Low Incidence of Delayed Intracranial Hemorrhage in Geriatric Emergency Department Patients on Preinjury Anticoagulation Presenting with Blunt Head Trauma.

BACKGROUND: Delayed intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) after head injury in older patients taking anticoagulants has been reported to be as high as 7.2%. Other studies suggest much lower rates. Its incidence and clinical management are controversial, with some recommending observation and repeat head imaging at 24 h. OBJECTIVE: Our study aims to assess the incidence of delayed ICH in geriatric Emergency Department (ED) head trauma patients prescribed preinjury anticoagulants. METHODS: We performed a prospective cohort study conducted at two hospital EDs from August 2019 to July 2020. All patients aged 65 years or older with acute head injury were eligible for enrollment. We conducted telephone follow-up at 14 and 60 days, and a chart review at 90 days. The primary study outcome was incidence of delayed ICH, which was defined as an initial negative head computed tomography scan followed by subsequent ICH believed to be caused by the initial traumatic event. We compared the rates of delayed ICH between patient cohorts based on anticoagulant use. RESULTS: There were 3425 patients enrolled: 2300 (67.2%) were not on an anticoagulant, 249 (7%) were on preinjury warfarin, 780 (22.7%) were on a direct-acting oral anticoagulant, and 96 (2.8%) were on enoxaparin or heparin. The median age was 82 years (interquartile range 65-107), the majority were female (55.2%), and almost all were Caucasian (84.3%). An acute ICH was identified in 229 of 3425 (6.7%, 95% confidence interval 6-8%) and delayed ICH in 13 (0.4%, 95% confidence interval 0.2-0.6%). There were no differences in rates of delayed ICH between those who had been prescribed anticoagulants vs. those who had not (p = 0.45). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of delayed ICH is very low in older ED head trauma patients on prescribed pre-injury anticoagulants. Our data have important clinical implications for the management of blunt head trauma among older ED patients on anticoagulants.

Alcohol use is associated with intracranial hemorrhage in older emergency department head trauma patients.

Objectives: Falls are common in adults aged 65 years and older and are the leading cause of traumatic brain injuries in this age group. Alcohol use may increase the risk of falls as well as the severity of resultant injuries. The aim of this study was to examine the association between self-reported alcohol use and the prevalence of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in this patient group. Methods: This was a secondary analysis of the Geriatric Head Trauma Short Term Outcomes Project (GREAT STOP), a study of older adults with blunt head trauma from a fall. We determined the characteristics of every fall event, including patient demographics and medical history, and clinical signs and symptoms related to head trauma. Self-reported alcohol use was categorized as none, occasionally, weekly, or daily. We defined ICH as any acute ICH detected by computed tomography scan. We evaluated the association between alcohol use frequency and ICH, adjusted for patient factors and head injury risk factors. Results: Of 3128 study participants, 18.2% (n = 567) reported alcohol use: 10.3% with occasional use, 1.9% with weekly use, and 6.0% with daily use. ICH was more common in patients who used alcohol (20.5%, 22.0%, and 25.1% for occasional, weekly, and daily alcohol users, respectively, vs. 12.0% for non-users, p < 0.001). The frequency of alcohol use was independently associated with ICH, adjusted for patient and head injury risk factors. The adjusted odds ratios (with 95% confidence intervals) for occasional, weekly, and daily alcohol users increased from 2.0 (1.5‒2.8) to 2.1 (1.1‒4.1) and 2.5 (1.7‒3.6), respectively, and showed the characteristics of dose‒response effect. Conclusions: Alcohol use in older adult emergency department patients with head trauma is relatively common. Self-reported alcohol use appears to be associated with a higher risk of ICH in a dose-dependent fashion. Fall prevention strategies may need to consider alcohol mitigation as a modifiable risk factor.

The Florida Geriatric Head Trauma CT Clinical Decision Rule.

