Prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in behavioural flexibility and posttraumatic functional recovery: reversal learning and set-shifting in rats.

Within one experiment and one T-maze, we examined the consequences of (i) bilateral lesions of the anteromedial prefrontal cortex (PFC), (ii) bilateral transections of the fimbria-fornix (FF), or (iii) combined lesions of both PFC and FF (COMB) on rats' ability to perform reversal or set-shifting. Postoperatively, the animals were trained to perform a spatial discrimination go-right task. This was followed by (1) a spatial reversal go-left task (reversal learning), or (2) a visual pattern discrimination task (set-shift). Neither single (PFC or FF) lesion nor combined (COMB) lesions affected the animals' ability to acquire the original spatial discrimination task. Regarding the reversal learning, the performance of the PFC and the FF groups was not significantly different from that of the sham operated control animals (Sham). In contrast, animals with combined lesion of both structures were impaired on both error rate and acquisition speed relative to all other groups. Regarding the set-shifting, all lesioned groups were impaired relative to the Sham group both regarding the error rate and the acquisition speed. There was, however, no difference in the degree of impairment between the lesioned groups. We conclude that both the PFC and the hippocampus contributed to the mediation of the reversal learning and set-shifting. During functional recovery of reversal learning, these two structures exhibited a mutual dependency, whilst the functional recovery of set-shifting was mediated by a substrate outside these two structures.

Annual cross-sectional study of nurse-sensitive problems: how to keep a finger on the pulse.

A cross-sectional evaluation of nurse-sensitive problems in hospitalized patients is conducted once per year to monitor patient problems identified by nurses, whether nurses implement interventions to overcome the problems, and if the problems are solved. This article describes a systematic method of data collection and illustrates how the data can be used to improve the quality and documentation of the nursing care. The annual cross-sectional evaluation allows us to identify relevant target areas of future nursing interventions and research.

Explanatory value of the Ability Index as assessed by cardiologists and patients with congenital heart disease.

INTRODUCTION: The Ability Index was developed to classify patients with congenital heart disease into four functional classes. Functional class is typically determined by the cardiologist, based on data from a clinical interview. The validity of the Ability Index as assessed by the patient has never been scrutinized. OBJECTIVE: We tested the agreement between cardiologists and patients in assessing functional status using the Ability Index and compared the accuracy of the two assessments in explaining patient-reported outcomes (PRO). METHODS: The Ability Index Scale was completed for 57 patients, independently by cardiologists and patients. Cohen's Kappa coefficient with quadratic weighting (K(w)) was calculated. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) (=C-index) was used to test the accuracy of the Ability Index in explaining PRO, as assessed by the cardiologist or the patient. RESULTS: Agreement was observed in 61.4% of the patients. The K(w) was 0.55, showing a moderate agreement; and the R(2) was 0.29, displaying a limited shared variance. The AUC for cardiologists' assessments of the Ability Index in explaining PRO was consistently lower than the AUC for patients' assessments. The appraisal of the patients was more accurate. DISCUSSION: When cardiologists and patients are assessing functional status using the Ability Index, two different constructs are measured. These assessments cannot be interchanged, but should be used complementarily. Because the assessment of the patients regarding the Ability Index is more precise in terms of explaining PRO, it could be valuable as a simple crude marker to identify patients at risk for poor functional and psychosocial outcomes.