Biotechnological application of Aureobasidium spp. as a promising chassis for biosynthesis of ornithine-urea cycle-derived bioproducts.

The ornithine-urea cycle (OUC) in fungal cells has biotechnological importance and many physiological functions and is closely related to the acetyl glutamate cycle (AGC). Fumarate can be released from argininosuccinate under the catalysis of argininosuccinate lyase in OUC which is regulated by the Ca2+ signaling pathway and over 93.9 ± 0.8 g/L fumarate can be yielded by the engineered strain of Aureobasidium pullulans var. aubasidani in the presence of CaCO3. Furthermore, 2.1 ± 0.02 mg of L-ornithine (L-Orn)/mg of the protein also can be synthesized via OUC by the engineered strains of Aureobasidum melanogenum. Fumarate can be transformed into many drugs and amino acids and L-Orn can be converted into siderophores (1.7 g/L), putrescine (33.4 g/L) and L-piperazic acid (L-Piz) (3.0 g/L), by different recombinant strains of A. melanogenum. All the fumarate, L-Orn, siderophore, putrescine and L-Piz have many applications. As the yeast-like fungi and the promising chassis, Aureobasidium spp, have many advantages over any other fungal strains. Further genetic manipulation and bioengineering will enhance the biosynthesis of fumarate and L-Orn and their derivates.

OUC in fungal cells has biotechnological importance and many physiological functions; OUC is closely related to acetyl glutamate cycle (AGC). Fumarate, L-Orn, siderophore, putrescine and L-Piz produced from OUC have many applications.

ι-Carrageenan catabolism is initiated by key sulfatases in the marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis LL1.

Marine bacteria contribute substantially to cycle macroalgae polysaccharides in marine environments. Carrageenans are the primary cell wall polysaccharides of red macroalgae. The carrageenan catabolism mechanism and pathways are still largely unclear. Pseudoalteromonas is a representative bacterial genus that can utilize carrageenan. We previously isolated the strain Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis LL1 that could grow on ι-carrageenan but produce no ι-carrageenase. Here, through a combination of bioinformatic, biochemical, and genetic analyses, we determined that P. haloplanktis LL1 processed a desulfurization-depolymerization sequential pathway for ι-carrageenan utilization, which was initiated by key sulfatases PhSulf1 and PhSulf2. PhSulf2 acted as an endo/exo-G4S (4-O-sulfation-ß-D-galactopyranose) sulfatase, while PhSulf1 was identified as a novel endo-DA2S sulfatase that could function extracellularly. Because of the unique activity of PhSulf1 toward ι-carrageenan rather than oligosaccharides, P. haloplanktis LL1 was considered to have a distinct ι-carrageenan catabolic pathway compared to other known ι-carrageenan-degrading bacteria, which mainly employ multifunctional G4S sulfatases and exo-DA2S (2-O-sulfation-3,6-anhydro-α-D-galactopyranose) sulfatase for sulfate removal. Furthermore, we detected widespread occurrence of PhSulf1-encoding gene homologs in the global ocean, indicating the prevalence of such endo-acting DA2S sulfatases as well as the related ι-carrageenan catabolism pathway. This research provides valuable insights into the enzymatic processes involved in carrageenan catabolism within marine ecological systems.IMPORTANCECarrageenan is a type of linear sulfated polysaccharide that plays a significant role in forming cell walls of marine algae and is found extensively distributed throughout the world's oceans. To the best of our current knowledge, the ι-carrageenan catabolism in marine bacteria either follows the depolymerization-desulfurization sequential process initiated by ι-carrageenase or starts from the desulfurization step catalyzed by exo-acting sulfatases. In this study, we found that the marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis LL1 processes a distinct pathway for ι-carrageenan catabolism employing a specific endo-acting DA2S-sulfatase PhSulf1 and a multifunctional G4S sulfatase PhSulf2. The unique PhSulf1 homologs appear to be widely present on a global scale, indicating the indispensable contribution of the marine bacteria containing the distinct ι-carrageenan catabolism pathway. Therefore, this study would significantly enrich our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying carrageenan utilization, providing valuable insights into the intricate roles of marine bacteria in polysaccharide cycling in marine environments.

