An observational study of parental language during play and mealtime in toddlers at variable likelihood for autism.

Parental language input influences child language outcomes but may vary based on certain characteristics. This research examined how parental language differs during two contexts for toddlers at varying likelihood of autism based on their developmental skills. Parental language (quantity, quality, and pragmatic functions) was analyzed during dyadic play and mealtime interactions as a secondary data analysis of observational data from a study of toddlers at elevated and lower likelihood of autism. Child developmental skills and sensory processing were also assessed. Parents used more words per minute, directives, and verbs during play and more adjectives, descriptions, and questions during mealtime. Parental language differed based on child fine motor skills, receptive language, and levels of sensory hyporesponsiveness but not autism likelihood. Overall, this study found that parental language varies based on context and child developmental skills. Future research examining parental language should include pragmatic functions and context across developmental trajectories.

Developmental Language Disorder and Writing: A Scoping Review From Childhood to Adulthood.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to conduct a scoping review of literature focused on the effects of developmental language disorder (DLD) on writing skills across the life span to highlight gaps in our knowledge of how to support writing for this population. METHOD: We adopted the five-step framework for conducting scoping reviews outlined by Arksey and O'Malley (2005) to identify literature focused on writing outcomes for individuals with DLD in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. RESULTS: Seventy-two studies from 1991 to 2022 met review criteria. Results indicated that spelling may be an area of relative weakness for individuals with DLD across the life span. Children and adolescents with DLD also may have relative difficulty with grammar, organization, cohesion, and length of written output. Research on the writing skills of adults with DLD is too sparse to draw broad conclusions about the writing skills of this subset of the population with DLD. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, research into the writing skills of individuals with DLD is limited, and more information is needed to inform functional evidence-based approaches to assessment and intervention of writing for those with DLD from childhood through adulthood. Additionally, more focus on electronic writing in research is needed, as only two studies included in this review examined typed writing in any form. Results of this review also indicate a need for systematic, uniform approaches to defining and measuring writing skills for those who experience language difficulties. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.23596797.

Artificial Intelligence in Facial Plastic Surgery: A Review of Current Applications, Future Applications, and Ethical Considerations.

From virtual chat assistants to self-driving cars, artificial intelligence (AI) is often heralded as the technology that has and will continue to transform this generation. Among widely adopted applications in other industries, its potential use in medicine is being increasingly explored, where the vast amounts of data present in electronic health records and need for continuous improvements in patient care and workflow efficiency present many opportunities for AI implementation. Indeed, AI has already demonstrated capabilities for assisting in tasks such as documentation, image classification, and surgical outcome prediction. More specifically, this technology can be harnessed in facial plastic surgery, where the unique characteristics of the field lends itself well to specific applications. AI is not without its limitations, however, and the further adoption of AI in medicine and facial plastic surgery must necessarily be accompanied by discussion on the ethical implications and proper usage of AI in healthcare. In this article, we review current and potential uses of AI in facial plastic surgery, as well as its ethical ramifications.

Survival Analysis of 1140 Patients with Biliary Cancer and Benefit from Concurrent Renin-Angiotensin Antagonists, Statins, or Aspirin with Systemic Therapy.

BACKGROUND: Patients with advanced biliary tract cancers (BTCs) have poor prognoses and limited therapeutic options. Renin-angiotensin antagonists (ACE-I/ARBs), statins, and aspirin may have potential anti-tumorigenic effects and decrease mortality per retrospective analyses in some solid tumors. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of ACE-Is/ARBs, statins, and/or aspirin concurrent to first-line systemic therapy in patients with advanced or metastatic BTC. METHODS: Adult patients at University of Michigan with pathologic confirmation of BTC between January 2010 and December 2020 were included in this retrospective analysis. RESULTS: Of 1140 patients who met eligibility, a total of 509 patients received one or more concomitant medication(s) of interest in conjunction with systemic therapy for advanced cancer. In the total cohort, the overall survival for locally advanced patients (N = 305) was 16.3 months (95% CI: 12.1-18.6), and metastatic patients (N = 512) 8.6 months (95% CI: 7.6-9.5); P < .0001. Within this concomitant medication cohort, patients with locally advanced stage (n = 132) experienced significantly longer progression-free survival (9.8 vs 4.5; P < 0.0001), and overall survival (17.4 vs 10.6; P < 0.0001) than those with metastatic (n = 297) cancer, respectively. Patients who received ACE-Is/ARBs, statins, and/or aspirin (n = 245) versus not (n = 264) concurrent with systemic anti-cancer therapy did not experience improved progression-free (5.5 vs 5.5 months; hazard ratio (HR) 1.1; P = 0.51), or overall survival (12.3 vs 12.6 months; HR 1.1; P = 0.18), respectively. CONCLUSION: In contrast to prior studies, no progression free or overall survival benefit in patients with advanced BTC from concurrent use of ACE-I/ARBs, statin, and/or aspirin with systemic therapy was observed when assessed by BTC subtype or specific systemic therapy regimen.

