Prognostic value of specific KRAS mutations in patients with colorectal peritoneal metastases.

BACKGROUND: There is little evidence on KRAS mutational profiles in colorectal cancer (CRC) peritoneal metastases (PM). This study aims to determine the prevalence of specific KRAS mutations and their prognostic value in a homogeneous cohort of patients with isolated CRC PM treated with cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were collected from 13 Italian centers, gathered in a collaborative group of the Italian Society of Surgical Oncology. KRAS mutation subtypes have been correlated with clinical and pathological characteristics and survival [overall survival (OS), local (peritoneal) disease-free survival (LDFS) and disease-free survival (DFS)]. RESULTS: KRAS mutations occurred in 172 patients (47.5%) out of the 362 analyzed. Two different prognostic groups of KRAS mutation subtypes were identified: KRASMUT1 (G12R, G13A, G13C, G13V, Q61H, K117N, A146V), median OS > 120 months and KRASMUT2 (G12A, G12C, G12D, G12S, G12V, G13D, A59E, A59V, A146T), OS: 31.2 months. KRASMUT2 mutations mainly occurred in the P-loop region (P < 0.001) with decreased guanosine triphosphate (GTP) hydrolysis activity (P < 0.001) and were more frequently related to size (P < 0.001) and polarity change (P < 0.001) of the substituted amino acid (AA). When KRASMUT1 and KRASMUT2 were combined with other known prognostic factors (peritoneal cancer index, completeness of cytoreduction score, grading, signet ring cell, N status) in multivariate analysis, KRASMUT1 showed a similar survival rate to KRASWT patients, whereas KRASMUT2 was independently associated with poorer prognosis (hazard ratios: OS 2.1, P < 0.001; DFS 1.9, P < 0.001; LDFS 2.5, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with CRC PM, different KRAS mutation subgroups can be determined according to specific codon substitution, with some mutations (KRASMUT1) that could have a similar prognosis to wild-type patients. These findings should be further investigated in larger series.

[Current WSES-AAST guidelines on anorectal emergencies-Summary and comments]. / Aktuelle WSES-AAST-Leitlinie zu anorektalen Notfällen ­ Zusammenfassung und Kommentar.

In 2019, the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) and the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) generated consensus recommendations for the treatment of anorectal emergencies in Parma, Italy, and published a guideline in 2021. This is the first global guideline dealing with this important topic for surgeons' everyday work. Seven anorectal emergencies were discussed and the guideline recommendations were given according to the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) system.

PROPHYlactic Implantation of BIOlogic Mesh in peritonitis (PROPHYBIOM): a prospective multicentric randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Patients undergoing emergency surgery for peritonitis are at increased risk of abdominal wall-related complications. In patients with peritonitis, the risk of incisional hernia (IH) is extremely elevated. The evaluation of quality of life of patients with incisional hernia showed lower mean scores on physical components of health-related quality of life and body image. Furthermore, the arise of a post-operative abdominal wall complication (i.e., wound dehiscence, evisceration and IH) greatly increases morbidity and mortality rates and prolongs the hospitalization. METHODS: The present study aims to evaluate the efficacy of the use of a swine dermal collagen prosthesis implanted preperitoneally as a prophylactic procedure in urgency/emergency setting against abdominal wall complications in patients operated with contaminated/infected field in peritonitis. The sample size was defined in 90 patients divided in two arms (prosthesis positioning versus normal wall abdominal closure). The follow-up will be performed at 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. The percentage of incisional hernias, wound infections, and adverse events will be investigated by physical examination and ultrasound. DISCUSSION: The objective is to evaluate the possibility to reduce the incisional hernia rate in patients undergoing urgent/emergent laparotomy in contaminated/infected field with peritonitis by using swine dermal collagen prosthesis preperitoneal positioning as a prophylactic procedure. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04681326. Registered (retrospectively after first patient recruited) on 23 December 2020.

[New WSES-AAST guidelines on trauma of the urogenital tract-Summary and comments]. / Neue WSES-AAST-Leitlinie zum Trauma des Urogenitaltraktes ­ Zusammenfassung und Kommentar.

