years on benralizumab he became symptomatic again. Benralizumab may be a viable option for EoG refractory to systemic steroids but only as a short-term adjunct therapy. More robust studies with long-term data are needed, especially in this younger population.

Refractory Pediatric Fibrostenotic Eosinophilic Esophagitis Treated With Dupilumab.

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a progressive inflammatory disease of the esophagus. Untreated or uncontrolled disease over time can lead to the development of fibrosis and formation of strictures. Once the patient develops strictures, it is difficult to treat with the available medical therapies and will often require esophageal dilations. The Food and Drug Administration recently approved dupilumab for the treatment of EoE in patients older than 12 years. The clinical trials excluded patients with esophageal strictures. We describe a case of EoE with fibrostenotic stricture who had stricture resolution while on dupilumab therapy.

Re-evaluating Blood Markers as Predictors of Outcome in Multivisceral and Intestinal Transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Multivisceral transplant (MVTx) and isolated intestinal transplant (ITx) are complex surgical procedures. The subsequent proinflammatory state in the immediate postoperative period makes interpretation of blood markers difficult. METHOD: We aimed to establish the course of various blood markers after MVTx/ITx, and to evaluate their use as diagnostic markers of complications. This was a single center prospective cohort. We analyzed blood markers collected preoperatively, on alternate days for the first postoperative week, and then weekly for 4 weeks. This study was in compliance with The Declaration of Helsinki. RESULTS: Over a 16-month period (July 2017-October 2018), 20 subjects aged 2 to 67 years with a median age of 24.5 years received MVTx/ITx. Twelve recipients (60%) had an infection. Neutrophil lymphocyte count ratio (NLCR) was higher than established upper limits of normal, regardless of infection status. NLCR and white blood cell count were useful to identify infected MVTx/ITx recipients, with P values <.05 for 2 and 1 of 7 time points post transplant, respectively. Higher preoperative eosinophil% predicted future acute cellular rejection (P value .023). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to extensively track the course of blood markers post MVTx/ITx and identified NLCR and white blood cell count as potential diagnostic blood markers of infection.

Prevalence, co-infection and antibiotic resistance of Escherichia Coli from blood and urine samples at a hospital in Jamaica.

INTRODUCTION: Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a very common uro-pathogen and pathogen of bloodstream infections (BSI) in Jamaica. The aim of this study was to examine this organism's prevalence, determine co-infection rates and assess antibiotic resistance patterns. METHODOLOGY: In the absence of automated systems, data on all E. coli isolates identified at the University Hospital of the West Indies in Kingston, Jamaica during the first six months of 2008 and 2012 was collected and sorted. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 20 for Windows. RESULTS: A total of 1188 isolates (1072 from urine and 116 from blood) was analyzed. Patients with E. coli BSI were older than those with E. coli urinary tract infections (UTI) (55.3 years vs 42.4 years, p < 0.05) and both had a female predominance. Sensitivity profiles in 2012 for E. coli in blood and urine were highest for the carbapenems, Amikacin and Nitrofurantoin and lowest for the fluoroquinolones and Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Based on antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, Nitrofurantoin was identified as an appropriate choice for empiric therapy for UTI. Ten antibiotics were noted in this study to have developed statistically significant antibiotic resistance. Patients with E. coli BSI had a co-infection E. coli UTI rate of 39%. CONCLUSIONS: Resistance patterns change drastically in a few years making frequent antimicrobial susceptibility profiling necessary. Further studies would be beneficial in guiding management of these patients.

Canadian Stroke Best Practice Recommendations: Rehabilitation, Recovery, and Community Participation following Stroke. Part Two: Transitions and Community Participation Following Stroke.

The sixth update of the Canadian Stroke Best Practice Recommendations for Transitions and Community Participation following Stroke is a comprehensive set of evidence-based guidelines addressing issues faced by people following an acute stroke event. Establishing a coordinated and seamless system of care that supports progress achieved during the initial recovery stages throughout the transition to the community is more essential than ever as the medical complexity of people with stroke is also on the rise. All members of the health-care team engaged with people with stroke, their families, and caregivers are responsible for partnerships and collaborations to ensure successful transitions and return to the community following stroke. These guidelines reinforce the growing and changing body of research evidence available to guide ongoing screening, assessment, and management of individuals following stroke as they move from one phase and stage of care to the next without "falling through the cracks." It also recognizes the growing role of family and informal caregivers in providing significant hours of support that disrupt their own lives and responsibilities and addresses their support and educational needs. According to Statistics Canada, in 2012, eight million Canadians provided care to family members or friends with a long-term health condition, disability, or problems associated with aging. These recommendations incorporate aspects that were previously in the rehabilitation module for the purposes of streamlining, and both modules should be reviewed in order to provide comprehensive care addressing recovery and community reintegration and participation. These recommendations cover topics related to support and education of people with stroke, families, and caregivers during transitions and community reintegration. They include interprofessional planning and communication, return to driving, vocational roles, leisure activities and relationships and sexuality, and transition to long-term care.