Sensory Reactivity of Infants at Elevated Likelihood of Autism and Associations with Caregiver Responsiveness.

Infants at elevated likelihood of developing autism display differences in sensory reactivity, especially hyporeactivity, as early as 7 months of age, potentially contributing to a developmental cascade of autism symptoms. Caregiver responsiveness, which has been linked to positive social communication outcomes, has not been adequately examined with regard to infant sensory reactivity. This study examined the multiplicative impact of infant sensory hypo- and hyperreactivity on caregiver responsiveness to sensory reactivity and regulation cues in 43 infants at elevated likelihood of autism. Sensory hyperreactivity was found to moderate the association between sensory hyporeactivity and caregiver responsiveness, such that caregivers of infants with moderately high sensory hypo- and hyperreactivity demonstrated higher responsiveness.

Stanford Neuromodulation Therapy (SNT): A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide, and half of patients with depression have treatment-resistant depression. Intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of treatment-resistant depression but is limited by suboptimal efficacy and a 6-week duration. The authors addressed these limitations by developing a neuroscience-informed accelerated iTBS protocol, Stanford neuromodulation therapy (SNT; previously referred to as Stanford accelerated intelligent neuromodulation therapy, or SAINT). This protocol was associated with a remission rate of ∼90% after 5 days of open-label treatment. Here, the authors report the results of a sham-controlled double-blind trial of SNT for treatment-resistant depression. METHODS: Participants with treatment-resistant depression currently experiencing moderate to severe depressive episodes were randomly assigned to receive active or sham SNT. Resting-state functional MRI was used to individually target the region of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex most functionally anticorrelated with the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex. The primary outcome was score on the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) 4 weeks after treatment. RESULTS: At the planned interim analysis, 32 participants with treatment-resistant depression had been enrolled, and 29 participants who continued to meet inclusion criteria received either active (N=14) or sham (N=15) SNT. The mean percent reduction from baseline in MADRS score 4 weeks after treatment was 52.5% in the active treatment group and 11.1% in the sham treatment group. CONCLUSIONS: SNT, a high-dose iTBS protocol with functional-connectivity-guided targeting, was more effective than sham stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. Further trials are needed to determine SNT's durability and to compare it with other treatments.

A Qualitative Investigation of Facilitators to Black and Latino Adolescent and Young Adults' Participation in a Couple-Based HIV Prevention Study.

PURPOSE: Recruitment and retention of adolescents and young adults (AYAs) in couple-based HIV prevention research can be difficult. This study's primary objective is to identify factors that influenced Black and Latino AYAs to participate in couple-based HIV/STI prevention research. DESIGN: In-depth, semi-structured qualitative interviews. SETTING: Face-to-face interviews with couples recruited from the South Bronx, New York. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-three heterosexual couples (46 individuals) aged 16-28 (M = 20.1, SD = 3.01). METHODS: Participants completed 60 to 90-minute individual and dyadic interviews. All interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify key themes. RESULTS: Two levels of influence emerged from participants' interviews regarding their reasons for study participation: 1) individual factors (interest in the study topic, study incentives, opportunity to help their community, and opportunity to learn something new), 2) interpersonal factors (positive interactions with the research team, partner's desire to participate and relationship strengthening). There were key differences by gender and recruitment order. CONCLUSION: Black and Latino AYAs report multiple reasons for participating in couple-based research. Highlighting the benefits of study participation to themselves, their relationships, and their communities may be an important strategy for engaging AYAs in couple-based research.

Carbohydrate Counting App Using Image Recognition for Youth With Type 1 Diabetes: Pilot Randomized Control Trial.

BACKGROUND: Carbohydrate counting is an important component of diabetes management, but it is challenging, often performed inaccurately, and can be a barrier to optimal diabetes management. iSpy is a novel mobile app that leverages machine learning to allow food identification through images and that was designed to assist youth with type 1 diabetes in counting carbohydrates. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to test the app's usability and potential impact on carbohydrate counting accuracy. METHODS: Iterative usability testing (3 cycles) was conducted involving a total of 16 individuals aged 8.5-17.0 years with type 1 diabetes. Participants were provided a mobile device and asked to complete tasks using iSpy app features while thinking aloud. Errors were noted, acceptability was assessed, and refinement and retesting were performed across cycles. Subsequently, iSpy was evaluated in a pilot randomized controlled trial with 22 iSpy users and 22 usual care controls aged 10-17 years. Primary outcome was change in carbohydrate counting ability over 3 months. Secondary outcomes included levels of engagement and acceptability. Change in HbA1c level was also assessed. RESULTS: Use of iSpy was associated with improved carbohydrate counting accuracy (total grams per meal, P=.008), reduced frequency of individual counting errors greater than 10 g (P=.047), and lower HbA1c levels (P=.03). Qualitative interviews and acceptability scale scores were positive. No major technical challenges were identified. Moreover, 43% (9/21) of iSpy participants were still engaged, with usage at least once every 2 weeks, at the end of the study. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide evidence of efficacy and high acceptability of a novel carbohydrate counting app, supporting the advancement of digital health apps for diabetes care among youth with type 1 diabetes. Further testing is needed, but iSpy may be a useful adjunct to traditional diabetes management. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04354142; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04354142.

