Pulmonary valve replacement for treatment of severe pulmonary regurgitation in patients with previous tetralogy of Fallot repair surgery.

Tetralogy of Fallot was classically described as the combination of pulmonary stenosis, right ventricle hypertrophy, perimembranous ventricular septal defect and an aortic root that overrides the ventricular septal defect. Full surgical repair, which is usually indicated in toddlers, comprises closure of the ventricular septal defect and alleviation of the pulmonary stenosis. Because there is a wide anatomical spectrum, the cause and severity of the pulmonary stenosis are variable. However, when the pulmonary valve is stenotic and not well-developed, it has to be removed, and one has to accept severe pulmonary regurgitation as a sequela. In the ensuing years, when signs of damage to the right ventricle are proven, pulmonary valve replacement is indicated. We present the case of a 16-year-old patient with tetralogy of Fallot that was corrected during the first year of life. Follow-up demonstrated progressive exercise intolerance and moderate-to-severe right ventricle dilatation. Thus, surgical pulmonary valve replacement was indicated. The surgical approach was through a full median redo sternotomy. Central cardiopulmonary bypass was established with bicaval drainage. The operation was performed under assisted non-clamped circulatory support. The calcified previous pericardial patch was removed, and a 25-mm bioprosthetic valve was implanted in the pulmonary annulus. A new pericardial heterologous patch was used for the transannular pulmonary plasty.

The importance of diaphragmatic surgery, chemical pleurodesis and postoperative hormonal therapy in preventing recurrence in catamenial pneumothorax: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Catamenial pneumothorax (CP) is defined as a recurrent, spontaneous pneumothorax occurring within a day before or 72 h after the onset of menstruation. Most first episodes go undiagnosed and treated as primary spontaneous pneumothorax, and only after recurrence is the clinical suspicion of CP raised. No gold-standard management approach exists, especially in terms of managing diaphragmatic involvement. METHODS: This study is a single-centre cohort retrospective study of 24 female patients who underwent surgery for pneumothorax due to diaphragmatic endometriosis between January 2008 and December 2016. Two groups were compared: a group that underwent pleurodesis alone (8 patients) and a group that underwent diaphragmatic surgery and pleurodesis (16 patients). RESULTS: There were differences in BMI and smoking habits between the two groups. The right diaphragm was involved more often (6vs15, p = 0.190). VATS was the preferred surgical approach and only one conversion occurred in the diaphragmatic surgery group (p = 0.470). Diaphragmatic abnormalities were present in all the patients, brown/violet spots (100%) in the pleurodesis group and perforations (100%) in the diaphragmatic surgery group (p < 0.001). There were no differences in days of chest tube removal and length of stay. The recurrence rate was 100% in the pleurodesis alone group while it was only 12.5% in the diaphragmatic surgery group (< 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, diaphragmatic surgery and pleurodesis followed by hormonal therapy was an effective approach in preventing recurrence in patients with catamenial pneumothorax and diaphragmatic involvement.

Sleeve Lobectomy: To Wrap or Not to Wrap the Bronchial Anastomosis?

BACKGROUND: Bronchoplastic procedures have become the reference standard in the lung parenchyma-sparing treatment of centrally located bronchopulmonary tumors. Two schools of thought exist regarding performing a bronchial sleeve resection: those who wrap the anastomosis with a pedicled flap and those who leave the anastomosis unprotected. We performed a study comparing these 2 methods. METHODS: This study was a retrospective multicenter observational analysis of 90 consecutive patients undergoing bronchial sleeve resections for neoplastic disease between June 2009 and July 2019. Group A (60 patients) underwent bronchial wrapping and group B (30 patients) did not undergo wrapping. RESULTS: The only difference between group A, which had 5 patients (8.3%), and group B, which had 10 patients (33.3%), regarding general characteristics was the presence of diabetes (P = .003). There were no differences in surgical, postoperative, and follow-up characteristics. There was no statistically significant difference between groups (group A, 9 patients [15%]; and group B, 6 patients [20%]) in terms of anastomotic complications at 1 year (P = .425). Diabetes was an independent predictive factor for anastomotic complications at 1 year (P = .035). The number of postoperative complications (P < .001) was an independent risk factor for length of hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS: We found no differences between groups in terms of postoperative complications and length of hospital stay, which confirmed previous reports that sleeve resections may be performed safely without bronchial wrapping.

Neonatal Rupture of the Tricuspid Valve and Maternal Lupus: Is There a Correlation?

Valve dysfunction is not widely recognized as a feature in newborns born to mothers with positive anti-Ro/SSA antibodies, and only scarce reports have suggested an association between rupture of the atrioventricular valve tensor apparatus and these maternal antibodies. We report the follow-up from fetal life to the time of postnatal surgery of a patient with severe tricuspid regurgitation due to a flail of the anterior tricuspid valve leaflet who was born to an anti-Ro/SSA antibodies positive mother.