BACKGROUND: Several clinical decision rules have been devised to guide head computed tomography (CT) use in patients with minor head injuries, but none have been validated in patients 65 years or older. We aimed to derive and validate a head injury clinical decision rule for older adults. METHODS: We conducted a secondary analysis of an existing dataset of consecutive emergency department (ED) patients >65 years old with blunt head trauma. The main predictive outcomes were significant intracranial injury and Need for Neurosurgical Intervention on CT. The secondary outcomes also considered in the model development and validation were All Injuries and All Intracranial Injuries. Predictor variables were identified using multiple variable logistic regression, and clinical decision rule models were developed in a split-sample derivation cohort and then tested in an independent validation cohort. RESULTS: Of 5776 patients, 233 (4.0%) had significant intracranial injury and an additional 104 (1.8%) met CT criteria for Need for Neurosurgical Intervention. The best performing model, the Florida Geriatric Head Trauma CT Clinical Decision Rule, assigns points based on several clinical variables. If the points totaled 25 or more, a CT scan is indicated. The included predictors were arrival via Emergency Medical Services (+30 points), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) <15 (+20 points), GCS <14 (+50 points), antiplatelet medications (+17 points), loss of consciousness (+16 points), signs of basilar skull fracture (+50 points), and headache (+20 points). Utilizing this clinical decision rule in the validation cohort, a point total ≥25 had a sensitivity and specificity of 100.0% (95% CI: 96.0-100) and 12.3% (95% CI: 10.9-13.8), respectively, for significant intracranial injury and Need for Neurosurgical Intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The Florida Geriatric Head Trauma CT Clinical Decision Rule has the potential to reduce unnecessary CT scans in older adults, without compromising safe emergency medicine practice.

Feeding Difficulties and Gastrostomy in Dravet Syndrome: A UK-Wide Survey and 2-Center Experience.

Background and Objectives: Dravet syndrome (DS) is one of the most common monogenic epilepsies. Alongside the core seizure and developmental phenotypes, problems with appetite, swallowing, and weight loss are frequently reported, necessitating gastrostomy in some. We explored the burden of feeding difficulties and need for gastrostomy across 3 DS populations in the United Kingdom. We document caregiver opinion and postgastrostomy outcomes, and provide guidance regarding feeding issues and gastrostomy in DS. Methods: A retrospective, observational study was conducted; data were collected from medical records of 124 individuals with DS attending clinics at the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, and Great Ormond Street Hospital, and from 65 DS caregiver responses to a UK-wide survey. Results: In total, 64 of 124 (52%) had at least 1 feeding difficulty; 21 of 124 (17%) had a gastrostomy, and gastrostomy was being considered in 5%; the most common reasons for gastrostomy were poor appetite (81%) and weight loss/failure to gain weight (71%). Median age at gastrostomy was 17 years (range 2.5-59). Multivariate analyses identified several factors that in combination contributed to risk of feeding difficulties and gastrostomy, including treatment with several antiseizure medications (ASMs), of which stiripentol made a unique contribution to risk of gastrostomy (p = 0.048, odds ratio 3.20, 95% CI 1.01-10.16). Preinsertion, 88% of caregivers were worried about the gastrostomy, with concerns across a range of issues. Postgastrostomy, 88% of caregivers were happy that their child had the gastrostomy, and >90% agreed that the gastrostomy ensured medication compliance, that their child's overall health was better, and that quality of life improved. Discussion: Feeding difficulties are common in DS, and 17% require a gastrostomy to address these. Risk factors for feeding difficulties in DS are unknown, but ASMs may play a role. There is a high level of caregiver concern regarding gastrostomy preprocedure; however, postgastrostomy caregiver opinion is positive. Feeding difficulties should be proactively sought during review of people with DS, and the potential need for gastrostomy should be discussed.

COVID-19 response in a long-term care facility for people with epilepsy.