Customizable and stable multilocus chromosomal integration: a novel glucose-dependent selection system in Aureobasidium spp.

BACKGROUND: Non-conventional yeasts hold significant potential as biorefinery cell factories for microbial bioproduction. Currently, gene editing systems used for these yeasts rely on antibiotic and auxotrophic selection mechanisms. However, the drawbacks of antibiotics, including high costs, environmental concerns, and the dissemination of resistance genes, make them unsuitable for large-scale industrial fermentation. For auxotrophic selection system, the engineered strains harboring auxotrophic marker genes are typically supplemented with complex nutrient-rich components instead of precisely defined synthetic media in large-scale industrial fermentations, thus lack selection pressure to ensure the stability of heterologous metabolic pathways. Therefore, it is a critical to explore alternative selection systems that can be adapted for large-scale industrial fermentation. RESULTS: Here, a novel glucose-dependent selection system was developed in a high pullulan-producing non-conventional strain A. melanogenum P16. The system comprised a glucose-deficient chassis cell Δpfk obtained through the knockout of the phosphofructokinase gene (PFK) and a series of chromosomal integration plasmids carrying a selection marker PFK controlled by different strength promoters. Utilizing the green fluorescent protein gene (GFP) as a reporter gene, this system achieved a 100% positive rate of transformation, and the chromosomal integration numbers of GFP showed an inverse relationship with promoter strength, with a customizable copy number ranging from 2 to 54. More importantly, the chromosomal integration numbers of target genes remained stable during successive inoculation and fermentation process, facilitated simply by using glucose as a cost-effective and environmental-friendly selectable molecule to maintain a constant and rigorous screening pressure. Moreover, this glucose-dependent selection system exhibited no significant effect on cell growth and product synthesis, and the glucose-deficient related selectable marker PFK has universal application potential in non-conventional yeasts. CONCLUSION: Here, we have developed a novel glucose-dependent selection system to achieve customizable and stable multilocus chromosomal integration of target genes. Therefore, this study presents a promising new tool for genetic manipulation and strain enhancement in non-conventional yeasts, particularly tailored for industrial fermentation applications.

Simultaneous production of biosurfactant and extracellular unspecific peroxygenases by Moesziomyces aphidis XM01 enables an efficient strategy for crude oil degradation.

Crude oil is a hazardous pollutant that poses significant and lasting harm to human health and ecosystems. In this study, Moesziomyces aphidis XM01, a biosurfactant mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs)-producing yeast, was utilized for crude oil degradation. Unlike most microorganisms relying on cytochrome P450, XM01 employed two extracellular unspecific peroxygenases, MaUPO.1 and MaUPO.2, with preference for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n-alkanes respectively, thus facilitating efficient crude oil degradation. The MELs produced by XM01 exhibited a significant emulsification activity of 65.9% for crude oil and were consequently supplemented in an "exogenous MELs addition" strategy to boost crude oil degradation, resulting in an optimal degradation ratio of 72.3%. Furthermore, a new and simple "pre-MELs production" strategy was implemented, achieving a maximum degradation ratio of 95.9%. During this process, the synergistic up-regulation of MaUPO.1, MaUPO.1 and the key MELs synthesis genes contributed to the efficient degradation of crude oil. Additionally, the phylogenetic and geographic distribution analysis of MaUPO.1 and MaUPO.1 revealed their wide occurrence among fungi in Basidiomycota and Ascomycota, with high transcription levels across global ocean, highlighting their important role in biodegradation of crude oil. In conclusion, M. aphidis XM01 emerges as a novel yeast for efficient and eco-friendly crude oil degradation.

NsdD, a GATA-type transcription factor is involved in regulation and biosynthesis of macromolecules melanin, pullulan, and polymalate in Aureobasidium melanogenum.

