The implementation and mechanisms of advance notification for cancer screening: A scoping review.

OBJECTIVE: To describe and synthesise information on the content and delivery of advance notifications (information about cancer screening delivered prior to invitation) used to increase cancer screening participation and to understand the mechanisms that may underlie their effectiveness. METHODS: Searches related to advance notification and cancer screening were conducted in six electronic databases (APA PsycINFO, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, Web of Science) and results were screened for eligibility. Study characteristics, features of the advance notifications (cancer type, format, delivery time, and content), and the effect of the notifications on cancer screening participation were extracted. Features were summarised and compared across effective versus ineffective notifications. RESULTS: Thirty-two articles were included in this review, reporting on 33 unique advance notifications. Of these, 79% were sent via postal mail, 79% were distributed prior to bowel cancer screening, and most were sent 2 weeks before the screening offer. Twenty-two full versions of the advance notifications were obtained for content analysis. Notifications included information about cancer risk, the benefits of screening, barriers to participation, social endorsement of cancer screening, and what to expect throughout the screening process. Of the 19 notifications whose effect was tested statistically, 68% were found to increase screening (by 0.7%-16%). Effectiveness did not differ according to the format, delivery time, or content within the notification, although some differences in cancer type were observed. CONCLUSION: Future research should explore the effectiveness of advance notification via alternative formats and for other screening contexts and disentangle the intervention- and person-level factors driving its effect on screening participation.

Changes in rural caregivers' health behaviors while supporting someone with cancer: A qualitative study.

PURPOSE: Caring for someone with cancer has a significant impact on usual routines, including caregivers' ability to maintain their own health and wellbeing. Caregivers living in rural areas face additional challenges in supporting someone with cancer, and little is known about the impact of caregiving on the health behaviors of rural caregivers. Therefore, this study explored how caring for someone with cancer affected rural caregivers' health behaviors. METHODS: Through semi-structured interviews, 20 rural caregivers described changes in their health behaviors while caring for someone with cancer and the factors underlying these changes. Specific prompts were provided for diet, physical activity, alcohol, smoking, sleep, social connection and leisure, and accessing health care when needed. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Content analysis was used to identify changes in health behaviors and the factors underlying these changes. The factors identified were mapped to the socioecological framework, identifying areas for intervention across multiple levels (individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, and policy). RESULTS: Rural caregivers reported both positive and negative changes to their diet, physical activity, alcohol, and smoking. Sleep, social connection and leisure, and accessing health care were negatively impacted since becoming a caregiver. CONCLUSIONS: Designing interventions to address rural caregivers' coping strategies, reduce carer burden and fatigue, improve access to cooking and exercise facilities and social support while away from home, reduce the need to travel for treatment, and increase the financial support available could yield widespread benefits for supporting the health and wellbeing of rural caregivers.

Human Soluble Prorenin Receptor Expressed in Adipose Tissue Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Endothelial Function in Obese Female Mice.

Increased circulating levels of the soluble prorenin receptor (sPRR), a component of the renin angiotensin system (RAS), plays a role in obesity, glucose, and insulin homeostasis. However, elevated plasma sPRR in diabetic patients has been shown correlated with hyperglycemia in women but not men. Hence, the current study sought to understand the contribution of human sPRR (HsPRR) produced in the adipose tissue (Adi) on adipogenesis, and glucose and insulin balance in obesity settings. Adi-HsPRR mice were generated by breeding human sPRR-Myc-tag transgenic mice with mice expressing Adiponectin/Cre. The mouse model was validated by detecting 28kDa myc-tagged HsPRR by western blotting. Adipose HsPRR expression did not change circulating sPRR in female mice fed a standard chow diet or high fat diet (HFD) but increased plasma sPRR in male Adi-HsPRR mice fed a HFD compared to HFD-fed controls. Yet, Adi-HsPRR improved insulin sensitivity, vascular relaxation and the vasodilator agent Ang 1-7 in obese female mice but not in the male counterparts. Moreover, Adi-HsPRR expression reduced the expression of the adipogenic genes SREBP1C and CD36 only in gonadal white adipose from obese female mice, signifying that adipose tissue-derived HsPRR exerts a sex-specific effect on insulin sensitivity and endothelial function which seems independent of circulating sPRR.