OBJECTIVE: To assess asymptomatic rates and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection in people with epilepsy and their healthcare workers in a long-term care facility which had implemented weekly surveillance testing between April 2020 and June 2022. METHODS: Questionnaires focused on objective and subjective COVID-19 symptoms for people with epilepsy residing in and their healthcare workers at the Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy in June 2022. Demographic information, comorbidities, and seizure frequency were gathered from medical records. We also collected responses on objective and subjective COVID-19 symptoms from healthcare workers who participated in a prospective study assessing the reaction to COVID-19 vaccinations (SAFER). RESULTS: Fifty-five out of 89 (62%) residents tested positive at least once on weekly PCR testing for SARS-CoV-2 during the period of interest; 20 of those (37%) were asymptomatic. In comparison, of those 63 healthcare workers who tested positive at least once on weekly testing during the same period, only four (6%) were asymptomatic. Of the 159 healthcare workers who also participated in the SAFER study, 41 tested positive at least once, and seven (17%) were completely asymptomatic during infection with SARS-CoV-2. SIGNIFICANCE: People with epilepsy living in a long-term care facility were more likely to present with asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections than healthcare workers at the same facility. Despite possible bias in the reporting of subjective symptoms due to management-by-proxy, there is no evidence that vulnerable people living in an epilepsy long-term care facility showed reduced resilience towards infections. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: People with epilepsy living in care home facilities had a surprisingly high degree of asymptomatic infections with SARS-CoV-2. Very few residents had severe or fatal outcomes. This is in stark contrast to the widely reported bad outcomes for people without epilepsy in other care homes. People with epilepsy reported significantly less symptoms than their healthcare workers. No changes in seizure frequency during or after infection were observed.

Lack of patient and primary care physician follow-up in geriatric emergency department patients with head trauma from a fall.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Falls are the leading cause of injuries in the US for older adults. Follow-up after an ED-related fall visit is essential to initiate preventive strategies in these patients who are at very high risk for recurrent falls. It is currently unclear how frequently follow-up occurs and whether preventive strategies are implemented. Our objective is to determine the rate of follow-up by older adults who sustain a fall related head injury resulting in an ED visit, the rate and type of risk assessment and adoption of preventive strategies. METHODS: This 1-year prospective observational study was conducted at two South Florida hospitals. All older ED patients with an acute head injury due to a fall were identified. Telephone surveys were conducted 14 days after ED presentation asking about PCP follow-up and adoption of fall prevention strategies. Clinical and demographic characteristics were compared between patients with and without follow up. RESULTS: Of 4951 patients with a head injury from a fall, 1527 met inclusion criteria. 905 reported follow-up with their PCP. Of these, 72% reported receiving a fall assessment and 56% adopted a fall prevention strategy. Participants with PCP follow-up were significantly more likely to have a history of cancer or hypertension. CONCLUSION: Only 60% of ED patients with fall-related head injury follow-up with their PCP. Further, 72% received a fall assessment and only 56% adopted a fall prevention strategy. These data indicate an urgent need to promote PCP fall assessment and adoption of prevention strategies in these patients.

Repeat Fall Risk in Geriatric Patients After Fall-Induced Head Trauma.

Introduction There are many known risk factors for falls, with poor health and physiologic decreases in function as the major contributors to fall risk in older adults. However, risk factors for repeat falls after initial ED discharge are not well-described. This study seeks to prospectively investigate risk factors for short-term repeat falls in geriatric ED patients with fall-related head trauma who do not require hospital admission. Methods This is a prospective study of patients aged 65 years and older with fall-related head trauma who presented to the EDs of two community level I trauma centers. Patients were excluded for intracerebral hemorrhage, admission during initial ED visit, or death in the hospital. Patients were followed for 14 days. Patient characteristics, repeat ED visits, and reason for returns were noted. Results About 2,143 patients were identified as meeting the inclusion criteria. Within 14 days of the initial presentation, 14.1% of patients returned to the ED, with 8.3% presenting with a complaint related to the initial trauma and 2.6% with a new injury. Patients with comorbidities of dementia (OR 3.02, 95% CI, 1.72-5.33, p<0.001), stroke (OR 2.12, 95% CI, 1.05-4.27, p=0.031), and smoking (OR 4.27, 95% CI,1.76-10.37, p<0.001) were significantly more likely to sustain a new injury leading to a repeat ED visit within 14 days. Conclusions After an ED visit due to a fall, over one in 10 patients will re-present to the ED due to a new injury or sequelae from the initial fall. In the immediate period after a fall, enhanced outpatient follow-up or risk mitigation strategies should be considered to lessen return visits and decrease morbidity.