In this study, an NSDD gene, which encoded a GATA-type transcription factor involved in the regulation and biosynthesis of melanin, pullulan, and polymalate (PMA) in Aureobasidium melanogenum, was characterized. After the NSDD gene was completely removed, melanin production by the Δnsd mutants was enhanced, while pullulan and polymalate production was significantly reduced. Transcription levels of the genes involved in melanin biosynthesis were up-regulated while expression levels of the genes responsible for pullulan and PMA biosynthesis were down-regulated in the Δnsdd mutants. In contrast, the complementation of the NSDD gene in the Δnsdd mutants made the overexpressing mutants restore melanin production and transcription levels of the genes responsible for melanin biosynthesis. Inversely, the complementation strains, compared to the wild type strains, showed enhanced pullulan and PMA yields. These results demonstrated that the NsdD was not only a negative regulator for melanin biosynthesis, but also a key positive regulator for pullulan and PMA biosynthesis in A. melanogenum. It was proposed how the same transcriptional factor could play a negative role in melanin biosynthesis and a positive role in pullulan and PMA biosynthesis. This study provided novel insights into the regulatory mechanisms of multiple A. melanogenum metabolites and the possibility for improving its yields of some industrial products through genetic approaches.

Liamocins overproduction via the two-pH stage fermentation and anti-Aspergillus flavus activity of Massoia lactone.

Aureobasidium melanogenum was found to be grown the best at the constant pH 7.0 and to produce the highest amount of liamocins at the constant pH 3.0. Therefore, the wild type strain A. melanogenum 9-1 and the engineered strain V33 constructed in the laboratory were grown at the constant pH 7.0 for 48 h, then, they were continued to be cultivated at the constant pH 3.0. Under such conditions, A. melanogenum 9-1 produced 36.51 ± 0.55 g L-1 of liamocin and its cell mass was 27.43 ± 0.63 and 6.00 ± 0.11 g L-1 of glucose was left in the finished medium within 168 h while the engineered strain V33 secreted 70.86 ± 2.04 g L-1 of liamocin, its cell mass was 31.63 ± 0.74 g L-1 , 0.16 ± 0.01 g L-1 of glucose was maintained in the finished medium. Then, Massoia lactone was released from the produced liamocins. The released Massoia lactone loaded in the nanoemulsions could be used to actively damage cell wall and cell membrane of both spores and mycelia of Aspergillus flavus, leading to its cell necrosis. Massoia lactone loaded in the nanoemulsions also actively inhibited cell growth of A. flavus, its conidia production and aflatoxin biosynthesis on peanuts, indicating that Massoia lactone loaded in the nanoemulsions had highly potential application in controlling cell growth of A. flavus and aflatoxin biosynthesis in foods and feedstuffs.

Liamocin biosynthesis is induced by an autogenous host acid activation in Aureobasidium melanogenum.

It has been known that maximal liamocin production must be carried out at low environmental pH (around 3.0). In this study, it was found that the low pH was mainly caused by the secreted citric acid which is one precursor of acetyl-CoA for liamocin biosynthesis. Determination of citric acid in the culture, deletion, complementation and overexpression of the CEXA gene encoding specific citrate exporter demonstrated that the low pH was indeed caused by the secreted citric acid. Deletion, complementation and overexpression of the ACL gene encoding ATP-citric acid lyase and effects of different initial pHs and added citric acid showed that the low pH in the presence of citric acid was suitable for lysis of intracellular citric acid, liamocin production and expression of the PACC gene encoding the pH signaling transcription factor PacC. This meant that the PACC gene was an acid-expression gene. Deletion, complementation and overexpression of the PACC gene indicated that expression of the key gene cluster GAL1-EST1-PKS1 for liamocin biosynthesis was driven by the pH signaling transcription factor PacC and there was weak nitrogen catabolite repression on liamocin biosynthesis at the low pH. That was why liamocin biosynthesis was induced at a low pH in the presence of citric acid. The mechanisms of the enhanced liamocin biosynthesis by the autogenous host acid activation, together with the pH signaling pathway, were proposed.

The Pathogenic Yeast Metschnikowia bicuspidata var. bicuspidata in the Aquacultured Ecosystem and Its Biocontrol.

