Education Standards for Pharmacists Providing Comprehensive Medication Management in Outpatient Nephrology Settings.

Chronic kidney disease is a public health problem that has generated renewed interest due to poor patient outcomes and high cost. The Advancing American Kidney Health initiative aimed to transform kidney care with goals of decreasing the incidence of kidney failure and increasing the number of patients receiving home dialysis or a kidney transplant. New value-based models of kidney care that specify inclusion of pharmacists as part of the kidney care team were developed to help achieve these goals. To support this Advancing American Kidney Health-catalyzed opportunity for pharmacist engagement, the pharmacy workforce must have a fundamental knowledge of the core principles needed to provide comprehensive medication management to address chronic kidney disease and the common comorbid conditions and secondary complications. The Advancing Kidney Health through Optimal Medication Management initiative was created by nephrology pharmacists with the vision that every person with kidney disease receives optimal medication management through team-based care that includes a pharmacist to ensure medications are safe, effective, and convenient. Here, we propose education standards for pharmacists providing care for individuals with kidney disease in the outpatient setting to complement proposed practice standards.

Pharmacist involvement in clinical assessment and laboratory testing for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a rare adverse drug reaction. The anti-PF4 antibody assay (ELISA) is utilized to assist in the clinical evaluation of HIT due to its high negative predictability and wide-spread availability. However, it also associated with false positive results. The 4T score can assist in predicting an individual's risk for HIT and the need for further laboratory testing. This was a single-center prospective observational cohort study. Orders for HIT testing were sent via page to a clinical pharmacist to calculate a 4T score. If low risk, the pharmacist contacted the ordering prescriber to recommend discontinuation of laboratory testing. During the study, a clinical support tool was implemented to assist prescribers with ordering HIT tests. The study was divided into a pharmacist intervention group and a control group. A total of 303 pages were received. One hundred nine were missed due to unavailability of the pharmacist at time of page. A pharmacist reviewed 194 pages and intervened on 132. One hundred seven were scored as low risk, 70 as intermediate risk and 9 as high risk. Pharmacist intervention resulted in discontinuing 64 ELISA and 11 serotonin release assay tests. The clinical support tool resulted in a yearly decrease of HIT testing by 27%. Laboratory cost savings totaled $11,000 but did not include avoidance of laboratory technician or drug cost. Pharmacist involvement in the clinical assessment of HIT and the use of a support tool resulted in the reduction of HIT tests in low risk patients.

Acute Rejection in 6-Antigen HLA-Matched Kidney Transplant Recipients: Risk Factors and Outcomes from the Wisconsin Allograft Recipient Database (WisARD).

Acute rejection in human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched kidney transplant recipients is uncommon and the mechanisms involved are not well understood. Data from 6-antigen HLA-matched recipients transplanted between 1994 and 2014 were analyzed to identify the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes associated with biopsy-proven acute rejection (BPAR). A total of 278 HLA-matched recipients were identified, of which, 155 (55.8%) received a graft from a sibling donor. Ten patients (3.6%) experienced BPAR over a median follow-up of 10 years (0.41 cases per 100 person-years). Median time to rejection was 36.5 months (standard deviation ±56.4). Recipients who experienced rejection did not differ from those who did not in terms of age, gender, ethnicity, induction agent, panel reactive antibody, or sensitizing events. Acute cellular, antibody-mediated, and mixed rejection occurred in 5, 3, and 2 patients, respectively. The most common biopsy classification was Banff IA (n=4). Four out of 10 patients had documented nonadherence to maintenance immunosuppression. Thirty percent of HLA-matched recipients who rejected had graft loss and 10% died, compared to 30.8% graft loss and 28.4% deaths in non-rejectors (p=0.57 and 0.20, respectively). In conclusion, acute cellular and antibody-mediated rejection are infrequent in HLA-matched kidney transplant recipients. Nonadherence appears to be relatively common among those experiencing rejection. Acute rejection was not associated with higher graft loss or death. The pathogenesis of acute rejection in HLA-matched recipients remains to be determined.