Computed Tomography Imaging of Geriatric Patients with Uncertain Head Trauma.

BACKGROUND: Although clinical decision rules exist for patients with head injuries, no tool assesses patients with unknown trauma events. Patients with uncertain trauma may have unnecessary brain imaging. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated risk factors and outcomes of geriatric patients with uncertain head injury. METHODS: This prospective cohort study included geriatric patients with definite or uncertain head injury presenting to two emergency departments (EDs). Patients were grouped as definite or uncertain head trauma based on history and physical examination. Outcomes were intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) on head computed tomography (CT), need for neurosurgical intervention, and mortality. Risk factors assessed included gender, alcohol use, tobacco use, history of dementia, anticoagulant use, antiplatelet use, and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score < 15. RESULTS: We enrolled 2905 patients with definite head trauma and 950 with uncertain head trauma. Rates of acute ICH (10.7% vs. 1.5%; odds ratio [OR] 8.02; 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.67-13.76), delayed ICH (0.7% vs. 0.1%; OR 6.58; 95% CI 4.67-13.76), and neurosurgical intervention (1.2% vs. 0.3%; OR 3.74; 95% CI 1.15-12.20) were all higher in definite vs. uncertain head injuries. There were no differences in mortality. Patients with definite trauma had higher rates of ICH with male gender (OR 1.58; 95% CI 1.24-1.99), alcohol use (OR 1.62; 95% CI 1.25-2.09), antiplatelet use (OR 1.84; 95% CI 1.46-2.31), and GCS score < 15 (OR 3.24; 95% CI 2.54-4.13). Patients with uncertain trauma had no characteristics associated with increased ICH. CONCLUSIONS: Although ICH rates among patients with uncertain head trauma was eight times lower than those with definite head trauma, the risk of ICH is high enough to warrant CT imaging of all geriatric patients with uncertain head injury.

Testing for pharmacogenomic predictors of ppRNFL thinning in individuals exposed to vigabatrin.

Background: The anti-seizure medication vigabatrin (VGB) is effective for controlling seizures, especially infantile spasms. However, use is limited by VGB-associated visual field loss (VAVFL). The mechanisms by which VGB causes VAVFL remains unknown. Average peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (ppRNFL) thickness correlates with the degree of visual field loss (measured by mean radial degrees). Duration of VGB exposure, maximum daily VGB dose, and male sex are associated with ppRNFL thinning. Here we test the hypothesis that common genetic variation is a predictor of ppRNFL thinning in VGB exposed individuals. Identifying pharmacogenomic predictors of ppRNFL thinning in VGB exposed individuals could potentially enable safe prescribing of VGB and broader use of a highly effective drug. Methods: Optical coherence topography (OCT) and GWAS data were processed from VGB-exposed individuals (n = 71) recruited through the EpiPGX Consortium. We conducted quantitative GWAS analyses for the following OCT measurements: (1) average ppRNFL, (2) inferior quadrant, (3) nasal quadrant, (4) superior quadrant, (5) temporal quadrant, (6) inferior nasal sector, (7) nasal inferior sector, (8) superior nasal sector, and (9) nasal superior sector. Using the summary statistics from the GWAS analyses we conducted gene-based testing using VEGAS2. We conducted nine different PRS analyses using the OCT measurements. To determine if VGB-exposed individuals were predisposed to having a thinner RNFL, we calculated their polygenic burden for retinal thickness. PRS alleles for retinal thickness were calculated using published summary statistics from a large-scale GWAS of inner retinal morphology using the OCT images of UK Biobank participants. Results: The GWAS analyses did not identify a significant association after correction for multiple testing. Similarly, the gene-based and PRS analyses did not reveal a significant association that survived multiple testing. Conclusion: We set out to identify common genetic predictors for VGB induced ppRNFL thinning. Results suggest that large-effect common genetic predictors are unlikely to exist for ppRNFL thinning (as a marker of VAVFL). Sample size was a limitation of this study. However, further recruitment is a challenge as VGB is rarely used today because of this adverse reaction. Rare variants may be predictors of this adverse drug reaction and were not studied here.