Different perspectives exist among the various specialist disciplines on the treatment of trauma patients with injuries of the urogenital tract. The multidisciplinary consensus guidelines of the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) and the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST), which appeared in autumn 2019, are summarized in this article. They should constitute an aid to making decisions on the optimal treatment of trauma patients with urogenital injuries.

[Summary and comments on the WSES guidelines on open abdomen in trauma and non-trauma patients]. / Zusammenfassung und Kommentar zur WSES-Leitlinie Abdomen apertum bei Trauma- und Nichttraumapatienten.

The first edition of the World Society of Emergency Surgeons (WSES) guidelines on the indications and treatment of open abdomen in trauma as well as in non-trauma patients was published at the end of 2018. Publications from 1980 to 2017 were included in the evaluation. Based on the GRADE system each publication was checked for its evidence and evaluated in a Delphi process. In this article the aspects of the guidelines are presented and commented on.

Intra-operative enteroscopy for the identification of obscure bleeding source caused by gastrointestinal angiodysplasias: through a balloon-tip trocar is better.

AIM: Intra-operative enteroscopy (IE) is a valid diagnostic tool which can be adopted in order to identify the precise location of bleeding gastrointestinal angiodysplasias (GIADs) of the small bowel. We describe a novel IE technique that may increase the diagnostic yield by maintaining a steady distension of the bowel and that prevents microtrauma to the intestinal mucosa and spillage of enteric content into the operative field. METHODS: After laparotomy, a centimetric transverse enterotomy is performed approximately at the middle of the small bowel. A 12-mm trocar with balloon is then introduced and insufflated. The small bowel is gently distended by carbon dioxide insufflation. Through the trocar, a paediatric colonscope is then inserted and the enteroscopy is performed either retrogradely to the duodenum or anterogradely to the caecum. Once located, surgery is tailored to the precise site of bleeding, with a consequent sparing of intestinal resection. RESULTS: IE with 12-mm trocar with balloon was adopted in four elderly patients undergoing surgery for bleeding GIADs. The length of small bowel resection ranged from 10 to 200 cm, depending on the number of GIADs. Operating time ranged from 210 to 275 min. Intra-operative blood loss was nil. No patient developed organ-space or wound infections. There was no recurrence of bleeding from the midgut. CONCLUSION: Performing IE through a balloon trocar may increase the diagnostic accuracy of the procedure with the benefit of reducing the risk of traumatic injury to the bowel and the risk of surgical site infection.

Emergency surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic: what you need to know for practice.

INTRODUCTION: Several articles have been published about the reorganisation of surgical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic but few, if any, have focused on the impact that this has had on emergency and trauma surgery. Our aim was to review the most current data on COVID-19 to provide essential suggestions on how to manage the acute abdomen during the pandemic. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted of the most relevant English language articles on COVID-19 and surgery published between 15 December 2019 and 30 March 2020. FINDINGS: Access to the operating theatre is almost exclusively restricted to emergencies and oncological procedures. The use of laparoscopy in COVID-19 positive patients should be cautiously considered. The main risk lies in the presence of the virus in the pneumoperitoneum: the aerosol released in the operating theatre could contaminate both staff and the environment. CONCLUSIONS: During the COVID-19 pandemic, all efforts should be deployed in order to evaluate the feasibility of postponing surgery until the patient is no longer considered potentially infectious or at risk of perioperative complications. If surgery is deemed necessary, the emergency surgeon must minimise the risk of exposure to the virus by involving a minimal number of healthcare staff and shortening the occupation of the operating theatre. In case of a lack of security measures to enable safe laparoscopy, open surgery should be considered.

Emergency repair of complicated abdominal wall hernias: WSES guidelines.

PURPOSE: In July 2013, the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) held the first Consensus Conference on emergency repair of abdominal wall hernias in adult patients with the intention of producing evidence-based guidelines to assist surgeons in the management of complicated abdominal wall hernias. Guidelines were updated in 2017 in keeping with varying clinical practice: benefits resulting from the increased use of biological prosthesis in the emergency setting were highlighted, as previously published in the World Journal of Emergency Surgery. This executive summary is intended to consolidate knowledge on the emergency management of complicated hernias by providing the broad readership with a practical and concise version of the original guidelines. METHODS: This executive manuscript summarizes the WSES guidelines reporting on the emergency management of complicated abdominal wall hernias; statements are highlighted focusing the readers' attention on the main concepts presented in the original guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: Emergency repair of complicated abdominal hernias remains one of the most common and challenging surgical emergencies worldwide. WSES aims to provide an essential version of the evidence-based guidelines focusing on the timing of intervention, laparoscopic approach, surgical repair following the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) wound classification, antimicrobial prophylaxis and anesthesia in the emergency setting.

