RESUMO
Introducción. El objetivo fue evaluar la concentración de vitamina D en niños sanos de 12 a 24 meses suplementados con vitamina D (400 UI/día) durante el primer año.Métodos. Estudio descriptivo transversal entre junio de 2015 y mayo de 2016 en Estambul. Se incluyó a niños de 12 a 24 meses en seguimiento en la clínica del niño sano y con suplementación con vitamina D durante el primer año. Se midió calcio, fósforo, fosfatasa alcalina, hormona paratiroidea y 25-hidroxivitamina D [25(OH)D]. Se definió suficiencia (>20 ng/ml), insuficiencia (15-20 ng/ml) y deficiencia (<15 ng/ml) de vitamina D.Resultados. El estudio incluyó 197 niños. El 26,9 % (n = 53) siguió recibiendo suplementación después del año (dosis media: 491 ± 267 UI/día). La concentración media de 25(OH)D fue 38,0 ± 13,9 ng/ml. La ingesta regular de vitamina D en menores de un año (p = 0,008) y la continuación de suplementación después del año (p = 0,042) aumentaron la concentración de 25(OH)D en niños de 12 a 24 meses. Hubo deficiencia en 4,1 % e insuficiencia en 7,1 %. El nivel educativo materno (p = 0,009) y la leche maternizada (p = 0,012) fueron factores protectores contra deficiencia o insuficiencia.Conclusiones. La concentración de 25(OH)D era suficiente en el 88,8 % de los niños de 12 a 24 meses con suplementación con vitamina D (400 UI/día) durante el primer año. Los niños sanos de 12 a 24 meses con una suplementación correcta de vitamina D en el primer año podrían no requerir suplementación.
Introduction. The aim of this study was to evaluate vitamin D levels between 12-24 month-old healthy children supplemented with vitamin D (400 IU/day) during the first year.Methods. Descriptive-sectional study conducted between June 2015, and May 2016, in Istanbul (latitude 41ºN). Children aged 12-24 months followed up by the well-child clinic who had vitamin D supplementation in the first year were included in the study. The levels of calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone and 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] were measured. Vitamin D status was defined as >20 ng/mL: sufficiency, 15-20 ng/mL: insufficiency and <15 ng/mL: deficiency.Results. The study was completed with 197 children. 26.9 % of children (n = 53) went on receiving supplementation after one year (mean dose 491 ± 267 IU/day). The mean 25(OH)D level was 38.0 ± 13.9 ng/mL. It was found that regular vitamin D intake under one year of age (p = 0.008) and continued support after one year of age (p = 0.042) increased level of 25(OH)D in children aged 12-24 months. Vitamin D deficiency was found in 4.1 % and vitamin D insufficiency in 7.1 %. Mother's education (p = 0.009) and use of formula (p = 0.012) were protective factors in relation to development of vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency.Conclusions. The level of 25(OH)D was sufficient in 88.8 % of children aged 12-24 months receiving 400 IU/day vitamin D supplementation in the first year. Vitamin D supplementation could not be required in healthy children aged 12-24 months who received properly vitamin D supplementation in the first year.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Lactente , Vitamina D/sangue , Suplementos Nutricionais , Turquia , Vitamina D/administração & dosagem , Vitamina D/uso terapêutico , Deficiência de Vitamina D , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos Transversais , Interpretação Estatística de DadosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate vitamin D levels between 12-24 monthold healthy children supplemented with vitamin D (400 IU/day) during the first year. METHODS: Descriptive-sectional study conducted between June 2015, and May 2016, in Istanbul (latitude 41ºN). Children aged 12-24 months followed up by the well-child clinic who had vitamin D supplementation in the first year were included in the study. The levels of calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone and 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] were measured. Vitamin D status was defined as >20 ng/mL: sufficiency, 15-20 ng/mL: insufficiency and <15 ng/mL: deficiency. RESULTS: The study was completed with 197 children. 26.9 % of children (n = 53) went on receiving supplementation after one year (mean dose 491 ± 267 IU/day). The mean 25(OH)D level was 38.0 ± 13.9 ng/mL. It was found that regular vitamin D intake under one year of age (p = 0.008) and continued support after one year of age (p = 0.042) increased level of 25(OH)D in children aged 12-24 months. Vitamin D deficiency was found in 4.1 % and vitamin D insufficiency in 7.1 %. Mother's education (p = 0.009) and use of formula (p = 0.012) were protective factors in relation to development of vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency. CONCLUSIONS: The level of 25(OH)D was sufficient in 88.8 % of children aged 12-24 months receiving 400 IU/day vitamin D supplementation in the first year. Vitamin D supplementation could not be required in healthy children aged 12- 24 months who received properly vitamin D supplementation in the first year.