Head computerized tomography in emergency department evaluation of the geriatric patient with generalized weakness.

Objective: Weakness in older emergency department (ED) patients presents a broad differential. Evaluation of these patients can be challenging, and the efficacy of head computed tomography (CT) imaging is unclear. This study assesses the usefulness of head CT as a diagnostic study of acute generalized weakness in older ED patients. Methods: This retrospective review of patients aged 65 years and older presenting to 2 community EDs included patients with a chief complaint of generalized weakness who received a head CT. Patients presenting with a focal neurologic complaint, altered mental status, or trauma were excluded. Variables evaluated included additional triage chief complaints, dementia diagnosis, and deficits on physical examination. Primary outcome was acute intracranial finding on head CT. Secondary outcomes included neurology consultation, neurosurgical consultation, and neurosurgical intervention. Results: Of 247 patients, 3.2% had an acute intracranial abnormality on head CT. Emergent consultations for neurology and neurosurgery occurred for 1.6% and 2.4% of patients, respectively. None required neurosurgical intervention. Patients with objective weakness or focal neurologic deficits on physical examination were more likely to have acute findings on head CT (8.5% vs. 2.0%, odds ratio 4.56, confidence interval 1.10-18.95). Additional characteristics did not predict acute intracranial abnormality or need for emergent consultation. Conclusion: Few patients with generalized weakness evaluated with head CT had acutely abnormal intracranial findings. Patients with objective weakness or neurologic deficits were more likely to have acute abnormalities. Although head CT is frequently used to evaluate geriatric weakness, its utility is low, especially in patients with normal physical examinations.

Widespread genomic influences on phenotype in Dravet syndrome, a 'monogenic' condition.

Dravet syndrome is an archetypal rare severe epilepsy, considered 'monogenic', typically caused by loss-of-function SCN1A variants. Despite a recognizable core phenotype, its marked phenotypic heterogeneity is incompletely explained by differences in the causal SCN1A variant or clinical factors. In 34 adults with SCN1A-related Dravet syndrome, we show additional genomic variation beyond SCN1A contributes to phenotype and its diversity, with an excess of rare variants in epilepsy-related genes as a set and examples of blended phenotypes, including one individual with an ultra-rare DEPDC5 variant and focal cortical dysplasia. The polygenic risk score for intelligence was lower, and for longevity, higher, in Dravet syndrome than in epilepsy controls. The causal, major-effect, SCN1A variant may need to act against a broadly compromised genomic background to generate the full Dravet syndrome phenotype, whilst genomic resilience may help to ameliorate the risk of premature mortality in adult Dravet syndrome survivors.

Comparing rates of skull fractures in female versus male geriatric patients who sustain head injuries.

BACKGROUND: Head trauma is the leading cause of serious injury in the older adult population with skull fractures as a serious reported outcome. This study aims to evaluate the role of sex in the risk of skull fracture in patients over the age of 65. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted at two level-one trauma centers, serving a population of 360,000 geriatric residents. Over a year-long period, consecutive patients aged 65 years and older who presented with blunt head injury were included. Patients who did not receive head CT imaging were excluded. The primary outcome was rate of skull fracture due to the acute trauma, compared by sex. Additional factors examined included patient race/ethnicity and mechanism of injury. RESULTS: Among 5402 patients enrolled, 3010 (56%) were female and 2392 (44%) were male. 4612 (85%) of the head injuries sustained were due to falls, and 4536 (90%) of all subjects were Caucasian. Overall, 199 patients (3.7%) sustained skull fractures. Males had a significantly greater rate of skull fracture when compared to females (4.6% vs 3.0%, OR 1.5, 95% CI: 1.2-2.1, p = 0.002). This trend was also seen across race/ethnicity and mechanism of injury. CONCLUSIONS: Older males were found to have a higher rate of skull fractures compared to females after sustaining blunt head trauma, mostly due to falls.