Open conversion for laparoscopically difficult cholecystectomy is still a valid solution with unsolved aspects.

The difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy remains a surgical challenge for surgeons who must decide between laparoscopic continuation and open conversion. The balance between the lack of open surgery training of young surgeons and the risk of maintaining the laparoscopic approach in difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy is still an unresolved problem. Furthermore, the time that must be spent in an attempt to complete laparoscopic surgery before conversion is still controversial. The authors in this letter discuss about these and other questions that still require an answer.

The use of aortic balloon occlusion in traumatic shock: first report from the ABO trauma registry.

PURPOSE: Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) is a technique for temporary stabilization of patients with non-compressible torso hemorrhage. This technique has been increasingly used worldwide during the past decade. Despite the good outcomes of translational studies, clinical studies are divided. The aim of this multicenter-international study was to capture REBOA-specific data and outcomes. METHODS: REBOA practicing centers were invited to join this online register, which was established in September 2014. REBOA cases were reported, both retrospective and prospective. Demographics, injury patterns, hemodynamic variables, REBOA-specific data, complications and 30-days mortality were reported. RESULTS: Ninety-six cases from 6 different countries were reported between 2011 and 2016. Mean age was 52 ± 22 years and 88% of the cases were blunt trauma with a median injury severity score (ISS) of 41 (IQR 29-50). In the majority of the cases, Zone I REBOA was used. Median systolic blood pressure before balloon inflation was 60 mmHg (IQR 40-80), which increased to 100 mmHg (IQR 80-128) after inflation. Continuous occlusion was applied in 52% of the patients, and 48% received non-continuous occlusion. Occlusion time longer than 60 min was reported as 38 and 14% in the non-continuous and continuous groups, respectively. Complications, such as extremity compartment syndrome (n = 3), were only noted in the continuous occlusion group. The 30-day mortality for non-continuous REBOA was 48%, and 64% for continuous occlusion. CONCLUSIONS: This observational multicenter study presents results regarding continuous and non-continuous REBOA with favorable outcomes. However, further prospective studies are needed to be able to draw conclusions on morbidity and mortality.

Proceedings of resources for optimal care of acute care and emergency surgery consensus summit Donegal Ireland.

BACKGROUND: Opportunities to improve emergency surgery outcomes exist through guided better practice and reduced variability. Few attempts have been made to define optimal care in emergency surgery, and few clinically derived key performance indicators (KPIs) have been published. A summit was therefore convened to look at resources for optimal care of emergency surgery. The aim of the Donegal Summit was to set a platform in place to develop guidelines and KPIs in emergency surgery. METHODS: The project had multidisciplinary global involvement in producing consensus statements regarding emergency surgery care in key areas, and to assess feasibility of producing KPIs that could be used to monitor process and outcome of care in the future. RESULTS: Forty-four key opinion leaders in emergency surgery, across 7 disciplines from 17 countries, composed evidence-based position papers on 14 key areas of emergency surgery and 112 KPIs in 20 acute conditions or emergency systems. CONCLUSIONS: The summit was successful in achieving position papers and KPIs in emergency surgery. While position papers were limited by non-graded evidence and non-validated KPIs, the process set a foundation for the future advancement of emergency surgery.

Erratum to: The management of intra-abdominal infections from a global perspective: 2017 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13017-017-0141-6.].

Erratum to: Antimicrobials: a global alliance for optimizing their rational use in intra-abdominal infections (AGORA).

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13017-016-0089-y.].