M. bicuspidata var. bicuspidata is a pathogenic yeast which can affect aquacultured and marine-cultured animals such as brine shrimp, ridgetail white prawn, chinook salmon, giant freshwater prawn, the Chinese mitten crab, marine crab, the mud crab, the mangrove land crab, the Chinese grass shrimp, sea urchins, sea urchins, Daphnia dentifera and even snails, causing a milky disease, and it has caused big economic losses in aquacultural and marine-cultural industries in the past. However, the detailed mechanisms and the reasons for the milky disease in the diseased aquatic animals are still completely unknown. So far, only some antimycotics, killer toxins and Massoia lactone haven been found to be able to actively control and kill its growth. The ecofriendly, green and renewable killer toxins and Massoia lactone have high potential for application in controlling the milky disease.

Novel chromosomes and genomes provide new insights into evolution and adaptation of the whole genome duplicated yeast-like fungus TN3-1 isolated from natural honey.

Aureobasidium melanogenum TN3-1 strain and A. melanogenum P16 strain were isolated from the natural honey and the mangrove ecosystem, respectively. The former can produce much higher pullulan from high concentration of glucose than the latter. In order to know what happened to their genomes, the PacBio sequencing and Hi-C technologies were used to create the first high-quality chromosome-level reference genome assembly of A. melanogenum TN3-1 (51.61 Mb) and A. melanogenum P16 (25.82 Mb) with the contig N50 of 2.19 Mb and 2.26 Mb, respectively. Based on the Hi-C results, a total of 93.33% contigs in the TN3-1 strain and 92.31% contigs in the P16 strain were anchored onto 24 and 12 haploid chromosomes, respectively. The genomes of the TN3-1 strain had two subgenomes A and B. Synteny analysis showed that the genomic contents of the two subgenomes were asymmetric with many structural variations. Intriguingly, the TN3-1 strain was revealed as a recent hybrid/fusion between the ancestor of A. melanogenum CBS105.22/CBS110374 and the ancestor of another unidentified strain of A. melanogenum similar to P16 strain. We estimated that the two ancient progenitors diverged around 18.38 Mya and merged around 10.66-9.98 Mya. It was found that in the TN3-1 strain, telomeres of each chromosome contained high level of long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs), but had low level of the telomerase encoding gene. Meanwhile, there were high level of transposable elements (TEs) inserted in the chromosomes of the TN3-1 strain. In addition, the positively selected genes of the TN3-1 strain were mainly enriched in the metabolic processes related to harsh environmental adaptability. Most of the stress-related genes were found to be related to the adjacent LTRs, and the glucose derepression was caused by the mutation of the Glc7-2 in the Snf-Mig1 system. All of these could contribute to its genetic instability, genome evolution, high stress resistance, and high pullulan production from glucose.

Bioconversion of non-food corn biomass to polyol esters of fatty acid and single-cell oils.

BACKGROUND: Lignocellulose is a valuable carbon source for the production of biofuels and biochemicals, thus having the potential to substitute fossil resources. Consolidated bio-saccharification (CBS) is a whole-cell-based catalytic technology previously developed to produce fermentable sugars from lignocellulosic agricultural wastes. The deep-sea yeast strain Rhodotorula paludigena P4R5 can produce extracellular polyol esters of fatty acids (PEFA) and intracellular single-cell oils (SCO) simultaneously. Therefore, the integration of CBS and P4R5 fermentation processes would achieve high-value-added conversion of lignocellulosic biomass. RESULTS: The strain P4R5 could co-utilize glucose and xylose, the main monosaccharides from lignocellulose, and also use fructose and arabinose for PEFA and SCO production at high levels. By regulating the sugar metabolism pathways for different monosaccharides, the strain could produce PEFA with a single type of polyol head. The potential use of PEFA as functional micelles was also determined. Most importantly, when sugar-rich CBS hydrolysates derived from corn stover or corncob residues were used to replace grain-derived pure sugars for P4R5 fermentation, similar PEFA and SCO productions were obtained, indicating the robust conversion of non-food corn plant wastes to high-value-added glycolipids and lipids. Since the produced PEFA could be easily collected from the culture via short-time standing, we further developed a semi-continuous process for PEFA production from corncob residue-derived CBS hydrolysate, and the PEFA titer and productivity were enhanced up to 41.1 g/L and 8.22 g/L/day, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Here, we integrated the CBS process and the P4R5 fermentation for the robust production of high-value-added PEFA and SCO from non-food corn plant wastes. Therefore, this study suggests a feasible way for lignocellulosic agro-waste utilization and the potential application of P4R5 in industrial PEFA production.