A Simulation-based PPE orientation training curriculum for novice physicians.

Background: Personal protective equipment (PPE) is effective in preventing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection. Resident knowledge of proper use and effective training methods is unknown. We hypothesise that contamination decreases and knowledge increases after a formalised PPE educational session. Methods: Participants included first year interns during their residency orientation in June 2020. Before training, participants took a knowledge test, donned PPE, performed a simulated resuscitation, and doffed. A standardised simulation-based PPE training of the donning and doffing protocol was conducted, and the process repeated. Topical non-toxic highlighter tracing fluid was applied to manikins prior to each simulation. After doffing, areas of contamination, defined as discrete fluorescent areas on participants' body, was evaluated by ultraviolet light. Donning and doffing were video recorded and asynchronously rated by two emergency medicine (EM) physicians using a modified Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) protocol. The primary outcome was PPE training effectiveness defined by contamination and adherence to CDC sequence. Results: Forty-eight residents participated: 24 internal medicine, 12 general surgery, 6 EM, 3 neurology, and 3 psychiatry. Before training, 81% of residents were contaminated after doffing; 17% were contaminated after training (P<0.001). The most common contamination area was the wrist (50% pre-training vs. 10% post-training, P<0.001). Donning sequence adherence improved (52% vs. 98%, P<0.001), as did doffing (46% vs. 85%, P<0.001). Participant knowledge improved (62%-87%, P <0.001). Participant confidence (P<0.001) and preparedness (P<0.001) regarding using PPE increased with training. Conclusion: A simulation-based training improved resident knowledge and performance using PPE.

Sudden Decompensation of Patients Admitted to Non-ICU Settings Within 24 h of Emergency Department Admission.

BACKGROUND: Patients admitted to the hospital floor (non-intensive care (ICU) settings) from the emergency department (ED) are generally stable. Unfortunately, some will unexpectedly decompensate rapidly. This study explores these patients and their characteristics. METHODS: This retrospective, observational study examined patients admitted to non-ICU settings at a community hospital. Patients were identified by rapid response team (RRT) activation, triggered by acute decompensation. ED chief complaint, reason for activation, and vital signs were compared between patients transferred to a higher level of care versus those who were not. RESULTS: Throughout 2019, 424 episodes of acute decompensation were identified, 118 occurring within 24 h of admission. A higher rate of ICU transfers was seen in patients with initial ED chief complaints of general malaise (87.5% vs 12.5%, p = 0.023) and dyspnea (70.6% vs 29.4%, p = 0.050). Patients with sudden decompensation were more likely to need ICU transfer if the RRT reason was respiratory issues (47% vs 24%, p = 0.010) or hypertension (9.1% vs 0%, p = 0.019). Patients with syncope as a reason for decompensation were less likely to need transfer (0% vs 10.3%, p = 0.014). Patients requiring ICU transfer were significantly older (74.4 vs 71.8 years, p = 0.016). No differences in admission vital signs, APACHE score, or qSOFA score were found. CONCLUSIONS: Patients admitted to the floor with chief complaint of general malaise or dyspnea should be considered at higher risk of having a sudden decompensation requiring transfer to a higher level of care. Therefore, greater attention should be taken with disposition of these patients at the time of admission.

Impact of COVID-19 on emergency medicine resident procedure performance.

