The Fine-Tuning Approach for Training Monitoring.

PURPOSE: Monitoring is a fundamental part of the training process to guarantee that the programmed training loads are executed by athletes and result in the intended adaptations and enhanced performance. A number of monitoring tools have emerged during the last century in sport. These tools capture different facets (eg, psychophysiological, physical, biomechanical) of acute training bouts and chronic adaptations while presenting specific advantages and limitations. Therefore, there is a need to identify what tools are more efficient in each sport context for better monitoring of training process. METHODS AND RESULTS: We present and discuss the fine-tuning approach for training monitoring, which consists of identifying and combining the best monitoring tools with experts' knowledge in different sport settings, designed to improve (1) the control of actual training loads and (2) understanding of athletes' training adaptations. Instead of using single-tool approaches or merely subjective decision making, the identification of the best combination of monitoring tools to assist experts' decisions in each specific context (ie, triangulation) is necessary to better understand the link between acute and chronic adaptations and their impact on health and performance. Future studies should elaborate on the identification of the best combination of monitoring tools for each specific sport setting. CONCLUSION: The fine-tuning monitoring approach requires the simultaneous use of several valid and practical tools, instead of a single tool, to improve the effectiveness of monitoring practices when added to experts' knowledge.

Effectiveness of Conservative Interventions After Acute Hamstrings Injuries in Athletes: A Living Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Hamstrings injuries are common in sports and the reinjury risk is high. Despite the extensive literature on hamstrings injuries, the effectiveness of the different conservative (i.e., non-surgical) interventions (i.e., modalities and doses) for the rehabilitation of athletes with acute hamstrings injuries is unclear. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to compare the effects of different conservative interventions in time to return to sport (TRTS) and/or time to return to full training (TRFT) and reinjury-related outcomes after acute hamstrings injuries in athletes. DATA SOURCES: We searched CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases up to 1 January, 2022, complemented with manual searches, prospective citation tracking, and consultation of external experts. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: The eligibility criteria were multi-arm studies (randomized and non-randomized) that compared conservative treatments of acute hamstrings injuries in athletes. DATA ANALYSIS: We summarized the characteristics of included studies and conservative interventions and analyzed data for main outcomes (TRTS, TRFT, and rate of reinjuries). The risk of bias was judged using the Cochrane tools. Quality and completeness of reporting of therapeutic exercise programs were appraised with the i-CONTENT tool and the certainty of evidence was judged using the GRADE framework. TRTS and TRFT were analyzed using mean differences and the risk of reinjury with relative risks. RESULTS: Fourteen studies (12 randomized and two non-randomized) comprising 730 athletes (mostly men with ages between 14 and 49 years) from different sports were included. Nine randomized studies were judged at high risk and three at low risk of bias, and the two non-randomized studies were judged at critical risk of bias. Seven randomized studies compared exercise-based interventions (e.g., L-protocol vs C-protocol), one randomized study compared the use of low-level laser therapy, and three randomized and two non-randomized studies compared injections of platelet-rich plasma to placebo or no injection. These low-level laser therapy and platelet-rich plasma studies complemented their interventions with an exercise program. Only three studies were judged at low overall risk of ineffectiveness (i-CONTENT). No single intervention or combination of interventions proved superior in achieving a faster TRTS/TRFT or reducing the risk of reinjury. Only eccentric lengthening exercises showed limited evidence in allowing a shorter TRFT. The platelet-rich plasma treatment did not consistently reduce the TRFT or have any effect on the risk of new hamstrings injuries. The certainty of evidence was very low for all outcomes and comparisons. CONCLUSIONS: Available evidence precludes the prioritization of a particular exercise-based intervention for athletes with acute hamstrings injuries, as different exercise-based interventions showed comparable effects on TRTS/TRFT and the risk of reinjuries. Available evidence also does not support the use of platelet-rich plasma or low-level laser therapy in clinical practice. The currently available literature is limited because of the risk of bias, risk of ineffectiveness of exercise protocols (as assessed with the i-CONTENT), and the lack of comparability across existing studies. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42021268499 and OSF ( https://osf.io/3k4u2/ ).

The relationship between internal and external loads as a tool to monitor physical fitness status of team sport athletes: a systematic review.

The efficiency index (Effindex) combines internal and external loads, and it has been considered a promising tool to evaluate physical fitness status. However, its real applicability and limitations have not been elucidated yet. To examine and discuss the findings from studies that used Effindex as a tool for the evaluation of physical fitness status in team sports. A systematic search was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The databases conferred were PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE and CINAHL. The articles selected were published up to March 2021. Fourteen articles were included after meeting the inclusion criteria. A wide variety of combinations of external and internal loading parameters to calculate Effindex were found. The pooled sample included 349 male participants (23 ± 3 years). Fifty-nine percent of the sample were soccer players, 20% rugby players, 10% Australian football players, 7% hurling players, and 4% basketball players. Most Effindex calculations used total distance (TD) divided by heart rate derived parameters. However, recent studies have suggested the use of accelerations as the external load parameter. Effindex is a simple and powerful tool for the evaluation of physical fitness status in team sports athletes. The disparity of external and internal loading parameters used to calculate Effindex may affect its sensitivity to detect changes in fitness status in different team sport settings. More studies with indoor team sports and female athletes are warranted.

