Mandible Reconstruction in a Rural Population: Comparison of Radial Forearm and Free Fibula Flap Outcomes.

Comparison of microsurgical reconstructive options after mandible resection is limited in the literature. Fibula free flaps (FFFs) can be costly and have timing limitations, but dental restoration can be performed, with varied reported rates of completion. The radial forearm free flap (RFFF) with mandible plating may be an alternative in select populations. The purpose of this study was to determine if the RFFF has similar outcomes to the FFF for mandible reconstruction in a rural population. A retrospective review of patients who underwent mandibulectomy from 2017 to 2021 at a single tertiary-care academic institution was performed. Those with FFF or RFFF reconstruction were included. Mandible defects were classified using the Jewer-Boyd H-C-L system. Sixty-eight patients were included with 53 undergoing FFF and 15 undergoing RFFF. Immediate reconstruction was significantly more common with RFFF than FFF (100% versus 64.2%; P =0.01). Lateral mandible defects were most common among both groups (52.9% FFF versus 73.3% RFFF; P =0.04). Osseous defect length was similar (9.5 cm FFF versus 7.7 cm RFFF; P =0.07), but soft tissue defect size was significantly larger in the RFFF group (28.6 cm 2 versus 15.3 cm 2 ; P =0.01). Complication rates (47.1% FFF versus 46.7% RFFF; P =0.98) and disease-free status at last follow-up (96.2% FFF versus 80.0% RFFF; P =0.06) were similar. Dental restoration occurred in 21.3% of patients undergoing FFF. Patients undergoing RFFF or FFF reconstruction after mandibulectomy had similar surgical and disease outcomes, with a low rate of completed dental restoration after FFF. Our findings suggest RFFF is a reasonable alternative to FFF for mandible reconstruction in select patients.

"Where is the spleen? Where are the lungs?"-An investigation of the level of anatomical knowledge of the Hong Kong public.

This article investigates the level of anatomical knowledge of the Hong Kong public and uses the data to help suggest public engagement activities and health campaigns to raise health literacy in the general population. In the annual public engagement event organized by the University of Hong Kong, 250 attendees took a survey assessing basic anatomical knowledge by putting organs/structures in their correct positions. Description analysis, correlation analysis, independent sample t-test, and one-way ANOVA analysis were conducted by SPSS 27.0. Overall, a mean score of 6.5 out of 20 was achieved. Differences between various demographic parameters were analyzed, and the results showed that better performance on the survey was associated with younger age, higher educational levels, and having healthcare experience. There was also a statistically significant difference in correctly positioning the thyroid between males and females. Interestingly, some misconceptions were thought to arise from the bespoke use of the Chinese language in the survey. The data reflected room for improvement in the level of anatomical knowledge among the public, notably in the older age groups. This was attributed partially to a lack of public outreach initiatives and established anatomy-focused programs, which has restricted public exposure to anatomical knowledge and hindered the development of anatomical sciences in Hong Kong. In conclusion, the knowledge of the public on the human body needs to be improved and possible solutions to improve public awareness of health were raised.

The Impact of Prior Breast Augmentation on Breast Reconstruction after Mastectomy.

The risk of women developing breast cancer after augmentation mammaplasty may be lower than the general population, with minimal current literature on breast reconstruction in this population. We sought to evaluate the impact of previous augmentation on postmastectomy breast reconstruction. Methods: Retrospective review of patients who underwent mastectomies from 2017 to 2021 at our institution was performed. Analysis included frequencies and percentages, descriptive statistics, chi-square analysis, and Fisher exact test. Results: Four hundred seventy patients were included, with average body mass index of 29.1 kg/m2, 96% identifying as White, and an average age at diagnosis of 59.3 years. Twenty (4.2%) patients had a prior breast augmentation. Reconstruction was performed in 80% of the previously augmented patients compared to 49.9% of nonaugmented patients (P = 0.01). Reconstruction was alloplastic in 100% of augmented and 88.7% of nonaugmented patients (P = 0.15). All reconstructed augmented patients underwent immediate reconstruction compared with 90.5% of nonaugmented patients (P = 0.37), and two-stage reconstruction was most common (75.0% versus 63.5%; P = 0.42). Of the previously augmented patients, 87.5% increased implant volume, 75% underwent same implant plane reconstruction, and 68.75% underwent same implant-type reconstruction as their augmentation. Conclusions: Previously augmented patients were more likely to undergo reconstruction after mastectomy at our institution. All reconstructed augmented patients underwent alloplastic reconstruction, with most performed immediately in staged fashion. Most patients favored silicone implants and maintained the same implant type and plane of reconstruction, with increased implant volume. Larger studies are required to further investigate these trends.

The Impact of Travel Distance and Income on Breast Reconstruction after Mastectomy in a Rural Population.

