RESUMO
Aim: Peritoneal metastasis is often present in end-stage neoplastic diseases, including recurrent colorectal cancer and is associated with decreased overall survival. Novel methods are needed. Materials & methods: We constructed first-, second- and third-generation chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) specific for NKG2D ligands and modified human T cells with mRNA electroporation. Results: NKG2D CAR expression was detectable for at least 6 days postelectroporation and mediated efficient cytotoxicity against NKG2DL+ tumor cells, but not NKG2DL-cells. Multiple infusions of the first-generation CAR-T cells into immunodeficient mice bearing established peritoneal colorectal xenografts led to significantly reduced tumor burden. Conclusion: mRNA CAR is an economical way to test new CARs and potentiates controlling on-target/off-tumor toxicity and cytokine storms. The use of NKG2D RNA CARs to treat colorectal peritoneal metastasis warrants further investigation.
Assuntos
Neoplasias do Colo/terapia , Neoplasias Colorretais/terapia , Imunoterapia Adotiva/métodos , Subfamília K de Receptores Semelhantes a Lectina de Células NK/genética , RNA/genética , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Neoplasias do Colo/imunologia , Neoplasias Colorretais/imunologia , Humanos , Camundongos , Linfócitos T/transplante , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
Vγ9Vδ2 T cell-based anticancer immunotherapy has shown some promise in early-phase clinical trials but there is still large room for improvement. Using the extracellular domain of the human NKG2D, a stimulatory receptor expressed by Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, we constructed NKG2D ligand-specific chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). We adopted a non-viral CAR approach via mRNA electroporation to modify Vγ9Vδ2 T cells and demonstrated that, upon interaction with the NKG2D ligand-positive cancer cells, the CARs substantially enhanced the cytotoxic activity of the modified cells toward multiple cultured solid tumor cell lines, including those resistant to Zometa treatment. Repeated doses of the CAR-expressing cells resulted in tumor regression in mice with established tumors, extending median survival time by up to 132% as compared to the PBS control group. The findings suggest clinical potential for RNA CAR-modified Vγ9Vδ2 T cells to treat a wide variety of NKG2D ligand-expressing cancers.
RESUMO
The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is overexpressed in a wide variety of tumor types, including peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) from gastrointestinal and gynecological malignancies. To develop a chimeric antigen receptor T (CART) cell therapy approach to treat patients with end-stage PC, we constructed third generation CARs specific to EpCAM using the 4D5MOC-B single chain variable fragment. CART cells were generated with lentiviral transduction and exhibited specific in vitro killing activity against EpCAM-positive human ovarian and colorectal cancer cells. A single intraperitoneal injection of the CART cells eradicated established ovarian xenografts and resulted in significantly prolonged animal survival. Since EpCAM is also expressed on normal epithelium, anti-EpCAM CART cells were generated by mRNA electroporation that display a controlled cytolytic activity with a limited CAR expression duration. Multiple repeated infusions of these RNA CAR-modified T cells delayed disease progression in immunodeficient mice bearing well-established peritoneal ovarian and colorectal xenografts. Thus, our study demonstrates the effectiveness of using anti-EpCAM CAR-expressing T cells for local treatment of PC in mice. The possibility of using this approach for clinical treatment of EpCAM-positive gastrointestinal and gynecological malignancies warrants further validation.
Assuntos
Molécula de Adesão da Célula Epitelial/metabolismo , Imunoterapia Adotiva/métodos , Neoplasias Peritoneais/terapia , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Linfócitos T/transplante , Animais , Citotoxicidade Imunológica , Molécula de Adesão da Célula Epitelial/biossíntese , Molécula de Adesão da Célula Epitelial/genética , Molécula de Adesão da Célula Epitelial/imunologia , Feminino , Humanos , Camundongos , Neoplasias Peritoneais/imunologia , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/biossíntese , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/genética , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
Gamma delta (γδ) T cells and cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells, which are a heterogeneous population of T lymphocytes and natural killer T (NKT) cells, have been separately expanded ex vivo and shown to be capable of targeting and mediating cytotoxicity against various tumor cells in a major histocompatibility complex-unrestricted manner. However, the co-expansion and co-administration of these immune cells have not been explored. In this study we describe an efficient method to expand simultaneously both CIK and Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, termed as CIKZ cells, from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using Zometa, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin 2 (IL-2), anti-CD3 antibody and engineered K562 feeder cells expressing CD64, CD137L and CD86. A 21-day culture of PBMCs with this method yielded nearly 20,000-fold expansion of CIKZ cells with γδ T cells making up over 20% of the expanded population. The expanded CIKZ cells exhibited antitumor cytotoxicity and could be modified to express anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), anti-CEA CAR, and anti-HER2 CAR to enhance their specificity and cytotoxicity against CD19-, CEA-, or HER2-positive tumor cells. The tumor inhibitory activity of anti-CD19 CAR-modified CIKZ cells was further demonstrated in vivo in a Raji tumor mouse model. The findings herein substantiate the feasibility of co-expanding CIK and γδ cells for adoptive cellular immunotherapy applications such as CAR T-cell therapy against cancer.