Stanford Accelerated Intelligent Neuromodulation Therapy for Treatment-Resistant Depression.

OBJECTIVE: New antidepressant treatments are needed that are effective, rapid acting, safe, and tolerable. Intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation treatment that has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for treatment-resistant depression. Recent methodological advances suggest that the current iTBS protocol might be improved through 1) treating patients with multiple sessions per day at optimally spaced intervals, 2) applying a higher overall pulse dose of stimulation, and 3) precision targeting of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) to subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) circuit. The authors examined the feasibility, tolerability, and preliminary efficacy of Stanford Accelerated Intelligent Neuromodulation Therapy (SAINT), an accelerated, high-dose resting-state functional connectivity MRI (fcMRI)-guided iTBS protocol for treatment-resistant depression. METHODS: Twenty-two participants with treatment-resistant depression received open-label SAINT. fcMRI was used to individually target the region of the left DLPFC most anticorrelated with sgACC in each participant. Fifty iTBS sessions (1,800 pulses per session, 50-minute intersession interval) were delivered as 10 daily sessions over 5 consecutive days at 90% resting motor threshold (adjusted for cortical depth). Neuropsychological testing was conducted before and after SAINT. RESULTS: One participant withdrew, leaving a sample size of 21. Nineteen of 21 participants (90.5%) met remission criteria (defined as a score <11 on the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale). In the intent-to-treat analysis, 19 of 22 participants (86.4%) met remission criteria. Neuropsychological testing demonstrated no negative cognitive side effects. CONCLUSIONS: SAINT, an accelerated, high-dose, iTBS protocol with fcMRI-guided targeting, was well tolerated and safe. Double-blinded sham-controlled trials are needed to confirm the remission rate observed in this initial study.

Working memory impairment and its associated sleep-related respiratory parameters in children with obstructive sleep apnea.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Working memory deficits in children with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have been reported in previous studies, but the results were inconclusive. This study tried to address this issue by delineating working memory functions into executive processes and storage/maintenance components based on Baddeley's working memory model. METHODS: Working memory and basic attention tasks were administered on 23 OSA children aged 8-12 years and 22 age-, education-, and general cognitive functioning-matched controls. Data on overnight polysomnographic sleep study and working memory functions were compared between the two groups. Associations between respiratory-related parameters and cognitive performance were explored in the OSA group. RESULTS: Compared with controls, children with OSA had poorer performance on both tasks of basic storage and central executive components in the verbal domain of working memory, above and beyond basic attention and processing speed impairments; such differences were not significant in the visuo-spatial domain. Moreover, correlational analyses and hierarchical regression analyses further suggested that obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (OAHI) and oxygen saturation (SpO2) nadir were associated with verbal working memory performance, highlighting the potential pathophysiological mechanisms of OSA-induced cognitive deficits. CONCLUSIONS: Verbal working memory impairments associated with OSA may compromise children's learning potentials and neurocognitive development. Early identification of OSA and assessment of the associated neurocognitive deficits are of paramount importance. Reversibility of cognitive deficits after treatment would be a critical outcome indicator.

Vilazodone: a novel antidepressant.

PURPOSE: The pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of the antidepressant vilazodone (approved for U.S. marketing in 2011) are reviewed, with an emphasis on efficacy and safety data from Phase III clinical trials. SUMMARY: Vilazodone (marketed as Viibryd by Forest Pharmaceuticals) is a dual-acting serotonergic agent that combines the antidepressant effects of a selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) with partial serotonin (5-HT)(1A)-receptor agonist activity. In two published eight-week Phase III trials involving a total of 878 adults with major depressive disorder (MDD), vilazodone use was found to yield significant symptomatic improvements relative to placebo use, as determined by mean changes from baseline in scores on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and other widely used clinical assessment instruments. Vilazodone hydrochloride therapy should be initiated at a dosage of 10 mg once daily and incrementally adjusted over 14 days to the recommended target daily dose of 40 mg; for optimal bioavailability and effectiveness, it should be taken after a light or high-fat meal. The adverse effects most commonly reported in clinical trials of vilazodone were diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and insomnia. CONCLUSION: Vilazodone is an efficacious and safe new antidepressant for the treatment of MDD. Its relatively high cost and adverse-effect profile, as well as a lack of data demonstrating that vilazodone can produce long-term MDD remission and offer significant advantages over the current standard of care, may limit the usefulness of vilazodone in clinical practice.