Factors that influence breast reconstruction after mastectomy have been previously examined in national databases. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of patient travel distance and income on breast reconstruction after mastectomy in a rural population. Methods: Retrospective review of mastectomy patients from 2017 to 2021 was performed from our prospectively enrolled tumor registry. Analysis included frequencies and percentages, descriptive statistics, χ 2 analysis, independent sample t tests, and multivariable analysis. Results: In total, 462 patients were included. Median BMI was 27.6 kg/m2, 96.1% of patients were White, and median age at diagnosis was 60.0 years. Reconstruction rate was 52.6%, and median length of follow-up was 24.6 months. No significant difference was found in the distance traveled by patients who underwent reconstruction (16.6 versus 16.7 miles; P = 0.94). Rates of reconstruction in patients who traveled 0-10 miles, 11-30 miles, and over 30 miles did not differ significantly (P = 0.16). Median household income was significantly different in reconstructed and nonreconstructed patients ($55,316.00 versus $51,629.00; P = 0.047). Rates of reconstruction were significantly higher in patients with median household income greater than $65,000 (P = 0.024). This difference was not significant on multivariable analysis. Conclusions: Travel distance did not significantly impact reconstruction rates after mastectomy, while household income did on univariable analysis. Studies at an institutional or regional level remain valuable, especially in populations that may not be accurately represented in larger database studies. Our findings highlight the importance of patient education, resource allocation, and multidisciplinary approach to breast cancer care, especially in the rural setting.

Cohesive Round Implants and the Risk of Implant Flipping.

Fifth-generation, round, form-stable implants have a higher cohesive gel, a higher fill volume, and distinct anterior and posterior profiles. Due to these implant features, anterior-posterior (AP) flipping of round, form-stable implants is discernible, but little is known of this complication of implant reconstruction. METHODS: Patients who underwent skin- or nipple-sparing mastectomy followed by direct-to-implant reconstruction with round, cohesive, smooth implants were included in this retrospective study. Implants were placed submuscularly or prepectorally. Incidence of flipping was retrieved from patient records. Patients were stratified by presence or absence of flipping; data on patient demographic characteristics, neoadjuvant/adjuvant treatment, mastectomy characteristics, and acellular dermal matrix (ADM) type (AlloDerm or FlexHD) and coverage technique (inferior pole, tenting, or wrapping) were compared between the groups to identify risk factors associated with flipping. RESULTS: A total of 117 patients (230 breasts) were evaluated. Sixteen cases of implant flipping were documented for a flip rate of 7.0%, all occurring in patients with prepectoral implants. On univariate analysis, prepectoral implant placement, highly cohesive implants, use of AlloDerm, and ADM wrapping/tenting were found to be significantly associated with AP flipping. On logistic regression analyses, ADM type and ADM coverage technique were no longer significant predictors of AP flipping. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who undergo prepectoral implant reconstruction with highly cohesive round implants appear to be at an increased risk of AP flipping. Subpectoral reconstruction is not associated with AP flipping.

Type a botulinum toxin-induced antibody production: a murine model of antibody response.

BACKGROUND: The use of modified botulinum toxin type A (BCB2024 BTA; Allergan, Irvine, CA) has burgeoned worldwide since 1998. However, the drug's potential to create an immunogenic response has remained unclear. OBJECTIVE: The authors report on a prospective murine model study to evaluate the potential immunogenic effect of BTA and to determine the effect of dose size and frequency of administration on antibody formation. METHODS: Forty female CD-1 mice were divided into four equal groups that received injections of BCB2024 BTA as follows: group A, 0.12 U every two months; group B, 0.12 U once a month; group C, 0.24 U every two months; and group D, 0.24 U once a month. Blood was collected before the first injection and then every month for four months. Immune response was determined by measuring the level of serum immunoglobulin G using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data were analyzed with a mixed-model, repeated measures analysis of variance. RESULTS: Nascent antibotox antibody (ABA) production in response to BCB2024 BTA administration was observed in all four subgroups. Levels of ABA were significantly higher in the higher-frequency dosage groups than in the lower-frequency groups. ABA levels were slightly lower in the low-dosage groups than in the higher-dosage groups, but the differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed frequency-dependent production of ABA in response to BCB2024 BTA administration in a murine model. The clinical significance of such antibody production remains to be determined. Presently however, no standardized scale of conversion exists to relate murine doses of BTA to those used in human treatment regimens.

The human fatty acid synthase gene and de novo lipogenesis are coordinately regulated in human adipose tissue.

Despite its potential importance in obesity and related disorders, little is known about regulation of lipogenesis in human adipose tissue. To investigate this area at the molecular and mechanistic levels, we studied lipogenesis and the regulation of 1 of its core enzymes, fatty acid synthase (FAS), in human adipose tissue in response to hormonal and nutritional manipulation. As a paradigm for lipogenic genes, we cloned the upstream region of the human FAS gene, compared its sequence to that of FAS orthologs from other species, and identified important regulatory elements that lie upstream of the FAS coding region. Lipogenesis, as assessed by glucose incorporation into lipids, was increased by insulin and more so by the combination of insulin and dexamethasone (Dex, a potent glucocorticoid analogue). In parallel, FAS expression, activity, and gene transcription rate were also significantly increased by these treatments. We also showed that linoleic acid, a representative PUFA, attenuated the actions of insulin and Dex on fatty acid and lipid synthesis as well as FAS activity and expression. Using reporter assays, we determined that the regions responsible for hormonal regulation of the FAS gene lie in the proximal portion of the gene's 5'-flanking region, within which we identified an insulin response element similar to the E-box sequence we identified previously in the rat FAS gene. In summary, we demonstrated that lipogenesis occurs in human adipose tissue and can be induced by insulin, further enhanced by glucocorticoids, and suppressed by PUFA in a hormone-dependent manner.