Genome-Wide Editing Provides Insights into Role of Unsaturated fatty Acids in Low Temperature Growth of the Psychrotrophic Yeast Metschnikowia bicuspidata var. australis W7-5.

In order to know the function of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in the cold growth of the psychrotrophic yeast M. bicuspidata var. australis W7-5, the mutant 1 without C18:2 fatty acid and the mutant 2 without C18:3 fatty acids were obtained. Only the trace amount of C18:2 fatty acid in the mutant 1 occurred while no C18:3 fatty acid in the mutant 2 was detected. The growth rate of only the mutant 1 cultured at 5 â„ƒ and 25 â„ƒ was significantly reduced compared with that of the wild-type strain W7-5. But there was no difference between the growth of the mutant 2 and that of the W7-5 strain. These meant that only C18:2 synthesized by the psychrotrophic yeast played an important role in cell growth at low temperature (5 °C) and high temperature (25 °C). Meanwhile, cell wall in the mutant 1 without C18:2 fatty acid gown at 5 and 25 °C was also negatively affected, leading to the reduced cell growth rate of the mutant 1 grown at 5 and 25 °C.

The ornithine-urea cycle involves fumaric acid biosynthesis in Aureobasidium pullulans var. aubasidani, a green and eco-friendly process for fumaric acid production.

The current petroleum chemical methods for fumaric acid production can cause heavy pollution and global warming. In this study, the engineered strains of A. pullulans var. aubasidani were found to be suitable for green fumaric acid producer. Removal and complementation of the relevant genes showed only the ornithine-urea cycle (OUC) was involved in high level fumarate biosynthesis which was controlled by the Ca2+ signaling pathway. Removal of both the GOX gene encoding glucose oxidase and the PKS1 gene encoding the polyketide synthase for 3,5-dihydroxydecanoic acid biosynthesis and overexpression of the PYC gene encoding pyruvate carboxylase made the strain e-PYC produce 88.1 ± 4.3 g/L of fumarate at flask level and 93.9 ± 0.8 g/L of fumarate during the fed-batch fermentation. As a yeast-like fungal strain, it was very easy to cultivate A. pullulans var. aubasidani DH177 and their mutants in the bioreactor and to edit its genomic DNAs to enhance fumarate production. It was found that 2 mol of CO2 could be fixed during a maximal theoretical yield of 2 mol of fumarate per mole of glucose consumed in the OUC. Therefore, the OUC-mediated fumarate biosynthesis pathway in A. pullulans var. aubasidani was a green and eco-friendly process for the global sustainable development and carbon neutrality.

Metabolic engineering of Aureobasidium melanogenum 9-1 for overproduction of liamocins by enhancing supply of acetyl-CoA and ATP.

In this study, it was found that reducing consumption of acetyl-CoA in mitochondria, peroxisome and lipid biosynthesis could not obviously enhance liamocin biosynthesis by engineered strains of Aureobasidium melanogenm 9-1, but decreased cell growth of the mutants. On the contrary, expression of heterologous PTA gene for phosphotransacetylase in PK pathway and native ALD gene for acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and ACS gene encoding acetyl-CoA synthetase in the PDH bypass pathway reduced liamocin biosynthesis. However, expression the PK gene for phosphoketolase, the PDC gene encoding pyruvate decarboxylase and VHb gene coding for Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb) in the glucose derepression mutants could greatly enhance liamocin production. The resulting strain V33 could produce 55.38 g/L of liamocin and 25.10 g/L of cell dry weight from 117.27 g/L of glucose within 168 h of 10-liter fermentation, leading to the yield of 0.47 g/g of glucose, the productivity of 0.33 g/L/h and rate of glucose utilization of 0.70 ± 0.01 g/L/h. This was a new and efficient strategy for overproduction of liamocin by A. melanogenm.

Liamocin overproduction by the mutants of Aureobasidium melanogenum 9-1 for effectively killing spores of the pathogenic fungi from diseased human skin by Massoia lactone.