Oxidative stress response in children undergoing cardiac surgery: Utility of the clearance of isoprostanes.

INTRODUCTION: Cardiac surgery (CS) in pediatric patients induces an overt oxidative stress (OS) response. Children are particularly vulnerable to OS related injury. The immaturity of their organs and antioxidant systems as well as the induction of OS in cardio-pulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery may have an important impact on outcomes. The purpose of this study was to describe the OS response, measured by urinary free 8-iso-PGF2α, in infants undergoing CS and to evaluate the relationship between OS response and post-operative clinical outcomes. METHODS: Infants with congenital heart disease undergoing CS with or without CPB were eligible for enrollment. Children were classified as neonates (<30 days) or infants (30 days-6 months) based on the age at surgery. Perioperative continuous non-invasive neuromonitoring included amplitude-integrated electroencephalogram and cerebral regional oxygen saturation measured with near-infrared spectroscopy. Urine 8-iso-PGF2α levels were measured before, immediately post-, and 24-hours post-surgery, and the 8-iso-PGF2 clearance was calculated. RESULTS: Sixty-two patients (60% neonates) were included. Urine 8-iso-PGF2α levels 24 hours after surgery (8.04 [6.4-10.3] ng/mg Cr) were higher than pre-operative levels (5.7 [4.65-7.58] ng/mg Cr) (p<0.001). Those patients with a severe degree of cyanosis caused by Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA) had the highest post-operative 8-iso-PGF2α levels. Patients with intra-operative seizures had higher post-operative 8-iso-PGF2α levels. 8-iso-PGF2α clearance at 24 hours post-surgery was different between newborns and infant patients, and it was inversely correlated with days of mechanical ventilation (p = 0.05), ICU LOS (p = 0.05) and VIS score at 24 hours (p = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS: Children undergoing CS, particularly neonatal patients, experience a significant post-operative OS response that might play an important role in postoperative morbidity. TGA patients undergoing arterial switch operations demonstrate the highest post-operative OS response. Rapid clearance of isoprostanes, which occurs more frequently in older patients with more mature antioxidant systems, might be associated with better clinical outcomes.

The Ross-Konno operation for neonates and infants with severe aortic incompetence following treatment for critical aortic stenosis.

OBJECTIVES: Aortic valve stenosis in neonates and infants is associated with congestive cardiac failure, and balloon or surgical valvuloplasty provides relief of stenosis. Occasionally severe aortic insufficiency necessitates urgent aortic valve replacement. We reviewed our experience with the Ross-Konno procedure in patients <1 year. METHODS: Between October 2013 and May 2020, 36 patients underwent balloon (34) or surgical (2) aortic valvuloplasty for aortic stenosis. Six patients subsequently underwent a Ross-Konno procedure. The median age at operation was 55 (27-116) days and weight was 4.25 (2.5-12) kg. All patients were in severe cardiac failure and had a small aortic annulus with Z-score -3.1 (-1 to -4.4). RESULTS: There were no early or late deaths. At the latest follow-up at 39 (13-60) months, ventricular function had improved in all patients and no patient was on anti-failure medication. On echocardiography, there wasno more than trivial aortic regurgitation and no left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. One patient required right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit replacement and one patient had homograft stenting. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the severe preoperative haemodynamic compromise, the urgent Ross-Konno procedure was associated with excellent operative survival and recovery of ventricular function. The need for reintervention to the pulmonary conduit remains a cause for concern.

A strange case of foreign body embolism in the right lower pulmonary artery.

Foreign bodies in the pulmonary circulation have been documented in the literature, with almost all cases being iatrogenic, involving venous catheters, or due to penetrating foreign body emboli. Foreign body pulmonary emboli are often difficult to diagnose due to their varied clinical presentation, the nature of the embolizing material and dubious radiological features. We describe the case of a patient who experienced episodes of massive hemoptysis with inconclusive radiological findings, who underwent a thoracotomy with the discovery of a wooden object of 7 cm in length in the right lower lobe artery, with no apparent mechanism of injury.

Giant Intrathoracic Schwannoma of the Left Vagus Nerve Manifesting as Atrial Fibrillation.

Posterior mediastinal tumors are not infrequent, and among them neurogenic masses and schwannomas are the most common histologic varieties. These benign, initially asymptomatic tumors later become symptomatic as a result of mass effect. Surgical excision is the preferred therapy, and the approach can be determined according to the dimensions of the lesion. This report describes the case of a giant schwannoma originating from the left vagus nerve in a middle-aged woman whose symptoms were exertion-induced dyspnea and atrial fibrillation.