Assuntos
Linfoma de Burkitt/terapia , Células Matadoras Induzidas por Citocinas/imunologia , Imunoterapia Adotiva/métodos , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T gama-delta/imunologia , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/imunologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Animais , Antígenos CD19/genética , Antígenos CD19/imunologia , Antígeno B7-2/genética , Antígeno B7-2/imunologia , Linfoma de Burkitt/imunologia , Linfoma de Burkitt/mortalidade , Linfoma de Burkitt/patologia , Antígeno Carcinoembrionário/genética , Antígeno Carcinoembrionário/imunologia , Proliferação de Células , Células Matadoras Induzidas por Citocinas/citologia , Células Matadoras Induzidas por Citocinas/transplante , Citotoxicidade Imunológica , Células Alimentadoras/citologia , Células Alimentadoras/imunologia , Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Células K562 , Camundongos , Cultura Primária de Células , Receptor ErbB-2/genética , Receptor ErbB-2/imunologia , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T gama-delta/genética , Receptores de IgG/genética , Receptores de IgG/imunologia , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/genética , Análise de Sobrevida , Linfócitos T/citologia , Linfócitos T/transplante , Membro 9 da Superfamília de Receptores de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/genética , Membro 9 da Superfamília de Receptores de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/imunologia , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
Disturbance of neuronal migration may cause various neurological disorders. Both the transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) signaling and microcephaly-associated protein WDR62 are important for neuronal migration during brain development; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms involved remain unclear. We show here that knock-out or knockdown of Tak1 (TGFß-activated kinase 1) and Jnk2 (c-Jun N-terminal kinase 2) perturbs neuronal migration during cortical development and that the migration defects incurred by knock-out and/or knockdown of Tßr2 (type II TGF-ß receptor) or Tak1 can be partially rescued by expression of TAK1 and JNK2, respectively. Furthermore, TAK1 forms a protein complex with RAC1 and two scaffold proteins of the JNK pathway, the microcephaly-associated protein WDR62 and the RAC1-interacting protein POSH (plenty of Src homology). Components of the complex coordinate with each other in the regulation of TAK1 as well as JNK activities. We suggest that unique JNK protein complexes are involved in the diversified biological and pathological functions during brain development and pathogenesis of diseases.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Movimento Celular/fisiologia , Proteínas Quinases JNK Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismo , MAP Quinase Quinase Quinases/metabolismo , Neurogênese/fisiologia , Animais , Western Blotting , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Proliferação de Células , Células Cultivadas , Humanos , Técnicas Imunoenzimáticas , Imunoprecipitação , Proteínas Quinases JNK Ativadas por Mitógeno/genética , MAP Quinase Quinase Quinases/genética , Camundongos , Ligação Proteica , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Receptor do Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta Tipo II , Receptores de Fatores de Crescimento Transformadores beta/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/metabolismo , Proteínas rac1 de Ligação ao GTPRESUMO
Virus-derived gene transfer vectors have been successfully employed to express the transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) in mammalian cells. Since the DNA-binding domains of TALENs consist of the variable di-residue (RVD)-containing tandem repeat modules and virus genome with repeated sequences is susceptible to genetic recombination, we investigated several factors that might affect TALEN cleavage efficiency of baculoviral vectors. Using a TALEN system designed to target the AAVS1 locus, we observed increased sequence instability of the TALE repeat arrays when a higher multiplicity of infection (MOI) of recombinant viruses was used to produce the baculoviral vectors. We also detected more deleterious mutations in the TALE DNA-binding domains when both left and right TALEN arms were placed into a single expression cassette as compared to the viruses containing one arm only. The DNA sequence changes in the domains included deletion, addition, substitution, and DNA strand exchange between the left and right TALEN arms. Based on these observations, we have developed a protocol using a low MOI to produce baculoviral vectors expressing TALEN left and right arms separately. Cotransduction of the viruses produced by this optimal protocol provided an improved TALEN cleavage efficiency and enabled effective site-specific transgene integration in human cells.