Background: As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, patterns of patient presentations and medical education have changed, potentially resulting in fewer and different types of patient encounters. Procedural proficiency is a cornerstone of emergency medicine (EM) training, and residents must meet Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) requirements to graduate. It is feared there may have been a pandemic-induced decrease in opportunities for residents to perform procedures. This study investigates the change in procedures performed by EM residents during the initial year of the pandemic. Methods: This study utilized a multicenter retrospective design. Across three EM residency programs, logs of 14 ACGME-required procedures performed by residents were reviewed. For each procedure, counts were compared prepandemic year (March 2019 to February 2020) to during pandemic year (March 2020 to February 2021). Procedures were further grouped into 4-month periods: March to June, July to October, and November to February. Results: A total of 113 EM resident physicians were included in this study. Procedures performed by EM residents tended to decrease during the COVID-19 pandemic. There were statistically significant decreases in number of annual cricothyrotomies (2.4 vs. 0.9, p < 0.001) and pediatric trauma resuscitations (5.7 vs. 3.9, p = 0.024). Comparing the first 4-month periods of each year, there were significant decreases in cardiac pacing (6.3 vs. 5.4, p = 0.038), chest tubes (2.2 vs. 1.0, p < 0.001), cricothyrotomies (0.6 vs. 0.1, p = 0.001), intubations (8.2 vs. 4.4, p = 0.002), and pericardiocenteses (1.7 vs. 0.2, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a decrease in the number of procedures performed per EM resident in many of the domains required by the ACGME. Although only some procedures had statically significant decreases, it remains to be seen if this will lead to decreased resident procedural competency. Further research may be required in this area to determine any such effect.

The Treatment of COVID-19 With Monoclonal Antibody Therapy: Patient-Reported Outcomes.

Objective There have been many efforts to research and produce treatment modalities for COVID-19. Monoclonal antibodies have been one of the effective treatments since their approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under emergency use authorization (EUA) in 2020. This study surveyed COVID-19 patients about their disease course and experience with monoclonal antibody treatment. Methods Patients who received monoclonal antibody treatment between February 12, 2021, and June 2, 2021, at a South Florida community hospital were enrolled in the study. This included patients over 18 years of age with a confirmed positive COVID-19 test result, with mild to moderate symptoms within 10 days of onset and identified as high risk for progression to severe disease. There were no exclusion criteria. After 30 days, patients were followed up via a structured telephone survey regarding subsequent emergency department (ED) visits for worsening COVID-19 symptoms, need for oxygenation, intubation, and death. Secondary outcomes were adverse effects and patient perceptions. Results Among the 119 patients who received monoclonal antibodies during the established time frame, 93 (78.1%) consented to participate in the telephone survey. Of these, 11.8% had a subsequent visit to the ED for worsening COVID-19 symptoms, 6.5% required oxygen, and 2.2% were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). There were no reported intubations or deaths. The vast majority (91.4%) would recommend monoclonal antibody treatment to others. Conclusion Patients who received monoclonal antibody therapy had low rates of subsequent ED visits and rarely required oxygen or ICU admission. The majority of patients would recommend treatment with monoclonal antibodies to others.

Case report: Dravet syndrome, feeding difficulties and gastrostomy.

Dravet syndrome (DS) is a developmental and epileptic encephalopathy associated with variants in the voltage-gated sodium channel alpha 1 subunit (SCN1A) gene in around 90% of individuals. The core phenotype is well-recognized, and is characterized by seizure onset in infancy, typically with prolonged febrile seizures, followed by the emergence of multiple seizure types that are frequently drug-resistant, developmental delay, and intellectual disability. Comorbidities are common and include autism spectrum disorder, gait impairment, scoliosis, and sleep disorder. Feeding difficulties and weight loss are frequently reported by DS caregivers, and negatively impact quality of life, yet have received little attention. Here we report an adult with DS who developed reduced food and fluid intake in adolescence, resulting in weight loss and malnutrition. No underlying cause for her feeding difficulties was identified, and she subsequently required insertion of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. We review the occurrence of feeding difficulties in people with DS and discuss potential mechanisms.

Controversial COVID-19 Cures: Hydroxychloroquine and Oleander Pediatric Ingestion Simulation Cases.

