Unplanned molar intrusion after Invisalign treatment.

INTRODUCTION: The objectives of this study were to analyze and quantify molar intrusion after the use of clear aligners and to analyze the relationship with other variables such as age, duration of treatment, and a series of cephalometric osseous and dental measurements at the start of treatment. METHODS: A retrospective descriptive-analytical study was designed with a sample of 58 patients aged 18-60 years who had undergone treatment with Invisalign. The cephalometric measurements were carried out after lateral x-rays were taken of the cranium; these were compared at the start (T0) and conclusion of treatment. Parametric and nonparametric tests were used to compare means, whereas Pearson correlations and multivariate lineal regression analyses were used to establish the variables associated with molar intrusion. RESULTS: Approximately 74.2% of the patients presented some degree of molar intrusion after treatment. Furthermore, 32.8% of patients presented intrusion only at the mandibular molar, whereas 25.9% experienced intrusion at both molars, maxillary and mandibular, simultaneously. However, 15.5% presented intrusion only at the maxillary molar. The average magnitude of intrusion here was 0.98 ± 0.54 mm, whereas the mandibular molar was 0.84 ± 0.29 mm. Statistically significant reductions exist for the distance L6_MP and U6_SN between T0 and at conclusion of treatment. Maxillary molar intrusion correlates negatively with mandibular molar intrusion (r = -0.270). The number of days of treatment did not correlate with either maxillary or mandibular molar intrusion. CONCLUSIONS: Clear aligners give rise to molar intrusion in 74.2% of patients. The cephalometric variables L6_MP T0, mandibular plane angle T0, and facial axis T0 were negatively and significantly associated with maxillary molar intrusion, whereas age and facial axis T0 were negatively associated with mandibular molar intrusion allowing smaller magnitudes of intrusion to be predicted when these variables present high values at T0.

Gender Inequalities in Academic Achievement among Internally Displaced children in Colombia / Desigualdades de género en el desempeño académico de los niños desplazados forzados en Colombia / Desigualdades de gênero no desempenho acadêmico de crianças deslocadas forçadas na Colômbia

Abstract Using 2015 data of the Colombia Demographic and Health Survey, we investigated the incidence of belonging to a household with an Internally Displaced Person (IDP) on the likelihood of grade retention by sex. Particularly, a bivariate logistic regression was used to identify the correlation between families with IDP and children's gender on the probability of repeating a school year. Boys' were negatively affected when they live in an IDP household. Also, boys had a higher like-lihood of repeating a grade. We need to know how to act upon the social determinants that create social gaps and disadvantages across IDP, but also, to align with Sustainable Development Goals to eliminate gender inequalities.

Resumen (analítico) Utilizando datos de 2015 de la Encuesta de Demografía y de Salud de Colombia investigamos la incidencia de pertenecer a un hogar con una persona desplazada forzada por el conflicto armado interno (IDP) sobre la probabilidad de repetición de grado por sexo. En particular, se utilizó una regresión logística bivariada para identificar la correlación entre familias con desplazados internos y el género de los niños en la probabilidad de repetir un año escolar. Los niños se vieron afectados negativamente cuando vivieron en un hogar desplazado forzado. Además, los varones tuvieron una mayor probabilidad de repetir una asignatura. Necesitamos saber cómo actuar sobre los determinantes sociales que crean brechas sociales y desventajas entre los desplazados internos, pero también para alinearnos con los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible en busca de eliminar las desigualdades de género.

Resumo (analítico) Utilizando dados de 2015 da Pesquisa Demográfica e de Saúde da Colômbia (DHS), investigamos a incidência de pertencer a uma família com uma Pessoa Deslocada Interna (IDP) sobre a probabilidade de retenção de notas por sexo. Particularmente, uma regressão logística bivariada foi usada para identificar a correlação entre famílias com PID e sexo das crianças sobre a probabilidade de repetir um ano escolar. Os meninos foram afetados negativamente quando vivem em uma casa de deslocados internos. Além disso, os meninos tinham maior probabilidade de repetir uma nota. Precisamos saber como agir de acordo com os determinantes sociais que criam lacunas e desvantagens sociais entre os deslocados internos, mas também alinhar com os ODS para eliminar as desigualdades de gênero.

Effects of fetal genotype and sex on developmental response to maternal malnutrition.

The present study aimed to determine whether developmental patterns, adiposity level and fatty-acid composition of fetuses exposed to maternal malnutrition are driven by their sex or their genotype, or both, as these may modulate the adaptive response to the intrauterine environment independently of the maternal genotype. We used a single maternal genotype (purebred Iberian (IB) sows), which was inseminated with heterospermic semen (obtained by mixing semen from Iberian and Large White (LW) boars), to obtain four different subsets of fetuses (male and female, purebred (IB×IB) and crossbred (IB×LW)) in Iberian purebred sows. Analysis of fetal phenotypes indicated a better adaptive response of the female offspring, which was modulated by their genotype. When faced with prenatal undernutrition, females prioritised the growth of vital organs (brain, liver, lungs, kidneys and intestine) at the expense of bone and muscle. Moreover, the analysis of fat composition showed a higher availability of essential fatty acids in the female sex than in their male counterparts and also in the Iberian genotype than in crossbred fetuses. These results are of high translational value for understanding ethnic differences in prenatal programming of postnatal health and disease status, and show evidence that prenatal development and metabolic traits are primarily determined by fetal sex and strongly modulated by fetal genotype.