Prevalence of infectious diseases and its associated factors among the blood donors of the Honduran Red Cross - Northern Region between 2014 and 2016.

INTRODUCTION: A number of parenteral infections in third-world countries are caused by blood transfusions. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of and factors associated with infected blood obtained by the Honduran Red Cross through blood donations, to ensure the safety of the donated blood. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study used a cross-sectional analytical design based on the secondary analysis of data. Information on blood donors from San Pedro Sula, Honduras, between 2014 and 2016 were obtained from the database of the Honduran Red Cross. Data analysis was performed in two phases. The first phase described the variables, with the values presented as frequencies and percentages for categorical variables. The second phase involved a statistical analysis using generalized linear models. RESULTS: The proportions of donors who tested positive for syphilis, core hepatitis, hepatitis B, human T-cell lymphotropic virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and hepatitis C infections were 45% (n = 447), 35% (348), 11% (105), 10% (97), 6% (59), and 3% (24), respectively. The results of multivariate analysis demonstrated that the number of women positive for HIV infection was lower than that of men (p = 0.006). Older participants were more likely to be positive for core hepatitis (p = 0.029) and syphilis (p<0.001) infection but less likely to be positive for hepatitis B (p<0.001), hepatitis C (p = 0.027), human immunodeficiency virus (p<0.001), and human T-cell lymphotropic virus (p<0.001) infection compared to younger participants. Replacement donors had an increased likelihood of positivity for core hepatitis (p = 0.003) infections but a decreased likelihood of positivity for human T-cell lymphotropic virus infection (p = 0.001). DISCUSSION: The high prevalence of infectious diseases in Honduras warrants the need for monitoring donated blood to prevent infected blood from being provided for transfusions. Furthermore, education efforts through the creation of prevention programs are necessary to educate the Honduran population, especially younger individuals, about transfusion-transmissible infections.

Perfil de sensibilidad a los antibióticos de las bacterias en infecciones del tracto urinario / Antibiotic sensitivity profile of bacteria in urinary tract infections

ResumenAntecedentes:las infecciones del tracto urinario representan motivo de consulta médica ambulatoria frecuentemente. Los altos y crecientes índices de resistencia antibiótica implican un reto para el médico tratante.Objetivo:obtener información epidemiológica del perfil de sensibilidad de las bacterias aisladas en los urocultivos.Metodología:entre febrero y junio de 2014, se recolectaron 602 resultados de urocultivos en diferentes laboratorios de las ciudades de San Pedro Sula y El Progreso, en Honduras. Las variables analizadas fueron sexo, edad y bacteria, y los antibióticos que presentaban mayor porcentaje de sensibilidad y resistencia en los urocultivos. Se utilizó el método de Kirby Bauer para valorar los perfiles de resistencia y sensibilidad en todos los laboratorios. Se elaboró una lista de 47 antibióticos de todos los laboratorios. Se correlacionaron las variables para describir los perfiles de resistencia y sensibilidad de la lista de antibióticos.Resultados:las bacterias aisladas fueron E. Coli (70,4%), Enterobacter spp (7,8%), Klebsiella spp (6,3%), Citrobacter spp (6,1%), Proteus spp (2,8%), Staphylococcus s spp (2,7%), Pseudomona aeruginosa (1,8%), Streptococcus spp (1,2%), Hafnia alveii (0,3%), Morganella morgagni (0,2%), Serratia marcenscens (0,2%), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (0,2%). De 602 muestras, la sensibilidad general reportada fue: fosfomicina (n=415, 68,9%), amikacina (n=412, 68,4%), nitrofurantoína (n=376, 62,4%), gentamicina (n=364, 60,4%) y ceftriaxona (n=307, 50%). Se reportó una resistência general a trimetoprim sulfametoxazol (n=302, 50,1%), ciprofloxacina (n=230, 38,2%), levofloxacina (n=221, 36,7%), norfloxacina (n=220, 36,5%) y amoxicilina+ácido clavulánico (n=204, 33,8%).Conclusiones:los resultados de este estudio revelan que por su buen perfil de sensibilidad, antibióticos como la fosfomicina y la nitrofurantoína pueden ser una opción terapéutica empírica viable en pacientes con infecciones del tracto urinario bajo no complicadas, previo a utilizar antibióticos de amplio espectro, evitando así el desarrollo de resistencia antibiótica.

AbstractBackground:Urinary Tract Infections represent a frequent reason of ambulatory medical consult.The high and increasing percentages of antibiotic resistance represent a challenge for the physician treating them.Aim:To obtain epidemiological information of the sensibility profile from bacteria isolated in urine cultures.Methods:Between February and June of 2014, 602 urine culture samples were collected from different laboratories in the cities of San Pedro Sula and El Progreso, Honduras. The variables analyzed were sex, age and bacteria, antibiotics with higher sensibility and with higher resistance in urine culture. The Kirby Bauer method was used to determine the sensitivity and resistance profiles of each urine culture. A total of 47 antibiotics were used in all the laboratories. The variables were correlated to describe the resistance and sensibility profiles of the list of antibiotics.Results:The bacteria isolated were E. Coli (70.4%), Enterobacter spp (7.8%), Klebsiella spp (6.3%), Citrobacter spp (6.1%), Proteus spp (2.8%), Staphylococcus s spp (2.7%), Pseudomona aeruginosa (1.8%), Streptococcus spp (1.2%), Hafnia alveii (0.3%), Morganella morgagni (0.2%), Serratia marcenscens (0.2%), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (0.2%). From 602 samples, the general sensitivity reported was: fosfomycin (n=415, 68.9%), amikacin (n=412, 68.4%), nitrofurantoin (n=376, 62.4%), gentamicin (n=364, 60.4%) y ceftriaxone (n=307, 50%). The resistance for all the samples reported was as follows trimetoprim sulfametoxazole (n=302, 50.2%), ciprofloxacin (n=230, 38.2%), levofloxacin (n=221, 36.7%), norfloxacin (n=220, 36.5%) y amoxicilin+clavulanic acid (n=204, 33.9%).Conclusions:The results in this research reveal that due to their good sensitivity profile, antibiotics like fosfomycin and nitrufurantoin can be a viable empiric therapy in patients with low urinary, or not complicated tract infection before using wide spectrum antibiotics, always personalizing according to the clinical state of the patient and trying to avoid the development of antibiotic resistance.