Risk or benefit? Side effects of caffeine supplementation in sport: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to systematically review evidence on the prevalence and magnitude of side effects associated with caffeine supplementation in athletes. METHODS: Systematic searches through the PubMed, VHL, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. Peer-reviewed articles written in English that reported the prevalence/percentage or magnitude/effect size of side effects after caffeine supplementation in athletes in a sports context were included. Studies were grouped by the dose of caffeine administered as follows: low = ≤ 3.0 mg/kg; moderate = from 3.1 to 6.0 mg/kg; high = ≥ 6.1 mg/kg. The magnitude of the side effects was calculated with effect sizes. RESULTS: The search retrieved 25 studies that met the inclusion/exclusion criteria with a pooled sample of 421 participants. The supplementation with caffeine produced a higher prevalence or magnitude of all side effects under investigation when compared to placebo/control situations. The prevalence (magnitude) was between 6 and 34% (ES between 0.13 and 1.11) for low doses of caffeine, between 0 and 34% (ES between -0.13 and 1.20) for moderate doses of caffeine, and between 8 and 83% (ES between 0.04 and 1.52) with high doses of caffeine. The presence of tachycardia/heart palpitations and the negative effects on sleep onset had the highest prevalence and magnitude, in athletes using supplementation with caffeine. CONCLUSION: In summary, caffeine supplementation in the doses habitually used to enhance physical performance produces several side effects, both after exercise and at least 24 h after the ingestion. However, the prevalence and magnitude of side effects with high doses of caffeine were habitually higher than with low doses of caffeine. From a practical perspective, using ~3.0 mg/kg of caffeine may be the dose of choice to obtain the ergogenic benefits of caffeine with the lowest prevalence and magnitude of side effects.

Stretching for Recovery from Groin Pain or Injury in Athletes: A Critical and Systematic Review.

Stretching is usually used as part of rehabilitation protocols for groin pain or injury, but its specific contribution to and within multimodal recovery protocols is unclear. Our goal was to systematically review the effects of stretching for the recovery from groin pain or injury. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed, with eligibility criteria defined according to PICOS: (Participants) athletes with groin pain or injuries; (Interventions) interventions with stretching as the differentiating factor; (Comparators) comparators not applying stretching; (Outcomes) symptom remission or improvement and/or time to return to sport and/or return to play; (Study design) randomized controlled trials. Searches were performed on 26 March 2021, in CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EBSCO, EMBASE, PEDro, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science, with no limitations regarding language or date, and no filters. Of 117 retrieved results, 65 were duplicates and 49 were excluded at the screening stage. The three articles eligible for full-text analysis failed to comply with one or more inclusion criteria (participants, intervention and/or comparators). We then went beyond the protocol and searched for non-randomized trials and case series, but no intervention was found where stretching was the differentiating factor. We found no trials specifically assessing the effects of stretching on recovery or improvement of groin pain or injury in athletes. Currently, the efficacy of these interventions is unknown, and more research is warranted.

Strength Training to Prevent Falls in Older Adults: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

We performed a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to assess the effects of strength training (ST), as compared to alternative multimodal or unimodal exercise programs, on the number of falls in older adults (≥60 years). Ten databases were consulted (CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EBSCO, EMBASE, PEDro, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science), without limitations on language or publication date. Eligibility criteria were as follows: RCTs with humans ≥60 years of age of any gender with one group performing supervised ST and a group performing another type of exercise training, reporting data pertaining falls. Certainty of evidence was assessed with Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). Meta-analysis used a random effects model to calculate the risk ratio (RR) for number of falls. Five RCTs with six trials were included (n = 543, 76% women). There was no difference between ST and alternative exercise interventions for falls (RR = 1.00, 95% CI 0.77-1.30, p = 0.99). The certainty of evidence was very low. No dose-response relationship could be established. In sum, ST showed comparable RR based on number of falls in older adults when compared to other multimodal or unimodal exercise modalities, but evidence is scarce and heterogeneous, and additional research is required for more robust conclusions. Registration: PROSPERO CRD42020222908.

Eccentric Strength Assessment of Hamstring Muscles with New Technologies: a Systematic Review of Current Methods and Clinical Implications.

BACKGROUND: Given the severe economic and performance implications of hamstring injuries, there are different attempts to identify their risk factors for subsequently developing injury prevention strategies to reduce the risk of these injuries. One of the strategies reported in the scientific literature is the application of interventions with eccentric exercises. To verify the effectiveness of these interventions, different eccentric strength measurements have been used with low-cost devices as alternatives to the widespread used isokinetic dynamometers and the technically limited handheld dynamometers. Therefore, the purpose of the present systematic review was to summarize the findings of the scientific literature related to the evaluation of eccentric strength of hamstring muscles with these new technologies. METHODS: Systematic searches through the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, from inception up to April 2020, were conducted for peer reviewed articles written in English, reporting eccentric strength of hamstrings assessed by devices, different to isokinetic and handheld dynamometers, in athletes. RESULTS: Seventeen studies were finally included in the review with 4 different devices used and 18 parameters identified. The pooled sample consisted of 2893 participants (97% male and 3% female: 22 ± 4 years). The parameters most used were peak force (highest and average), peak torque (average and highest), and between-limb imbalance (left-to-right limb ratio). There is inconsistency regarding the association between eccentric hamstrings strength and both injury risk and athletic performance. There is no standardized definition or standardization of the calculation of the used parameters. CONCLUSIONS: The current evidence is insufficient to recommend a practical guide for sports professionals to use these new technologies in their daily routine, due to the need for standardized definitions and calculations. Furthermore, more studies with female athletes are warranted. Despite these limitations, the eccentric strength of hamstring muscles assessed by different devices may be recommended for monitoring the neuromuscular status of athletes.