Clostridium difficile infection mimics intestinal acute cellular rejection in pediatric multivisceral transplant-A case series.

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the most common health care-associated infection in the United States. Thirty-nine percent of intestinal transplant recipients may develop CDI. Induction of rejection has been reported as a rare event. To our knowledge, this will be the second report of an association between CDI and rejection in the literature. We describe our experience with four pediatric MVT recipients, three of whom on treatment of their CDI alone had resolution of biopsy findings of intestinal ACR. Our patients were males aged 2-5 years old who had their first CDI post-MVT occurring from 2 months to 15 months post-transplant. All first episodes of CDI were treated with a 10-14 day course of metronidazole with one additionally receiving vancomycin. All four recipients had recurrent CDI, and two recipients had septic shock as a manifestation of their CDI. Three recipients had biopsies showing mild rejection during episodes of CDI, and treatment of the CDI resulted in resolution of biopsy findings of rejection. Our case series suggests CDI may mimic ACR on intestinal biopsy. Treatment of rejection during active CDI carries the risk of over-suppression and worsening of CDI. Our experience has taught us that surveillance endoscopy for rejection may be deceiving during an active CDI, and if mild acute rejection is noted during active CDI, treatment of rejection can be safely delayed and potentially avoided.

Relationship Between Clinical Measures of Upper Limb Movement Quality and Activity Poststroke.

Background. Understanding the relationship between movement quality (impairment) and performance (activity) in poststroke patients is important for rehabilitation intervention studies. This has led to an interest in kinematic characterization of upper limb motor impairment. Since instrumented motion analysis is not readily clinically available, observational kinematics may be a viable alternative. Objective. To determine if upper limb movement quality during a reach-to-grasp task identified by observation could be used to describe the relationship between motor impairments and the time to perform functional tasks. Methods. Cross-sectional, secondary analysis of baseline data from 141 participants with stroke, age 18 to 85 years, who participated in a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Clinical assessment of movement quality using the Reaching Performance Scale for Stroke (RPSS-Close and Far targets) and of performance (activity) from the Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT-7 items) was assessed. The degree to which RPSS component scores explained scores on WMFT items was determined by multivariable regression. Results. Clinically significant decreases (>2 seconds) in performance time for some of the more complex WMFT tasks involving prehension were predicted from RPSS-Close and Far target components. Trunk compensatory movements did not predict either increases or decreases in performance time for the WMFT tasks evaluated. Overall, the strength of the regression models was low. Conclusions. In lieu of kinematic analysis, observational clinical movement analysis may be a valid and accessible method to determine relationships between motor impairment, compensations and upper limb function in poststroke patients. Specific relationships are unlikely to generalize to all tasks due to kinematic redundancy and task specificity.

Cryptosporidium diagnosed on endoscopic biopsy in a paediatric patient with inflammatory bowel disease.

Cryptosporidium, a parasitic infection commonly associated with diarrhoea, may be difficult to differentiate from a flare in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and can lead to unnecessary therapy and increase in morbidity and mortality. We report the case of a paediatric patient who had substantial stool output requiring significant fluid resuscitation and who was later diagnosed with cryptosporidium on endoscopic biopsy. Diagnostic work up for cryptosporidium should be strongly considered when a patient presents with a flare involving massive stool output.