Childhood obesity and neighborhood food-store availability in an inner-city community.

OBJECTIVE: Prior studies have shown an association between fast-food restaurants and adolescent body size. Less is known about the influence of neighborhood food stores on a child's body size. We hypothesized that in the inner-city, minority community of East Harlem, New York, the presence of convenience stores and fast-food restaurants near a child's home is associated with increased risk for childhood obesity as measured by body mass index (BMI). DESIGN: Baseline data of 6- to 8-year-old East Harlem boys and girls (N=323) were used. Anthropometry (height and weight) was conducted with a standardized protocol. Food-store data were collected via a walking survey. Stores located within the same census block as the child's home address were identified by using ArcGIS 8.3. We computed age- and sex-specific BMI percentiles by using national norms of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Using odds ratios, we estimated risk of a child's BMI percentile being in the top tertile based on number and types of food stores on their census blocks. RESULTS: Convenience stores were present in 55% of the surveyed blocks in which a study particpant lived and fast-food restaurants were present in 41%. Children (n=177) living on a block with 1 or more convenience stores (range, 1-6) were more likely to have a BMI percentile in the top tertile (odds ratio 1.90, 95% confidence interval, 1.15-3.15) compared with children having no convenience stores (n=146). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of convenience stores near a child's residence was associated with a higher BMI percentile. This has potential implications for both child- and neighborhood-level childhood obesity interventions.

When side matters: hemispheric processing and the visual specificity of emotional memories.

Previous studies have shown that the right hemisphere processes the visual details of objects and the emotionality of information. These two roles of the right hemisphere have not been examined concurrently. In the present study, the authors examined whether right hemisphere processing would lead to particularly good memory for the visual details of emotional stimuli. Participants viewed positive, negative, and neutral objects, displayed to the left or right of a fixation cross. Later, participants performed a recognition task in which they evaluated whether items were "same" (same visual details), "similar" (same verbal label, different visual details), or "new" (unrelated) in comparison with the studied objects. Participants remembered the visual details of negative items well, and this advantage in memory specificity was particularly pronounced when the items had been presented directly to the right hemisphere (i.e., to the left of the fixation cross). These results suggest that there is an episodic memory benefit conveyed when negative items are presented directly to the right hemisphere, likely because of the specialization of the right hemisphere for processing both visual detail and negatively valenced emotional information.

Hong Kong nurses' perceptions of and participation in continuing nursing education.

As medical technologies change, practicing nurses need to update their knowledge and skills to ensure quality health care for patients and to minimize possible health hazards in the workplace. This article describes a study that explored Hong Kong hospital nurses' perceptions of and participation in continuing nursing education. It found that Hong Kong nurses participate actively in continuing education out of a sense of professional responsibility and personal interest. However, consistent with findings from other studies, the major factors hindering nurses' participation are finances, family commitments, and time.

Phase II clinical experience with the novel proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in patients with indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma.

PURPOSE: To determine the antitumor activity of the novel proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in patients with indolent and mantle-cell lymphoma (MCL). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with indolent and MCL were eligible. Bortezomib was given at a dose of 1.5 mg/m2 on days 1, 4, 8, and 11. Patients were required to have received no more than three prior chemotherapy regimens, with at least 1 month since the prior treatment, 3 months from prior rituximab, and 7 days from prior corticosteroids; absolute neutrophil count more than 1,500/microL (500/microL if documented bone marrow involvement); and platelet count more than 50,000/microL. RESULTS: Twenty-six patients were registered, of whom 24 were assessable. Ten patients had follicular lymphoma, 11 had MCL, three had small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) or chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and two had marginal zone lymphoma. The overall response rate was 58%, with one complete remission (CR), one unconfirmed CR (CRu), and four partial remissions (PR) among patients with follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). All responses were durable, lasting from 3 to 24+ months. One patient with MCL achieved a CRu, four achieved a PR, and four had stable disease. One patient with MCL maintained his remission for 19 months. Both patients with marginal zone lymphoma achieved PR lasting 8+ and 11+ months, respectively. Patients with SLL or CLL have yet to respond. Overall, the drug was well tolerated, with only one grade 4 toxicity (hyponatremia). The most common grade 3 toxicities were lymphopenia (n = 14) and thrombocytopenia (n = 7). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that bortezomib was well tolerated and has significant single-agent activity in patients with certain subtypes of NHL.