Preoperative biliary drainage in hilar cholangiocarcinoma: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The role of preoperative biliary drainage (PBD) for hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. The aim of this meta-analysis is to investigate the role of PBD in the treatment of potentially resectable HCC. METHODS: All studies reporting outcomes on patients with PBD vs without PBD were included. A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for studies published between 1980 and 2016. RESULTS: Initial search identified 667 articles. Only 9 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this analysis. No significant differences in mortality were observed between the two groups (RR = 0,935; 95% CI = 0,612 to 1429; p = 0,463). Overall morbidity was significantly higher in PBD group (RR = 1266; 95% CI = 1039 to 1543; p = 0,011). No significant differences in transfusion rate, hospital stay, anastomotic leaks, abdominal collections and operative time, were found. Wound infections were significantly higher in PBD group. CONCLUSIONS: PBD seems to be associated with higher postoperative morbidity and increases the risk of wound infections. Further prospective studies are needed to better define the impact of PBD in outcomes after surgery for hilar cholangiocarcinoma.

Erratum to: 2016 WSES guidelines on acute calculous cholecystitis.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13017-016-0082-5.].

2016 WSES guidelines on acute calculous cholecystitis.

Acute calculus cholecystitis is a very common disease with several area of uncertainty. The World Society of Emergency Surgery developed extensive guidelines in order to cover grey areas. The diagnostic criteria, the antimicrobial therapy, the evaluation of associated common bile duct stones, the identification of "high risk" patients, the surgical timing, the type of surgery, and the alternatives to surgery are discussed. Moreover the algorithm is proposed: as soon as diagnosis is made and after the evaluation of choledocholitiasis risk, laparoscopic cholecystectomy should be offered to all patients exception of those with high risk of morbidity or mortality. These Guidelines must be considered as an adjunctive tool for decision but they are not substitute of the clinical judgement for the individual patient.

A comprehensive treatment for peritoneal metastases from gastric cancer with curative intent.

Recently, Peritoneal Surface Oncology Group International (PSOGI) developed a novel comprehensive treatment consisting of cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and perioperative chemotherapy (POC) for the treatment of peritoneal metastases (PM) from gastric cancer with curative intent. This article reviews the results of this treatment and verifies its indication. In this strategy, peritoneal cancer index (PCI) is determined by laparoscopy, and a peritoneal port is placed. Neoadjuvant bidirectional intraperitoneal/systemic chemotherapy (NIPS) is performed for 3 cycles, and then laparotomy is performed. Cytoreductive surgery with peritonectomy procedures and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion (HIPEC) are performed. Multivariate analyses showed that completeness of cytoreduction, pathologic response to NIPS and PCI level and cytologic status after NIPS, as independent prognostic factors. PCI less than cut-off level after NIPS, negative cytology after NIPS, and positive response to NIPS were identified as the indications for comprehensive treatment. Patients who hold these criteria should be considered as the candidates for CRS and HIPEC.

Effect of intraperitoneal chemotherapy and peritoneal lavage in positive peritoneal cytology in gastric cancer. Systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: The most common cause of tumour progression in advanced gastric cancer is peritoneal carcinosis (PC). The necessity to increase the survival in advanced diseases suggested to deliver the chemotherapy directly in the peritoneal cavity also in Cy+/PC- and to experiment the effect of massive peritoneal lavage to wash out the tumour cells. The aim of this study is to investigate the gain in term of survival and peritoneal recurrence rate of the intraperitoneal chemotherapy and/or peritoneal lavage in patients with Cy+/PC-. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A systematic review with meta-analysis of trials about the effect of intraperitoneal chemotherapy (IPC) and/or peritoneal lavage (PL) on positive cytology in gastric cancer without carcinosis. RESULTS: Three trials have been included (164 patients: 76 received surgery alone, 51 surgery + IPC and 37 surgery + IPC + PL). Two- and five-years survival is increased by IPC (RR = 1.62, RR = 3.10). 2 and 5 years survival is further increased by IPC + PL (RR = 2.33, RR = 6.19). Peritoneal recurrence is reduced by IPC (OR = 0.45) and by IPC + PL (OR = 0.13). CONCLUSIONS: Two- and five-years overall survival in patients with free cancer cells without carcinosis is incremented by intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Peritoneal lavage further increases these survival rates and also it further decreases the peritoneal recurrence rate.