Assessment of effects of an additional dietary natural mineral water uptake on skin hydration in healthy subjects by dynamic barrier function measurements and clinic scoring.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The skin protects the body's organs and tissues from damage and physical, chemical and bacteriological injuries. It also prevents the transcutaneous loss of water. The present study was conducted to assess the effects of additional dietary natural mineral water uptake on skin hydration and cutaneous well-being in subjects with dry skin. METHODS: Eighty subjects (44 women and 36 males, mean age 56+/-5.6 years) were included in the study, randomised per forearm and stratified by gender. Skin surface hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), sorption-desorption test, skin colour, thickness and micro-relief were evaluated on the forearms. Clinical scoring of dryness, roughness and elasticity was performed by a dermatologist. RESULTS: An improvement of skin hydration was observed after additional water uptake, statistically modifying the hydration level as well as TEWL, the water-binding capacity of the uppermost layers of the stratum corneum. Improvements of softness, smoothness and skin-moisturising effect were perceived by healthy subjects, and skin micro-relief was improved. CONCLUSION: We suggest that natural mineral water supplementation may be used in order to improve the hydration of skin dryness as a complementary cosmetic approach.

Definition of fetal growth restriction according to constitutional growth potential.

Identification of newborn babies with fetal growth restriction remains a problem both from the multi-factorial aspect of fetal growth and from statistical definition. Besides the usual terms: "Small for gestational age" (SGA) and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), often used synonymously, the term "fetal growth retardation" was recently introduced in reference to the genetic growth potential of infants. From a sample of 72,000 births, we have designed a statistical model in order to estimate the expected birth weight taking into account gestational age, sex, birth rank, maternal age, height and pregravid weight, we then calculated an individual limit of birth weight under that a newborn must be considered as having a "fetal growth restriction" quoted FwGR. This new approach allowed us to identify 2 groups of newborns with FGR, one classically identified as SGA (noted FwGR(I)) (3.9%), and the other newly identified as FGR (noted FwGR(II)) (1.4%). In contrast, this approach allowed us to identify a group of "constitutionally small" infants according to their constitutional growth potential (1.1%). In other words, among infants usually defined as SGA (5%), 22% appeared in fact to be "constitutionally small" and therefore misclassified. As an initial validation, we observed that the proportion of maternal hypertension during pregnancy was low in the "constitutionally small" infants (close to that of the normal group), and three times higher in the newly identified group FwGR(II) than in the normal group. Following these results, it seems to be meaningful to follow-up this new group of FwGR(II) infants, in terms of catch-up growth and neurodevelopmental outcome.