Introducción. El objetivo fue evaluar la concentración de vitamina D en niños sanos de 12 a 24 meses suplementados con vitamina D (400 UI/día) durante el primer año. Métodos. Estudio descriptivo transversal entre junio de 2015 y mayo de 2016 en Estambul. Se incluyó a niños de 12 a 24 meses en seguimiento en la clínica del niño sano y con suplementación con vitamina D durante el primer año. Se midió calcio, fósforo, fosfatasa alcalina, hormona paratiroidea y 25-hidroxivitamina D [25(OH)D]. Se definió suficiencia (>20 ng/ml), insuficiencia (15-20 ng/ ml) y deficiencia (<15 ng/ml) de vitamina D. Resultados. El estudio incluyó 197 niños. El 26,9 % (n = 53) siguió recibiendo suplementación después del año (dosis media: 491 ± 267 UI/ día). La concentración media de 25(OH)D fue 38,0 ± 13,9 ng/ml. La ingesta regular de vitamina D en menores de un año (p = 0,008) y la continuación de suplementación después del año (p = 0,042) aumentaron la concentración de 25(OH)D en niños de 12 a 24 meses. Hubo deficiencia en 4,1 % e insuficiencia en 7,1 %. El nivel educativo materno (p = 0,009) y la leche maternizada (p = 0,012) fueron factores protectores contra deficiencia o insuficiencia. Conclusiones. La concentración de 25(OH)D era suficiente en el 88,8 % de los niños de 12 a 24 meses con suplementación con vitamina D (400 UI/día) durante el primer año. Los niños sanos de 12 a 24 meses con una suplementación correcta de vitamina D en el primer año podrían no requerir suplementación.
Assuntos
Suplementos Nutricionais , Deficiência de Vitamina D/prevenção & controle , Vitamina D/análogos & derivados , Vitamina D/uso terapêutico , Biomarcadores/sangue , Pré-Escolar , Esquema de Medicação , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Resultado do Tratamento , Turquia , Vitamina D/sangue , Deficiência de Vitamina D/sangue , Deficiência de Vitamina D/diagnósticoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Recently, stem cells have been used to facilitate healing in animal models of renal failure induced by acute ischemic and nephrotoxic damage. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been reported to stimulate stem cell mobilization from bone marrow and these cells may contribute to renal repair. OBJECTIVES: In the present study, the effects of G-CSF and stem cell administration as monotherapy or in combination, and the relation of these effects with the duration of therapy, have been investigated in an experimental rat model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced nephrotoxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The fifty rats included in the study were distributed into 4 main groups, Group 1, 2, 3, and 4, and two subgroups for each group, except for Group 1. All rats received an intraperitoneal injection of CCl4. Then at 6 h, Groups 1, 2a, 3a, and 4a were administered saline, stem cells, G-CSF, and stem cell plus G-CSF, respectively. At 24 h, Groups 2b, 3b, and 4b were administered stem cells, G-CSF, and stem cell plus G-CSF, respectively. All animals were sacrificed 48 h after the CCl4 injections. Serum urea, creatinine, sodium, and potassium levels were measured from blood samples. Tissue α-glutathione S-transferase (GST) levels were also measured from renal tissues. RESULTS: Serum urea was reduced in all groups when compared to Group 1, but the decrease was statistically significant only in Group 3b (P = 0.04). Serum creatinine and sodium levels were similar in all groups (P > 0.05). Tissue GST levels were lower in all groups, but the reduction was significant only in Group 4a, which was administered stem cells + G-CSF at 6 h (P = 0.01). Tubular degeneration and/or tubular dilatation were the most common pathologic changes, and their incidence was similar in all groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Although both stem cell and G-CSF monotherapy led to damage reduction, the effect was not significant. However, the reduced damage by the combined use of stem cells and G-CSF, particularly during the early period, was statistically significant.