Liamocins and Massoia lactone have many applications. In this study, the glucose-derepressed mutant Δcrea5 in which the CREA gene was removed could produce 36.5 g/L of liamocins. Furthermore, overexpression of the MSN2 gene in the mutant Δcrea5 made the transformant M60 produce 41.4 g/L of liamocins and further overexpression of the GAL1 gene in the transformant M60 rendered the transformant G40 to produce 49.5 ± 0.4 g/L of liamocins during the 10-L fermentation while their wild type strain 9-1 made only 26.3 g/L of liamocins. The expressed transcription activators Msn2 and Gal1 were localized in the nuclei, promoting expression of the genes responsible for liamocins biosynthesis and sugar transport. Massoia lactone prepared from the produced liamocins could actively kill the spores of the pathogenic fungi from the diseased human skin by inhibiting spore germination and causing cellular necrosis of the fungal spores.

Metabolic engineering of Aureobasidium melanogenum for the overproduction of putrescine by improved L-ornithine biosynthesis.

Aureobasidium melanogenum HN6.2 is a high siderophore-producing yeast-like fungal strain. After blocking siderophore biosynthesis and attenuating the expression of the ornithine carbamoyltransferase gene (the OTC gene), the obtained D-LCFAO-cre strain produced 2.1 ± 0.02 mg of intracellular L-ornithine per mg of the protein. The overexpression of the L-ornithine decarboxylase gene (the SPE1-S gene) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the mutant D-LCFAO-cre could make the transformant E-SPE1-S synthesize 3.6 ± 0.1 of intracellular ornithine per mg of protein and produce 10.5 g/L of putrescine. The further overexpression of the ArgB/C gene encoding bifunctional acetylglutamate kinase/N-acetyl-gamma-glutamyl-phosphate reductase in the transformant E-SPE1-S caused the transformant E-SPE1-S-ArgB/C to accumulate L-ornithine (4.2 mg/mg protein) and to produce 21.3 g/L of putrescine. During fed-batch fermentation, the transformant E-SPE1-S-ArgB/C could produce 33.4 g/L of putrescine, the yield was 0.96 g/g of glucose, and the productivity was 0.28 g/L/h. The putrescine titer was much higher than that produced by most engineered strains obtained thus far.

A high molecular weight polymalate is synthesized by the whole genome duplicated strain Aureobasidium melanogenum OUC.

Polymalate (PMA) produced by the whole genome duplicated strain Aureobasidium melanogenum OUC had a high molecular weight (Mw) of 3.9 × 105 Da while the Mw of PMA produced by A. melanogenum ATCC62921 was 3.8 × 104 Da. Therefore, the purified PMA produced by A. melanogenum OUC could form hydrogel and film and the precipitated Ca2+-PMA looked like noodle whereas the purified PMA produced by A. melanogenum ATCC62921 could not form such a hydrogel and a film and the precipitated PMA was powder-like. The high Mw PMA biosynthesis in A. melanogenum OUC was also controlled by the PMA synthetase. However, it was still unclear why the PMA synthetase in A. melanogenum OUC could catalyze the high Mw PMA biosynthesis. Both removal of two copies of the PKS genes and overexpression of the PYC1 gene, the VGB gene and the CRZ2 gene rendered the new transformant Crz46 to produce 34.6 ± 0.3 g/L of extracellular Ca2+-PMA with Mw of 4.9 × 105 Da while its native A. melanogenum OUC only produced 17.2 ± 0.3 g/L of Ca2+-PMA. During the 10-Liter fermentation, 35.6 ± 1.2 g/L of Ca2+-PMA and 13.9 g/Lof cell mass were produced within 168 h, leading to the yield of 0.36 g/g of glucose and the productivity of 0.21 g/L/h. This was the first time to report that the whole genome duplicated strain A. melanogenum OUC and its engineered mutants could produce the high Mw PMA.

The signaling pathways involved in metabolic regulation and stress responses of the yeast-like fungi Aureobasidium spp.