Sleep quality monitoring in individual sports athletes: parameters and definitions by systematic review.

In the present review, we identify which instruments and parameters are used for sleep quality monitoring in individual sport athletes and which definitions were used for sleep quality parameters in this literature field. Systematic searches for articles reporting the qualitative markers related to sleep in team sport athletes were conducted in PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science online databases. The systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews. The initial search returned 3316 articles. After the removal of duplicate articles, eligibility assessment, 75 studies were included in this systematic review. Our main findings were that the most widely used measurement instruments were Actigraphy (25%), Rating Likert Scales (16%) and Sleep Diary (13%). On sleep quality parameters (Sleep duration = 14%; Wake after sleep onset = 14%; Sleep Quality = 12%; Sleep Effciency = 11% and Sleep Latency = 9%), the main point is that there are different definitions for the same parameters in many cases reported in the literature. We conclude that the most widely used instruments for monitoring sleep quality were Actigraphy, Likert scales and Sleep diary. Moreover, the definitions of sleep parameters are inconsistent in the literature, hindering the understanding of the sleep-sport performance relationship.

Current Approaches to the Use of Artificial Intelligence for Injury Risk Assessment and Performance Prediction in Team Sports: a Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: The application of artificial intelligence (AI) opens an interesting perspective for predicting injury risk and performance in team sports. A better understanding of the techniques of AI employed and of the sports that are using AI is clearly warranted. The purpose of this study is to identify which AI approaches have been applied to investigate sport performance and injury risk and to find out which AI techniques each sport has been using. METHODS: Systematic searches through the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science online databases were conducted for articles reporting AI techniques or methods applied to team sports athletes. RESULTS: Fifty-eight studies were included in the review with 11 AI techniques or methods being applied in 12 team sports. Pooled sample consisted of 6456 participants (97% male, 25 ± 8 years old; 3% female, 21 ± 10 years old) with 76% of them being professional athletes. The AI techniques or methods most frequently used were artificial neural networks, decision tree classifier, support vector machine, and Markov process with good performance metrics for all of them. Soccer, basketball, handball, and volleyball were the team sports with more applications of AI. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this review suggest a prevalent application of AI methods in team sports based on the number of published studies. The current state of development in the area proposes a promising future with regard to AI use in team sports. Further evaluation research based on prospective methods is warranted to establish the predictive performance of specific AI techniques and methods.

Which parameters to use for sleep quality monitoring in team sport athletes? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Sleep quality is an essential component of athlete's recovery. However, a better understanding of the parameters to adequately quantify sleep quality in team sport athletes is clearly warranted. OBJECTIVE: To identify which parameters to use for sleep quality monitoring in team sport athletes. METHODS: Systematic searches for articles reporting the qualitative markers related to sleep in team sport athletes were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science online databases. The systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. For the meta-analysis, effect sizes with 95% CI were calculated and heterogeneity was assessed using a random-effects model. The coefficient of variation (CV) with 95% CI was also calculated to assess the level of instability of each parameter. RESULTS: In general, 30 measuring instruments were used for monitoring sleep quality. A meta-analysis was undertaken on 15 of these parameters. Four objective parameters inferred by actigraphy had significant results (sleep efficiency with small CV and sleep latency, wake episodes and total wake episode duration with large CV). Six subjective parameters obtained from questionnaires and scales also had meaningful results (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (sleep efficiency), Likert scale (Hooper), Likert scale (no reference), Liverpool Jet-Lag Questionnaire, Liverpool Jet-Lag Questionnaire (sleep rating) and RESTQ (sleep quality)). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that sleep efficiency using actigraphy, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Likert scale, Liverpool Jet-Lag Questionnaire and RESTQ are indicated to monitor sleep quality in team sport athletes. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42018083941.

The validity and reliability of the "My Jump App" for measuring jump height of the elderly.