Efficacy and safety of non-immersive virtual reality exercising in stroke rehabilitation (EVREST): a randomised, multicentre, single-blind, controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Non-immersive virtual reality is an emerging strategy to enhance motor performance for stroke rehabilitation. There has been rapid adoption of non-immersive virtual reality as a rehabilitation strategy despite the limited evidence about its safety and effectiveness. Our aim was to compare the safety and efficacy of virtual reality with recreational therapy on motor recovery in patients after an acute ischaemic stroke. METHODS: In this randomised, controlled, single-blind, parallel-group trial we enrolled adults (aged 18-85 years) who had a first-ever ischaemic stroke and a motor deficit of the upper extremity score of 3 or more (measured with the Chedoke-McMaster scale) within 3 months of randomisation from 14 in-patient stroke rehabilitation units from four countries (Canada [11], Argentina [1], Peru [1], and Thailand [1]). Participants were randomly allocated (1:1) by a computer-generated assignment at enrolment to receive a programme of structured, task-oriented, upper extremity sessions (ten sessions, 60 min each) of either non-immersive virtual reality using the Nintendo Wii gaming system (VRWii) or simple recreational activities (playing cards, bingo, Jenga, or ball game) as add-on therapies to conventional rehabilitation over a 2 week period. All investigators assessing outcomes were masked to treatment assignment. The primary outcome was upper extremity motor performance measured by total time to complete the Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) at the end of the 2 week intervention period, analysed in the intention-to-treat population. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NTC01406912. FINDINGS: The study was done between May 12, 2012, and Oct 1, 2015. We randomly assigned 141 patients: 71 received VRWii therapy and 70 received recreational activity. 121 (86%) patients (59 in the VRWii group and 62 in the recreational activity group) completed the final assessment and were included in the primary analysis. Each group improved WMFT performance time relative to baseline (decrease in median time from 43·7 s [IQR 26·1-68·0] to 29·7 s [21·4-45·2], 32·0% reduction for VRWii vs 38·0 s [IQR 28·0-64·1] to 27·1 s [21·2-45·5], 28·7% reduction for recreational activity). Mean time of conventional rehabilitation during the trial was similar between groups (VRWii, 373 min [SD 322] vs recreational activity, 397 min [345]; p=0·70) as was the total duration of study intervention (VRWii, 528 min [SD 155] vs recreational activity, 541 min [142]; p=0·60). Multivariable analysis adjusted for baseline WMFT score, age, sex, baseline Chedoke-McMaster, and stroke severity revealed no significant difference between groups in the primary outcome (adjusted mean estimate of difference in WMFT: 4·1 s, 95% CI -14·4 to 22·6). There were three serious adverse events during the trial, all deemed to be unrelated to the interventions (seizure after discharge and intracerebral haemorrhage in the recreational activity group and heart attack in the VRWii group). Overall incidences of adverse events and serious adverse events were similar between treatment groups. INTERPRETATION: In patients who had a stroke within the 3 months before enrolment and had mild-to-moderate upper extremity motor impairment, non-immersive virtual reality as an add-on therapy to conventional rehabilitation was not superior to a recreational activity intervention in improving motor function, as measured by WMFT. Our study suggests that the type of task used in motor rehabilitation post-stroke might be less relevant, as long as it is intensive enough and task-specific. Simple, low-cost, and widely available recreational activities might be as effective as innovative non-immersive virtual reality technologies. FUNDING: Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada and Ontario Ministry of Health.

Canadian Stroke Best Practice Recommendations: Managing transitions of care following Stroke, Guidelines Update 2016.

Every year, approximately 62,000 people with stroke and transient ischemic attack are treated in Canadian hospitals. For patients, families and caregivers, this can be a difficult time of adjustment. The 2016 update of the Canadian Managing Transitions of Care following Stroke guideline is a comprehensive summary of current evidence-based and consensus-based recommendations appropriate for use by clinicians who provide care to patients following stroke across a broad range of settings. The focus of these recommendations is on support, education and skills training for patients, families and caregivers; effective discharge planning; interprofessional communication; adaptation in resuming activities of daily living; and transition to long-term care for patients who are unable to return to or remain at home. Unlike other modules contained in the Canadian Stroke Best Practice Recommendations (such as acute inpatient care), many of these recommendations are based on consensus opinion, or evidence level C, highlighting the absence of conventional evidence (i.e. randomized controlled trials) in this area of stroke care. The quality of care transitions between stages and settings may have a direct impact on patient and family outcomes such as coping, readmissions and functional recovery. While many qualitative and non-controlled studies were reviewed, this gap in evidence combined with the fact that mortality from stoke is decreasing and more people are living with the effects of stroke, underscores the need to channel a portion of available research funds to recovery and adaptation following the acute phase of stroke.

The impact of a community re-engagement cue to action trigger tool on re-engaging in activities post-stroke: a mixed-methods study.

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the guided use of the Community Re-engagement Cue to Action Trigger Tool (CRCATT), a patient-mediated question prompt list, and its impact on self-reported re-engagement in activities post-stroke. METHODS: A multi-site, single-blind randomized controlled study in which 77 persons with stroke participated from three rehab organizations in Toronto, Canada. Of the 77 participants, a total 57 within the two groups completed the study and Reintegration to Normal Living Index (mailed response questionnaire) and a sub-set of all participants participated in qualitative interviews. Data collection occurred 3-4 months after enrollment. Quantitative responses were analyzed in SPSS (Chicago, IL, USA) for descriptive frequencies and differences between groups. Qualitative responses were analyzed using an inductive approach with thematic analytic procedures. RESULTS: No between group differences were observed due to small sample size. A multi-variable regression model including age, gender, level of education, treatment group, and language, suggests those with higher education are more likely to participate in activities. Interview analysis revealed participants' ability to recover and re-engage is influenced by an interplay of the CRCATT with external factors. These factors include social support, interactions with providers, and ability to access information. CONCLUSION: The CRCATT was perceived as a useful tool as it assisted persons with stroke to take a more self-directed role in their care by asking relevant questions and anticipating their needs. The tool complemented the external factors that persons with stroke draw on to support recovery and participate in activities post-stroke.