INTRODUCTION: The use of hydroxychloroquine has dramatically increased since being touted as a potential therapeutic in combating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This newfound popularity increases the risk of accidental pediatric ingestion, whereby just one or two tablets causes morbidity and mortality from seizures, cardiac dysrhythmias, and cardiogenic shock. The unique management of hydroxychloroquine overdose makes it imperative for emergency medicine physicians to have familiarity with treating this condition. Similarly, ​​during the COVID-19 pandemic, there have been publicized cases touting extracts of oleander as being a potential therapeutic against the illness. Since it is commonly available and potentially lethal ingestion with a possible antidote, we developed a simulation case based on the available literature. The two cases were combined to create a pediatric toxicology curriculum for emergency medicine residents and medical students. Both of these treatments were selected as simulation cases since they were being touted by prominent national figures as potential cures for COVID-19. METHODS: Two series of simulation cases were conducted in a high-fidelity simulation lab with emergency medicine residents and medical students. The hydroxychloroquine simulation case involved the management of a four-year-old male who presented to the emergency department with nausea, vomiting, and tachycardia after ingesting hydroxychloroquine tablets. As the case unfolded, the child became increasingly unstable, eventually experiencing QT prolongation, torsades de pointes, and ventricular fibrillation arrest requiring appropriate resuscitation to achieve a return of spontaneous circulation. The oleander simulation case involved the management of a three-year-old male who presented to the emergency department with nausea, vomiting, and tachycardia after ingesting parts of an unknown plant. As that case progresses, the child becomes increasingly unstable, eventually experiencing atrial fibrillation, bradycardia, and degenerating into pulseless electrical activity and cardiac arrest requiring appropriate resuscitation to achieve the return of spontaneous circulation. Both series of simulation cases were modifiable based on trainee level and had the ability to include ancillary emergency department staff. RESULTS: Each simulation case was performed six times at our simulation center, with a total of 22 learners for the hydroxychloroquine case, and 14 for the oleander case. Through pre- and post-simulation confidence assessments, learners demonstrated increases in knowledge of toxidromes, evaluating pediatric overdoses, treating cardiac dysrhythmias, performing pediatric advanced life support, and managing post-arrest care. Learners also demonstrated improvements in recognizing the unique treatment of hydroxychloroquine and oleander toxicity, the toxic dose of both substances in a child, and the most common electrolyte anomaly seen in each toxicity. DISCUSSION: Simulation training enables learners to manage rare and complex disease processes. These cases were designed to educate trainees in recognizing and treating rare overdoses of emerging "therapeutics" that were touted early in the COVID-19 pandemic.

Time from hospital presentation to head imaging in White, Black, and Hispanic geriatric trauma patients.

BACKGROUND: Health care disparities have been shown to negatively affect non-White people sustaining traumas, leading to increased morbidity and mortality. One possible explanation could be delays in emergent medical care. This study aims to assess if a disparity between races exists amongst acutely head-injured geriatric patients, as evidenced by the time it takes from emergency department (ED) presentation to performance of head computerized tomography (CT) imaging. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted from August 15, 2019 to August 14, 2020 at the two trauma centers in a south Florida county covering 1.5 million residents. Patients aged ≥ 65 years who sustained a head injury were identified daily. Patients who had a head injury >24 h prior, sustained penetrating trauma, or were transferred from another hospital were excluded. The primary outcome was time measured between ED presentation and CT head performance. Patients were grouped by race as selected from White, Black, Hispanic, and other. Comparisons were made using ANOVA analysis. RESULTS: 4878 patients were included. 90% were White. The mean times to CT head were 90.3 min for White patients, 98.1 min for Black patients, and 86.6 min for Hispanic patients. There was a significant difference comparing time to CT between the three groups (F = 2.892, p = 0.034). Comparing each group to a combined others, there were no significant differences for White vs non-White (90.3 vs 91.3, F = 0.154, p = 0.695) or Hispanic vs non-Hispanic (86.6 vs 90.5, F = 0.918, p = 0.338); however Black vs non-Black (98.1 vs 89.9, F = 4.828, p = 0.028) was significant. CONCLUSIONS: Geriatric Black patients who sustained head trauma were found to have a longer time from ED presentation to performance of head CT than their non-Black counterparts.