BACKGROUND: The ability to jump has been related to muscle strength and power, speed and amplitude of the lower limbs movements, and specifically for the elderly, the vertical jump has been shown to be a good predictor of functional capacity and risk of falling. The use of a mobile application (App) which can measure the vertical jump (i.e., iPhone App My Jump) has recently emerged as a simple, cheap and very practical tool for evaluation of jump ability. However, the validity of this tool for the elderly population has not been tested yet. The elderly usually perform very low jumps and therefore the signal-to-noise ratio may compromise the validity and reliability of this method. Thus, the aim of the current study was to verify the validity and reliability of the iPhone App "My Jump" for the evaluation of countermovement jump (CMJ) height within an elderly population. METHODS: After familiarization, 41 participants performed three CMJs assessed via a contact mat and the My Jump App. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to verify the relative reliability, while the coefficient of variation (CV%) and the typical error of measurement (TEM) were used to verify the absolute reliability. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to verify the strength of the relationship between methods (i.e., concurrent validity), a Bland-Altman plot to show their agreement, and the Student's t-test to identify systematic bias between them. For reliability analyses, all jumps were considered (i.e., 123). All jumps (i.e., 123), the average height of each attempt (i.e., 41), and the highest jump, were considered for validity analyses. RESULTS: The CMJ height of the highest jump was 10.78 ± 5.23 cm with contact mat, and 10.87 ± 5.32 with My Jump App, with an identified systematic bias of 0.096 cm (P = 0.007). There was a nearly perfect correlation between methods (r = 0.999; P = 0.000, in all cases) with a very good agreement observed (0.3255 to -0.5177 cm, 0.2797 to -0.5594 cm, and 0.3466 to -0.6264 cm, for highest jump height, average jump height, and all jump heights, respectively). The ICC of the My Jump App was 0.948, the TEM was 1.150 cm, and the CV was 10.10%. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the My Jump App is a valid and reliable tool compared to the contact mat for evaluating vertical jump performance in the elderly. Therefore, it allows a simple and practical assessment of lower limbs' power in this population. For the elderly, as well as for other populations with low jumping heights, the highest jump height and the average jump height could be used indistinctly.

Moderate intensity is a better stimulus to induce quadripecs femoris power in elderly adults / Intensidade moderada é o estímulo mais adequado para induzir potência de quadriceps em idosos / Intensidad moderada es el más adecuado para inducir potencia de quadriceps en ancianos

ABSTRACT Introduction: The best strategy for improving knee extensor power, a major functional capacity indicator in older adults, is power training. Nonetheless, the training intensity required to induce optimal gains is yet to be found. Objective: Our purpose was to compare knee extensor peak power responses between low, moderate, and high intensity load conditions (30%, 50% and 70% of 1RM). Methods: Thirteen sedentary elderly women performed six knee extensions in each load condition, calculating knee extensor mechanical work/power output and knee extension peak angular velocity. Results: No difference in peak power was found between the high (207.0 ± 68.1 W) and moderate (206.1 ± 71.6 W) load conditions (p = 0.994), and both had higher values (p ≤0.004) than the low intensity condition (135.6 ± 56.3 W). Conclusion: Moderate load at 50% of 1RM appears to be the preferred strategy for inducing knee extensor power output because in contrast with the high intensity condition, the moderate load yielded higher angular peak velocity, which is also a functional indicator. Level of Evidence ll; Therapeutic studies - Investigating treatment results.

RESUMO Introdução: A melhor estratégia para melhorar a potência dos extensores do joelho, principal indicador da capacidade funcional em idosos, é o treinamento de força. No entanto, a intensidade do treinamento exigida para induzir a maiores benefícios ainda não é conhecida. Objetivo: Nosso objetivo consistiu em comparar as respostas de potência máxima dos extensores do joelho entre as condições de carga baixa, moderada e de alta intensidade (30%, 50% e 70% de uma repetição máxima). Métodos: Treze mulheres idosas sedentárias realizaram seis extensões de joelho em cada condição de carga, sendo calculado o trabalho mecânico/débito de força e a velocidade angular máxima (ou pico) dos extensores do joelho. Resultados: Não houve diferença significativa na potência máxima entre as condições de carga alta ((207,0 ± 68,1 W) e moderada (206,1 ± 71,6 W) (p = 0,994), e ambas apresentaram valores maiores (p ≤ 0,004) do que a condição de baixa intensidade (135,6 ± 56,3 W). Conclusão: A carga moderada a 50% de 1RM parece ser a estratégia preferida para induzir o débito de força dos extensores do joelho, uma vez que quando comparada com a condição de alta intensidade, a carga moderada apresentou um pico de velocidade angular maior, o que também é um indicador funcional. Nível de Evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - Investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: La mejor estrategia para mejorar la potencia de los extensores de la rodilla, principal indicador de la capacidad funcional en personas de la tercera edad, es el entrenamiento de fuerza. Sin embargo, la intensidad del entrenamiento exigida para inducir a mayores beneficios aún no es conocida. Objetivo: Nuestro objetivo consistió en comparar las respuestas de potencia máxima de los extensores de la rodilla entre las condiciones de carga baja, moderada y de alta intensidad (30%, 50% y 70% de una repetición máxima). Métodos: Trece mujeres de la tercera edad sedentarias realizaron seis extensiones de rodilla en cada condición de carga, siendo calculado el trabajo mecánico/débito de fuerza y la velocidad angular máxima (o pico) de los extensores de la rodilla. Resultados: No hubo diferencia significativa en la potencia máxima entre las condiciones de carga alta ((207,0 ± 68,1 W) y moderada (206,1 ± 71,6 W) (p = 0,994), y ambas presentaron valores mayores (p ≤ 0,004) que la condición de baja intensidad (135,6 ± 56,3 W). Conclusión: La carga moderada a 50% de 1RM parece ser la estrategia preferida para inducir el débito de fuerza de los extensores de la rodilla, dado que cuando comparada con la condición de alta intensidad, la carga moderada presentó un pico de velocidad angular mayor, lo que también es un indicador funcional. Nivel de Evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