Decisions and prompts to screen for cervical, bowel, and breast cancer.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate what makes Australians decide to screen and follow through for breast, cervical, and bowel cancer population screening programs. METHODS: A convenience sample (N = 962) answered open-text questions about their decision to screen and what prompted them to act in an online survey. Open text responses were coded based on shared meaning using content analysis. Frequencies of each code were calculated. RESULTS: For breast and cervical screening, decisions were commonly based on screening being routine (32.58%breast and 35.19%cervical) or receiving a reminder (20.53% breast 13.07% cervical), and similarly, common prompts were receiving a reminder (40.68% breast and 29.13% cervical), screening being routine (22.05% breast and 18.65% cervical). Participants reported deciding to screen for bowel cancer due to arrival of home screening test kit (40.50%) or the experience of loved one's cancer (13.57%) and were prompted by arrival of home test kit (23.58%), and convenience (15.72%). CONCLUSIONS: Findings can inform the development of interventions targeting non-participants of cancer screening programs. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Messages to encourage breast and cervical cancer screening should frame screening as part of regular healthcare routine. Messages to encourage bowel cancer screening should encourage immediate use of the screening kit upon arrival.

Anticipatory anxiety and participation in cancer screening. A systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: To synthesize current evidence on the association between anticipatory anxiety, defined as apprehension-specific negative affect that may be experienced when exposed to potential threat or uncertainty, and cancer screening to better inform strategies to maximize participation rates. METHODS: Searches related to cancer screening and anxiety were conducted in seven electronic databases (APA PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, PubMed, CINAHL), with potentially eligible papers screened in Covidence. Data extraction was conducted independently by multiple authors. Barriers to cancer screening for any type of cancer and relationships tested between anticipatory anxiety and cancer screening and intention were categorized and compared according to the form and target of anxiety and cancer types. RESULTS: A total of 74 articles (nparticipants  = 119,990) were included, reporting 103 relationships tested between anticipatory anxiety and cancer screening and 13 instances where anticipatory anxiety was reported as a barrier to screening. Anticipatory anxiety related to a possible cancer diagnosis was often associated with increased screening, while general anxiety showed no consistent relationship. Negative relationships were often found between anxiety about the screening procedure and cancer screening. CONCLUSION: Anticipatory anxiety about a cancer diagnosis may promote screening participation, whereas a fear of the screening procedure could be a barrier. Public health messaging and primary prevention practitioners should acknowledge the appropriate risk of cancer, while engendering screening confidence and highlighting the safety and comfort of screening tests.

Fitness and Quality of Life Outcomes of Cancer Survivor Participants in a Community Exercise Program.

Exercise is recommended for cancer survivors, as it mitigates treatment side effects and improves overall wellness. Therefore, survivors attend community-based exercise programs and report positive results, but published evaluations of outcomes of these programs are scarce in the literature. The objective of this study is to validate the anecdotal reports of the physical fitness and quality of life benefits of the LIVESTRONG at the YMCA program. A retrospective analysis of deidentified data consisting of 17 program cohorts of the LIVESTRONG at the YMCA program (n = 88) was conducted. Statistically significant improvements were seen when compared to baseline in the physical fitness measures of the 6-minute walk, the chest and leg presses, the sit-and-reach test, and the one-leg stand test, as well as in the domains of the 29-item Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) Profile, a health-related quality of life questionnaire. These domains are physical function, anxiety, depression, fatigue, social role satisfaction, and pain. The anecdotal impression that participation in the LIVESTRONG at the YMCA program improves physical fitness and subjective quality of life perceptions was supported by statistical analysis of the subjective and objective pre- and postprogram measurements for this data set. Exercise in this cancer-specific community exercise program is likely to improve physical fitness and quality of life outcomes.