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1.
Plant Cell ; 36(2): 324-345, 2024 Jan 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37804091

RESUMO

Floral homeotic MADS-box transcription factors ensure the correct morphogenesis of floral organs, which are organized in different cell layers deriving from distinct meristematic layers. How cells from these distinct layers acquire their respective identities and coordinate their growth to ensure normal floral organ morphogenesis is unresolved. Here, we studied petunia (Petunia × hybrida) petals that form a limb and tube through congenital fusion. We identified petunia mutants (periclinal chimeras) expressing the B-class MADS-box gene DEFICIENS in the petal epidermis or in the petal mesophyll, called wico and star, respectively. Strikingly, wico flowers form a strongly reduced tube while their limbs are almost normal, while star flowers form a normal tube but greatly reduced and unpigmented limbs, showing that petunia petal morphogenesis is highly modular. These mutants highlight the layer-specific roles of PhDEF during petal development. We explored the link between PhDEF and petal pigmentation, a well-characterized limb epidermal trait. The anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway was strongly downregulated in star petals, including its major regulator ANTHOCYANIN2 (AN2). We established that PhDEF directly binds to the AN2 terminator in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that PhDEF might regulate AN2 expression and therefore petal epidermis pigmentation. Altogether, we show that cell layer-specific homeotic activity in petunia petals differently impacts tube and limb development, revealing the relative importance of the different cell layers in the modular architecture of petunia petals.


Assuntos
Petunia , Fatores de Transcrição , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Petunia/genética , Petunia/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Flores/fisiologia , Morfogênese/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas/genética
2.
New Phytol ; 239(5): 2007-2025, 2023 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37394728

RESUMO

Members of the R2R3-MYB transcription factor subgroup 19 (SG19) have been extensively studied in multiple plant species using different silenced or mutated lines. Some studies have proposed a function in flower opening, others in floral organ development/maturation, or specialized metabolism production. While SG19 members are clearly key players during flower development and maturation, the resulting picture is complex, confusing our understanding in how SG19 genes function. To clarify the function of the SG19 transcription factors, we used a single system, Petunia axillaris, and targeted its two SG19 members (EOB1 and EOB2) by CRISPR-Cas9. Although EOB1 and EOB2 are highly similar, they display radically different mutant phenotypes. EOB1 has a specific role in scent emission while EOB2 has pleiotropic functions during flower development. The eob2 knockout mutants reveal that EOB2 is a repressor of flower bud senescence by inhibiting ethylene production. Moreover, partial loss-of-function mutants (transcriptional activation domain missing) show that EOB2 is also involved in both petal and pistil maturation through regulation of primary and secondary metabolism. Here, we provide new insights into the genetic regulation of flower maturation and senescence. It also emphasizes the function of EOB2 in the adaptation of plants to specific guilds of pollinators.


Assuntos
Petunia , Fatores de Transcrição , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Flores/fisiologia , Reprodução , Petunia/metabolismo
3.
Plant Cell ; 30(9): 2020-2037, 2018 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30087206

RESUMO

To attract insects, flowers produce nectar, an energy-rich substance secreted by specialized organs called nectaries. For Arabidopsis thaliana, a rosid species with stamen-associated nectaries, the floral B-, C-, and E-functions were proposed to redundantly regulate nectary development. Here, we investigated the molecular basis of carpel-associated nectary development in the asterid species petunia (Petunia hybrida). We show that its euAGAMOUS (euAG) and PLENA (PLE) C-lineage MADS box proteins are essential for nectary development, while their overexpression is sufficient to induce ectopic nectaries on sepals. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Arabidopsis nectary development also fully depends on euAG/PLE C-lineage genes. In turn, we show that petunia nectary development depends on two homologs of CRABS CLAW (CRC), a gene previously shown to be required for Arabidopsis nectary development, and demonstrate that CRC expression in both species depends on the members of both euAG/PLE C-sublineages. Therefore, petunia and Arabidopsis employ a similar molecular mechanism underlying nectary development, despite otherwise major differences in the evolutionary trajectory of their C-lineage genes, their distant phylogeny, and different nectary positioning. However, unlike in Arabidopsis, petunia nectary development is position independent within the flower. Finally, we show that the TARGET OF EAT-type BLIND ENHANCER and APETALA2-type REPRESSOR OF B-FUNCTION genes act as major regulators of nectary size.


Assuntos
Arabidopsis/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Flores/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Flores/metabolismo , Petunia/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Petunia/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/genética , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Flores/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Petunia/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo
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