CrossFit Overview: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: CrossFit is recognized as one of the fastest growing high-intensity functional training modes in the world. However, scientific data regarding the practice of CrossFit is sparse. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the findings of scientific literature related to CrossFit via systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: Systematic searches of the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Bireme/MedLine, and SciELO online databases were conducted for articles reporting the effects of CrossFit training. The systematic review followed the PRISMA guidelines. The Oxford Levels of Evidence was used for all included articles, and only studies that investigated the effects of CrossFit as a training program were included in the meta-analysis. For the meta-analysis, effect sizes (ESs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated and heterogeneity was assessed using a random-effects model. RESULTS: Thirty-one articles were included in the systematic review and four were included in the meta-analysis. However, only two studies had a high level of evidence at low risk of bias. Scientific literature related to CrossFit has reported on body composition, psycho-physiological parameters, musculoskeletal injury risk, life and health aspects, and psycho-social behavior. In the meta-analysis, significant results were not found for any variables. CONCLUSIONS: The current scientific literature related to CrossFit has few studies with high level of evidence at low risk of bias. However, preliminary data has suggested that CrossFit practice is associated with higher levels of sense of community, satisfaction, and motivation.

The countermovement jump to monitor neuromuscular status: A meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of this meta-analysis was to compare countermovement jump (CMJ) performance in studies that reported the highest value as opposed to average value for the purposes of monitoring neuromuscular status (i.e., fatigue and supercompensation). The secondary aim was to determine the sensitivity of the dependent variables. DESIGN: Systematic review with meta-analysis. METHODS: The meta-analysis was conducted on the highest or average of a number of CMJ variables. Multiple literature searches were undertaken in Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science to identify articles utilizing CMJ to monitor training status. Effect sizes (ES) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated using the mean and standard deviation of the pre- and post-testing data. The coefficient of variation (CV) with 95% CI was also calculated to assess the level of instability of each variable. Heterogeneity was assessed using a random-effects model. RESULTS: 151 articles were included providing a total of 531 ESs for the meta-analyses; 85.4% of articles used highest CMJ height, 13.2% used average and 1.3% used both when reporting changes in CMJ performance. Based on the meta-analysis, average CMJ height was more sensitive than highest CMJ height in detecting CMJ fatigue and supercompensation. Furthermore, other CMJ variables such as peak power, mean power, peak velocity, peak force, mean impulse, and power were sensitive in tracking the supercompensation effects of training. CONCLUSIONS: The average CMJ height was more sensitive than highest CMJ height in monitoring neuromuscular status; however, further investigation is needed to determine the sensitivity of other CMJ performance variables.

KINESIO TAPING NÃO ALTERA A RELAÇÃO EMG ENTRE VASTO LATERAL E VASTO MEDIAL DURANTE MEIO-AGACHAMENTO / KINESIO TAPING DON'T CHANGE EMG RELATION BETWEEN VASTUS LATERALIS - MEDIALIS IN HALF SQUAT / KINESIO TAPING NO ALTERA LA RELACIÓN EMG ENTRE VASTO LATERAL Y VASTO MEDIAL DURANTE MEDIO AGACHAMIENTO

RESUMO Introdução: Kinesio Taping é uma técnica realizada com aplicação de fitas elásticas sobre a pele, que se propõe a produzir determinados efeitos com fins de prevenção e tratamento das lesões musculoesqueléticas. No entanto, os meios pelos quais tais efeitos ocorrem continuam sendo investigados e discutidos, principalmente no que diz respeito à utilização no campo da reabilitação e do esporte. Objetivo: Analisar a relação da atividade eletromiográfica encontrada nos músculos vasto lateral (VL) e vasto medial (VM) em duas condições: sem aplicação de Kinesio Taping (GnKT) e com aplicação de Kinesio Taping (GKT) em uma população saudável, com experiência em treinamento de força. Métodos: Dezoito sujeitos do sexo masculino (idade: 28,1 ± 6,9 anos; massa corporal: 85,5 ± 8,3 kg; estatura: 179,5 ± 6,9 cm; comprimento de membro inferior: 97,0 ± 4,2 cm) realizaram o exercício de meio-agachamento livre, com velocidade controlada, sem e com aplicação de Kinesio Taping. A relação foi verificada pela proporção de magnitude de ativação (VM/VL), utilizando-se os valores de root mean square (RMS). A sequência para realização dos exercícios nas condições mencionadas foi randomizada e balanceada. Resultados: Os valores encontrados para a razão VM/VL na situação GnKT foram de 83,96 ± 5,79% para VM e 84,13 ± 7,16% para VL. Já na situação GKT, 84,55 ± 16,97% para VM e 80,53 ± 9,20% para VL. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas nos valores de RMS para a relação VM/VL submetidos a aplicação de Kinesio Taping. Conclusão: A aplicação de Kinesio Taping não demonstrou influenciar a relação da atividade eletromiográfica entre os músculos vasto lateral e vasto medial durante a execução do exercício de meio-agachamento.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Kinesio Taping is a technique carried out with application of elastic tapes on the skin, which is intended to produce certain effects on prevention and treatment of musculoskeletal injuries. However, the means by which these effects occur are still being investigated and discussed, particularly with regard to rehabilitation and sport. Objective: To analyze the relationship of the electromyographic activity found in the vastus lateralis (VL) and vastus medialis (VM) muscles on two conditions: without the application of Kinesio Taping (GnKT) and with the application of Kinesio Taping (GKT) in a healthy population with experience in strength training. Methods: Eighteen male subjects (age: 28.1 ± 6.9 years, body mass: 85.5 ± 8.3 kg, height: 179.5 ± 6.9 cm, length of lower limb: 97.0 ± 4.2 cm) performed the exercise of free half-squat with controlled speed with and without applying Kinesio Taping. The relationship was verified by the ratio of activation magnitude (VM/VL) using the root mean square (RMS). The sequence for the exercises under such conditions was randomized and balanced. Results: The values for the ratio VM/VL in the GnKT situation were 83.96 ± 5.79% for VM and 84.13 ± 7.16% for VL. In the GKT situation, 84.55 ± 16.97% for VM and 80.53 ± 9.20% for VL. No significant differences were observed in RMS values for the VM/VL ratio when the Kinesio Taping was applied. Conclusion: The application of Kinesio Taping did not affect the electromyographic ratio between the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis muscles during the half-squat exercise.

