Effects of non-enzymatic glycation in human serum albumin. Spectroscopic analysis.

Human serum albumin (HSA), transporting protein, is exposed during its life to numerous factors that cause its functions become impaired. One of the basic factors --glycation of HSA--occurs in diabetes and may affect HSA-drug binding. Accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) leads to diseases e.g. diabetic and non-diabetic cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer disease, renal disfunction and in normal aging. The aim of the present work was to estimate how non-enzymatic glycation of human serum albumin altered its tertiary structure using fluorescence technique. We compared glycated human serum albumin by glucose (gHSA(GLC)) with HSA glycated by fructose (gHSA(FRC)). We focused on presenting the differences between gHSA(FRC) and nonglycated (HSA) albumin used acrylamide (Ac), potassium iodide (KI) and 2-(p-toluidino)naphthalene-6-sulfonic acid (TNS). Changes of the microenvironment around the tryptophan residue (Trp-214) of non-glycated and glycated proteins was investigated by the red-edge excitation shift method. Effect of glycation on ligand binding was examined by the binding of phenylbutazone (PHB) and ketoprofen (KP), which a primary high affinity binding site in serum albumin is subdomain IIA and IIIA, respectively. At an excitation and an emission wavelength of λex 335nm and λem 420nm, respectively the increase of fluorescence intensity and the blue-shift of maximum fluorescence was observed. It indicates that the glycation products decreases the polarity microenvironment around the fluorophores. Analysis of red-edge excitation shift method showed that the red-shift for gHSA(FRC) is higher than for HSA. Non-enzymatic glycation also caused, that the Trp residue of gHSA(FRC) becomes less accessible for the negatively charged quencher (I(-)), KSV value is smaller for gHSA(FRC) than for HSA. TNS fluorescent measurement demonstrated the decrease of hydrophobicity in the glycated albumin. KSV constants for gHSA-PHB systems are higher than for the unmodified serum albumin, while KSV values for gHSA-KP systems are only slightly lower than that obtained for HSA-KP. The affinity of PHB to the glycated HSA is stronger than to the non-glycated in the first class binding sites within subdomain IIA, in the vicinity of Trp-214. Ketoprofen bound to unmodified human serum albumin stronger than for glycated albumin and one class of binding sites is observed (Scatchard linear plots).

Alteration of human serum albumin tertiary structure induced by glycation. Spectroscopic study.

The modification of human serum albumin (HSA) structure by non-enzymatic glycation is one of the underlying factors that contribute to the development of complications of diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of the present work was to estimate how glycation of HSA altered its tertiary structure. Changes of albumin conformation were investigated by comparison of glycated (gHSA) and non-glycated human serum albumin (HSA) absorption spectra, red edge excitation shift (REES) and synchronous spectra. Effect of glycation on human serum albumin tertiary structure was also investigated by (1)H NMR spectroscopy. Formation of gHSA Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs) caused absorption of UV-VIS light between 310 nm and 400 nm while for non-glycated HSA in this region no absorbance has been registered. Analysis of red edge excitation shift effect allowed for observation of structural changes of gHSA in the hydrophobic pocket containing the tryptophanyl residue. Moreover changes in the microenvironment of tryptophanyl and tyrosyl residues brought about AGEs on the basis of synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy have been confirmed. The influence of glycation process on serum albumin binding to 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonamide (DNSA), 2-(p-toluidino) naphthalene-6-sulfonic acid (TNS), has been studied. Fluorescence analysis showed that environment of both binding site I and II is modified by galactose glycation.

The cardiac safety of chloroquine phosphate treatment in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: the influence on arrhythmia, heart rate variability and repolarization parameters.

Antimalarials are used to treat cutaneous and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Even though cardiac damage is a rare complication, over the last decade several reports have raised the issue of cardiotoxicity associated with antimalarials. Therefore, the aim of study was to evaluate the influence of seven-month chloroquine treatment with a 250mg daily dose on arrhythmia, conduction disturbances as well as heart rate variability and repolarization parameters assessed in 24-hour Holter monitoring. The studied group included 28 SLE patients treated with chloroquine as a monotherapy. In all the patients standard 12 leads surface ECG (50 mm) and the 24-hour ECG Holter monitoring (Oxford Medilog Excel-2) were performed before and after chloroquine phosphate treatment. All subjects presented sinus rhythm both at the enrollment and after treatment. No episodes of paroxysmal arrhythmias or conduction disturbances were reported during the study. All the patients were characterized by tendency to tachycardia, but no significant differences in mean heart rate were found before and after chloroquine administration. Similarly, no changes in heart rate variability or repolarization parameters were observed.