Aureobasidium spp. can use a wide range of substrates and are widely distributed in different environments, suggesting that they can sense and response to various extracellular signals and be adapted to different environments. It is true that their pullulan, lipid and liamocin biosynthesis and cell growth are regulated by the cAMP-PKA signaling pathway; Polymalate (PMA) and pullulan biosynthesis is controlled by the Ca2+ and TORC1 signaling pathways; the HOG1 signaling pathway determines high osmotic tolerance and high pullulan and liamocin biosynthesis; the Snf1/Mig1 pathway controls glucose repression on pullulan and liamocin biosynthesis; DHN-melanin biosynthesis and stress resistance are regulated by the CWI signaling pathway and TORC1 signaling pathway. In addition, the HSF1 pathway may control cell growth of some novel strains of A. melanogenum at 37 °C. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms of high temperature growth and thermotolerance of some novel strains of A. melanogenum and glucose derepression in A. melanogenum TN3-1 are still unclear.

Liamocins biosynthesis, its regulation in Aureobasidium spp., and their bioactivities.

Liamocins synthesized by Aureobasidium spp. are glycolipids composed of a single mannitol or arabitol headgroup linked to either three, four or even six 3,5-dihydroxydecanoic ester tail-groups. The highest titer of liamocin achieved was over 40.0 g/L. The substrates for liamocins synthesis include glucose, sucrose, xylose, mannitol, and others. The Pks1 is responsible for the biosynthesis of the tail-group 3,5-dihydroxydecanoic acid, both mannitol dehydrogenase (MDH) and mannitol 1-phosphate 5-dehydrogenase (MPDH) catalyze the mannitol biosynthesis and the arabitol biosynthesis is controlled by arabitol dehydrogenase (ArDH). The ester bond formation between 3,5-dihydroxydecanoic acid and mannitol or arabitol is catalyzed by the esterase (Est1). Liamocin biosynthesis is regulated by the specific transcriptional activator (Gal1), global transcriptional activator (Msn2), various signaling pathways, acetyl-CoA flux while Pks1 activity is controlled by PPTase activity. The synthesized liamocins have high bioactivity against the pathogenic bacteria Streptococcus spp. and some kinds of cancer cells while Massoia lactone released liamocins which exhibited obvious antifungal and anticancer activities. Therefore, liamocins and Massoia lactone have many applications in various sectors of biotechnology.

Massoia Lactone Displays Strong Antifungal Property Against Many Crop Pathogens and Its Potential Application.

Massoia lactone could be released from liamocins produced by Aureobasidium melanogenum M39. The obtained Massoia lactone was very stable and highly active against many fungal crop pathogens which cause many plant diseases and food unsafety. Massoia lactone treatment not only could effectively inhibit their hyphal growth and spore germination, but also caused pore formation in cell membrane, reduction of ergosterol content, rise in intracellular ROS levels, and leakage of intracellular components, consequently leading to cellular necrosis and cell death. The direct contact of Massoia lactone with Fusarium graminearum spores could stop the development of Fusarium head blight symptom in the diseased wheats. Therefore, Massoia lactone could be a promising candidate for development as an effective and green bio-fungicide because of its high anti-fungal activity and the multiplicity of mode of its action.

The GATA type transcriptional factors regulate pullulan biosynthesis in Aureobasidium melanogenum P16.

Aureobasidium melanogenum P16, the high pullulan producer, had only one GATA type transcriptional activator AreA and one GATA type transcriptional repressor AreB. It was found that 2.4 g/L of (NH4)2SO4 had obvious nitrogen repression on pullulan biosynthesis by A. melanogenum P16. Removal of the AreB gene could make the disruptant DA6 produce 34.8 g/L pullulan while the P16 strain only produced 28.8 g/L pullulan at the efficient nitrogen condition. Further both removal of the native AreA gene and overexpression of the mutated AreAS628-S678 gene with non-phosphorylatable residues could render the transformant DEA12 to produce 39.8 g/L pullulan. The transcriptional levels of most of the genes related to pullulan biosynthesis in the transformant DEA12 were greatly enhanced. The mutated AreAS628-S678 was localized in the nuclei of the transformant DEA12 while the native AreA was distributed in the cytoplasm in A. melanogenum P16. This meant that nitrogen repression on pullulan biosynthesis in the transformant DEA12 was indeed significantly relieved. This was the first time to report that the GATA type transcriptional factors of nitrogen catabolite repression system could regulate pullulan biosynthesis in Aureobasidium spp.