RESUMEN Introducción: Kinesio Taping es una técnica realizada con aplicación de cintas elásticas sobre la piel, que se propone producir determinados efectos con fines de prevención y tratamiento de las lesiones musculoesqueléticas. Sin embargo, los medios por los que tales efectos ocurren continúan siendo investigados e discutidos, principalmente en lo que refiere al uso en el campo de la rehabilitación y del deporte. Objetivo: Analizar la relación de la actividad electromiográfica encontrada en los músculos vasto lateral (VL) y vasto medial (VM) en dos condiciones: sin aplicación de Kinesio Taping (GnKT) y con aplicación de Kinesio Taping (GKT) en una población saludable, con experiencia en entrenamiento de fuerza. Métodos: Dieciocho sujetos del sexo masculino (edad: 28,1 ± 6,9 años; masa corporal: 85,5 ± 8,3 kg; estatura: 179,5 ± 6,9 cm; longitud de miembro inferior: 97,0 ± 4,2 cm) realizaron el ejercicio de medio agachamiento libre, con velocidad controlada, sin y con aplicación de Kinesio Taping. La relación fue verificada por la proporción de magnitud de activación (VM/VL), utilizándose los valores de root mean square (RMS). La secuencia para realización de los ejercicios en las condiciones mencionadas fue aleatorizada y balanceada. Resultados: Los valores encontrados para la razón VM/VL en la situación GnKT fueron de 83,96 ± 5,79% para VM y 84,13 ± 7,16% para VL. Ya en la situación GKT, 84,55 ± 16,97% para VM y 80,53 ± 9,20% para VL. No fueron observadas diferencias significativas en los valores de RMS para la relación VM/VL sometidos a la aplicación de Kinesio Taping. Conclusión: La aplicación de Kinesio Taping no demostró influenciar la relación de la actividad electromiográfica entre los músculos vasto lateral y vasto medial durante la ejecución del ejercicio de medio agachamiento.

AN INEXPENSIVE METHOD TO MEASURE KNEE EXTENSORS' POWER IN OLDER ADULTS / MÉTODO ACESSÍVEL PARA MEDIÇÃO DE POTÊNCIA DE EXTENSÃO DE JOELHO EM IDOSOS / MÉTODO ACCESIBLE PARA MEDIDA DE POTENCIA EN LA EXTENSIÓN DE LA RODILLA EN ANCIANOS

Introduction: Measuring knee extensors' power in elderly population is crucial but not accessible to everyone. Objective: To provide a method to calculate knee extensors' power in a conventional knee extension machine. Method: Thirteen sedentary elderly women (69.3±4.1 years) performed six knee extensions as fast as possible. Kinematic data, an anthropometric model and Newtonian mechanics was used to write movement equations that allowed calculating knee extensors' power and work. The reliability was assessed by variables' coefficient of variation, intraclass correlation coefficient and standard measurement error. Results: Knee extensors' peak power and work values obtained were in agreement with the literature. We found high intraclass ICC values for both variables (93% and 97%, respectively) and low normalized SEM (10.13% and 2.09%, respectively). Conclusion: We provided an inexpensive method to assess a major physical dysfunction indicator in older adults which can also be used to evaluate the progression of an intervention.

Introdução: Avaliar a potência de extensão de joelhos na população idosa é crucial, porém não acessível a todos. Objetivo: Propor um método para calcular a potência de extensão de joelhos em uma cadeira extensora convencional. Métodos: Treze idosas sedentárias (69.3±4.1 anos) realizaram seis extensões de joelho na maior velocidade possível. Dados cinemáticos, um modelo antropométrico e mecânica Newtoniana foram aplicados para elaborar as equações do movimento que permitiram o cálculo do trabalho e da potência de extensão de joelhos. A confiabilidade foi avaliada pelo coeficiente de variação, pelo coeficiente de correlação intra-classe e pelo erro padrão de medida. Resultados: Os valores do trabalho e do pico de potência de extensão de joelhos encontrados corroboram com os relatados na literatura. Foi encontrado uma alta correlação intra-classe para ambas variáveis (97% e 93%, respectivamente) e baixo erro padrão de medida (2.09% e 10.13%, respectivamente). Conclusão: Foi proposto um método acessível para avaliar o principal indicador de disfunção física de idosos, que pode ser utilizado igualmente para o acompanhamento dos resultados de uma intervenção.