iPad technology for home rehabilitation after stroke (iHOME): a proof-of-concept randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Tablets are a novel line of computers controlled by a multitouch screen. Fine motor movements are captured on the tablet computer through electrical fields and can be qualitatively and quantitatively assessed. Evidence is limited on tablet use for stroke rehabilitation. METHODS: iHOME is an investigator-initiated randomized controlled pilot trial with a single-blinded outcome assessment. The intervention consists of iPad use (investigational group) vs. usual care (control group) among patients receiving conventional outpatient rehabilitation. Eligibility includes aged 18-85 years who experienced a mild ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke (as diagnosed on neuroimaging and determined by the Chedoke-McMaster score ≥3. The STROKE REHAB® software for the iPad was specifically designed for patients with fine motor weakness and/or neglect. Of the total 30 patients, 20 will be in iHOME Acute (enrolled within three-months of stroke onset) and 10 patients in iHOME Chronic (enrolled more than six-months from onset). OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary feasibility outcome is the proportion of the scheduled iPad time used (more than 70% (≥140 mins) of the total 'dose' of intervention intended will be considered successful). Efficacy in fine motor movements will be assessed using the nine-hole peg test; time to magnify and pop the balloons in the iPad software application, and improvement in Wolf Motor Function Test. CONCLUSIONS: iHOME is a randomized controlled trial assessing the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of tablet technology for home use in stroke rehabilitation. The results of this study will serve as the basis for a larger multicenter trial.

Community re-engagement and interprofessional education: the impact on health care providers and persons living with stroke.

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the impact of an educational intervention that integrates concepts of a community re-engagement framework (CR) and interprofessional collaboration (IPC) on health care providers' (HCP) practice with persons living with stroke (PLS). METHOD: A mixed-methods design was used in which HCPs (n = 67) and PLS (n = 29) participated from 9 organizations across the care continuum. Pre- and postintervention surveys and interviews were conducted with the HCPs. One-on-one interviews with stroke clients were also conducted pre and post intervention. Quantitative responses were analyzed in SPSS (Chicago, Illinois, USA) for descriptive frequencies and differences between pre- and postintervention groups. Qualitative open-ended responses were thematically coded using NVivo7. RESULTS: Significant increases occurred in HCPs' knowledge of CR, confidence levels in working with PLS, enhanced understanding of the complex needs of PLS, and positive self-reported impacts on practice. PLS reported positive perceptions of care pre and post intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The intervention provided HCPs with a common language and framework to work collaboratively and holistically in delivering care consistent with stroke best practices.

Effectiveness of virtual reality using Wii gaming technology in stroke rehabilitation: a pilot randomized clinical trial and proof of principle.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Hemiparesis resulting in functional limitation of an upper extremity is common among stroke survivors. Although existing evidence suggests that increasing intensity of stroke rehabilitation therapy results in better motor recovery, limited evidence is available on the efficacy of virtual reality for stroke rehabilitation. METHODS: In this pilot, randomized, single-blinded clinical trial with 2 parallel groups involving stroke patients within 2 months, we compared the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of virtual reality using the Nintendo Wii gaming system (VRWii) versus recreational therapy (playing cards, bingo, or "Jenga") among those receiving standard rehabilitation to evaluate arm motor improvement. The primary feasibility outcome was the total time receiving the intervention. The primary safety outcome was the proportion of patients experiencing intervention-related adverse events during the study period. Efficacy, a secondary outcome measure, was evaluated with the Wolf Motor Function Test, Box and Block Test, and Stroke Impact Scale at 4 weeks after intervention. RESULTS: Overall, 22 of 110 (20%) of screened patients were randomized. The mean age (range) was 61.3 (41 to 83) years. Two participants dropped out after a training session. The interventions were successfully delivered in 9 of 10 participants in the VRWii and 8 of 10 in the recreational therapy arm. The mean total session time was 388 minutes in the recreational therapy group compared with 364 minutes in the VRWii group (P=0.75). There were no serious adverse events in any group. Relative to the recreational therapy group, participants in the VRWii arm had a significant improvement in mean motor function of 7 seconds (Wolf Motor Function Test, 7.4 seconds; 95% CI, -14.5, -0.2) after adjustment for age, baseline functional status (Wolf Motor Function Test), and stroke severity. CONCLUSIONS: VRWii gaming technology represents a safe, feasible, and potentially effective alternative to facilitate rehabilitation therapy and promote motor recovery after stroke.