Introducción: Evaluar el poder de la extensión de rodilla en los ancianos es fundamental, pero no es asequible para todos. Objetivo: Desarrollar un método para calcular la potencia de la extensión de rodilla en una extensión convencional pierna. Métodos: Trece mujeres mayores sedentarias (69,3 ± 4,1 años) realizaron seis extensiones de rodilla con la mayor velocidad posible. Datos cinemáticos, un modelo antropométrico y la mecánica newtoniana fueron aplicados para derivar las ecuaciones de movimiento que permitieron el cálculo del trabajo y la potencia de la extensión de rodilla. La fiabilidad se evaluó mediante el coeficiente de variación, el coeficiente de correlación intraclase y el nivel de error de medición. Resultados: Los valores encontrados para el trabajo y la potencia máxima en la extensión de rodillas corroboran con los reportados en la literatura. Un alto ICC para ambas variables fue encontrado (97% y 93%, respectivamente) y un bajo EPM (2,09% y 10,13%, respectivamente). Conclusión: Se demostró un método económico para evaluar el indicador primario de la disfunción física en los ancianos, que puede ser utilizado tanto para el monitoreo de la disfunción como para la intervención.

Individual analysis of creatine kinase concentration in Brazilian elite soccer players / Análise individual das concentrações da creatina quinase em jogadores de elite do futebol brasileiro / Análisis individual de concentraciones de la creatina quinasa en futbolistas brasileños de elite

OBJECTIVE: to determine the individual profile of blood concentration of creatine kinase CK in elite soccer players as well as to analyze the CK concentrations in different periods during the Professional Brazilian Championship. METHODS: resting CK of 17 soccer players was evaluated before the competition pre-season and after the matches 36 and 46 hours after the games CKGame for the individual blood CK. The Chi-square test was used to analyze the individual CK during the season. The competitive season was divided into three periods: initial, intermediate and final. The one-way ANOVA with repeated measurements followed by post hoc Student-Newman-Keuls test was used to compare the individual CK of each soccer player in each competitive period. The significance level was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: the highest frequency of individual CK was found in the second quartile 71 observations and the lowest frequency in the first 26 observations and the fourth quartile 40 observations compared to the expected number of 45.8 x2=22.21. CK concentrations were lower in the intermediate mean=66.99% and final mean=60.21% periods than in the initial period mean=89.33%. CONCLUSION: soccer players did not show elevated muscle damage and probably a muscle adaptation occurred in the competition, due to the reduction of CK concentrations observed. .

OBJETIVO: determinar o perfil individual das concentrações sanguíneas de creatina quinase em jogadores de futebol de elite, bem como, analisar as concentrações de CK em diferentes períodos durante o campeonato brasileiro. MÉTODOS: a CK de repouso de 17 jogadores de futebol foi avaliada antes da competição pré-temporada e após as partidas 36 e 46 horas após os jogos CKGame para obter a CK sanguínea individual. O teste de Chi-quadrado foi utilizado para analisar a CK individual durante a temporada. A temporada competitiva foi dividida em três períodos: inicial, intermediário e final. A ANOVA one-way com medidas repetidas seguida pelo teste post hoc Student-Newman-Keuls foi utilizada para comparar a CK individual de cada jogador de futebol em cada período competitivo. O nível de significância adotado foi de p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: a maior frequência da CK individual foi encontrada no segundo quartil 71 observações e a menor frequência no primeiro 26 observações e no quarto quartil 40 observações em comparação com o número esperado de 45,8 x2 = 22,21. As concentrações de CK foram menores nos períodos intermediário média = 66,99% e final média = 60,21% do que no período inicial média = 89,33%. CONCLUSÃO: os jogadores de futebol não apresentaram dano muscular elevado e provavelmente uma adaptação muscular ocorreu na competição, devido à redução observada das concentrações de CK. .

OBJETIVO: determinar el perfil individual de las concentraciones sanguíneas de creatina quinasa en futbolistas de elite, y evaluar las concentraciones de CK en diferentes períodos durante el campeonato brasileño. MÉTODOS: la CK de reposo de 17 futbolistas se evaluó antes de la competición pretemporada y después de los partidos 36 y 46 horas después de los juegos CKGame para obtener la CK sanguínea individual. La prueba de Chi-cuadrado se utilizó para analizar la CK individual durante la temporada. La temporada competitiva se dividió en tres periodos: inicial, intermedio y final. El ANOVA one-way con medidas repetidas seguido por el test post hoc Student-Newman-Keuls se utilizó para comparar la CK individual de cada futbolista en cada período competitivo. El nivel de significación se fijó en p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: la mayor frecuencia de la CK individual fue encontrada en el segundo cuartil 71 observaciones y la frecuencia más baja en el primero 26 observaciones y el cuarto cuartil 40 observaciones en comparación con el número esperado de 45,8 x2 = 22,21. Las concentraciones de CK fueron menores en los períodos intermedio media = 66,99% y final media = 60,21% que en el período inicial media = 89,33%. CONCLUSIÓN: las futbolistas no presentaron un daño muscular alto y probablemente una adaptación muscular ocurrió en la competición, debido a la reducción observada de las concentraciones de CK. .

Análise da validade dos parâmetros absolutos e relativos para o cálculo da potência anaeróbia no RAST / Analysis of the absolute and relative parameters validity for anaerobic power output in RAST

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a validade dos parâmetros de potência absolutos e relativos do Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) com base no teste de Wingate (WAnT). Doze voluntários do sexo masculino com idade de 25,50 anos (± 2,32) realizaram os testes RAST e WAnT. Foram observados valores significativos (p < 0,01) de correlação para a potência máxima absoluta (r = 0,76) e para a potência média absoluta (r = 0,74) dos testes, entretanto, os valores relativos apresentaram correlações não significativas (r = 0,54 e 0,27 respectivamente). Todos os parâmetros analisados apresentaram diferenças significativas (p < 0,01) na comparação entre WAnT e RAST. Desta forma, os resultados sugerem que apenas os parâmetros de potência absoluta do RAST são válidos. Assim ao aplicar o RAST para avaliação e/ou prescrição de treinamento, ou em pesquisas científicas, devem ser usados preferencialmente os parâmetros absolutos do teste.

The aim of the present study was to analyze the absolute and relative parameters validity for Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) based on Wingate test (WAnT). Twelve male volunteers aged 25.50 ± 2.32 years old performed both RAST and WAnT. Significant (p < 0.01) correlation values for the absolute maximum power (r = 0.76) and mean absolute power (0.74) was found but the relative mean values did not showed significant correlations for both maximum (r = 0.54) and average power output (r = 0.27). Significant differences (p < 0.01) between WAnT and RAST were found for all assessed parameters. Therefore, the results of the present study suggest that the RAST should be used with caution for prescription training and evaluation, and acquisition of scientific data. The results also suggest that only the absolute parameters of the test are good predictors of anaerobic power.

Desenvolvimento de um método de familiarização individualizado para saltos verticais / Development of an individualized familiarization method for vertical jumps

OBJETIVO: Propor um método de familiarização individualizado para saltos verticais e verificar o seu efeito na variabilidade intrassujeito. MÉTODOS: Cinquenta e três homes (média ± DP; idade 23,5 ± 3,3 anos; estatura 1,76 ± 0,08 m; massa 72,8 ± 8,6 kg; percentual de gordura 12,9 ± 5,2%) realizaram sucessivos saltos até atingir o nível de estabilidade proposto. Após 48 h este processo era repetido e a estabilidade entre dias era verificada, se necessário, mais sessões eram realizadas. O nível de estabilidade foi determinado por um teste z, com intervalo de confiança de 95%. Após o processo de familiarização, duas sessões experimentais adicionais foram realizadas para determinar a confiabilidade do desempenho no salto agachado (SA) e no salto com contramovimento (SCM). O coeficiente de variação e o erro padrão de medida foram determinados individualmente (CVi e EPMi). Um teste t pareado foi realizado para verificar diferenças no CVi e EPMi antes e depois do processo de familiarização. RESULTADOS: O CVi apresentou uma redução significativa após o processo de familiarização (p < 0,001), alterando de 5,01 ± 2,40% para 2,95 ± 0,89% no SA e de 4,50 ± 2,19% para 2,58 ± 0,81% no SCM. O mesmo ocorreu para o EPMi variando de 1,29± 0,53 cm para 0,83 ± 0,25 cm no SA e de 1,35 ± 0,51 cm para 0,83 ± 0,26 cm no SCM. CONCLUSÃO: o método de familiarização individualizado proposto reduziu significativamente a variação intrassujeito, permitindo maior poder estatístico em estudos experimentais e maior sensibilidade para ferramentas de monitoramento do desempenho.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to propose an individualized familiarization method for vertical jumps and to verify its effect on intra-subject variability. METHODS: Fifty three men (mean ± S.D.; age 23.5 ± 3.3; height 1.76 ± 0.08 m; mass 72.8 ± 8.6 Kg; body fat 12.9 ± 5.2%) performed successive jumps to reach the proposed stability level. After 48 hours, this process was repeated and the stability between the days was verified; if necessary, more sessions were performed. The stability level was determined by a Z-Test with a confidence interval of 95%. After the familiarization process, two additional experimental sessions were performed in order to determine the reliability of the performance in the Squat Jump (SJ) and the Countermovement Jump (CMJ). The coefficient of variation and standard error of measurement were determined individually (CVi and SEMi). A paired T-Test was performed to verify differences in the CVi and SEMi before and after the familiarization process. RESULTS: The CVi presented a significant reduction after the familiarization process (p < 0.001), changing from 5.01 ± 2.40% to 2.95 ± 0.89% in the SJ. The CVi also changed in the CMJ (from 4.50 ± 2.19% to 2.58 ± 0.81%). The same also occurred with the SEMi in both the SJ and the CMJ, changing from 1.29 ± 0.53 cm to 0.83 ± 0.25 cm in the SJ and from 1.35 ± 0.51cm to 0.83 ± 0.26 cm in the CMJ. CONCLUSION: The proposed individualized familiarization method significantly decreased intra-subject variability, which allows for a higher statistical power in the laboratorial setting and a greater sensitivity for performance monitoring tools.