Sternal reconstruction after post-sternotomy dehiscence and mediastinitis.

PURPOSE: Post-sternotomy dehiscence and mediastinitis remains a serious complication in cardiothoracic surgery. The aim of this work is to report our experience over a period of 8 years in the surgical treatment and risk factor analyses of post-sternotomy dehiscence and mediastinitis. METHODS: All patients treated for post-sternotomy dehiscence at our Thoracic Surgery Unit in the last 8 years were retrospectively collected. We identified 237 patients with post-sternotomy dehiscence/mediastinitis. Forty-two patients had simple fractures of the metal steel wires, 61 had an asymmetric sternotomy with multiple sternal fractures, 113 had a symmetric sternotomy with multiple sternal fractures, 14 had a failed Robicsek procedure, and 7 had sternal dehiscence with mediastinal abscess. RESULTS: Different surgical techniques and materials were used to repair the sternum. In 21 patients, the first revision failed and a second reoperation was required. At multivariate analyses, we have identified risk factors for revision failure and in-hospital mortality. Mortality rate was significantly higher in patients who underwent more than one surgical revision (8% vs 19%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with sternal dehiscence are very fragile due to multiple preoperative comorbidities as reflected by postoperative morbidity and risk factors for in-hospital mortality. A correct evaluation of the characteristics of sternal dehiscence is important to guide the most appropriate repair strategy. Patients who need repeated sternal revisions had a higher mortality. Further randomized studies are needed to evaluate different techniques and medical devices to define the gold standard procedure to reduce significantly sternal wound complications in high-risk patients as defined by well-known risk factors.

Extracorporeal life support during and after bilateral sequential lung transplantation in patients with pulmonary artery hypertension.

The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenator instead of standard cardiopulmonary bypass during lung transplantation is debatable. Moreover, recently, the concept of prolonged postoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenator (ECMO) support has been introduced in many transplant centers to prevent primary graft dysfunction (PGD) and improve early and long-term results. The objective of this study was to review the results of our extracorporeal life support strategy during and after bilateral sequential lung transplantation (BSLT) for pulmonary artery hypertension. We review retrospectively our experience in BSLT for pulmonary artery hypertension between January 2010 and August 2018. A total of 38 patients were identified. Nine patients were transplanted using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), in eight cases CPB was followed by a prolonged ECMO (pECMO) support, 14 patients were transplanted on central ECMO support, and seven patients were transplanted with central ECMO support followed by a pECMO assistance. The effects of different support strategies were evaluated, in particular in-hospital morbidity, mortality, incidence of PGD, and long-term follow-up. The use of CPB was associated with poor postoperative results and worse long-term survival compared with ECMO-supported patients. Predictive preoperative factors for the need of intraoperative CPB instead of ECMO were identified. The pECMO strategy had a favorable effect to mitigate postoperative morbidity and mortality, not only in intraoperative ECMO-supported patients, but even in CPB-supported cases. In our experience, ECMO may be considered as the first choice circulatory support for lung transplantation. Sometimes, in very complex cases, CBP is still necessary. The pECMO strategy is very effective to reduce incidence of PGD even in CPB-supported patients.

Urgent lung transplantation in acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia: a sliding door or a new perspective?

BACKGROUND: Lung transplantation is nowadays the standard therapy for certain well-defined chronic end-stage lung diseases, even in patients on mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal life support. While these latter techniques have been used worldwide as bridging options to lung transplantation for listed patients, they are not commonly used in previously healthy patients developing acute not-reversible lung failure. METHODS: We will discuss two patients without any relevant medical history developing acute lung failure evolving to irreversible acute fibrinous and organising pneumonia (AFOP), thus listed for urgent lung transplantation. RESULTS: The patients recovered well, and both are still alive. CONCLUSIONS: In the absence of clear guidelines, our approach showed, in these patients, the possible benefits of lung transplantation regarding survival in AFOP.

A Rare Case of Cardiogenic Shock: Cor Triatriatum With Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return.

Obstructive total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) is a potentially life-threatening clinical condition and a surgical emergency. Left-sided partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR) in association with a subdivided left atrium, also known as cor triatriatum sinister (CTS), is a very rare malformation that can mimic obstructive TAPVR. We present a case of a newborn with clinical manifestation of cardiogenic shock caused by CTS and PAPVR.

A new image-guided technique for intraoperative localization of lung small solid nodules or ground-glass opacities with a self-expanding tract sealant device: a preliminary experience.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate a new self-expanding tract sealant device, designed to prevent pneumothorax after computed tomography (CT)-guided lung biopsy, as an intraoperative marker for small pulmonary nodules or ground-glass opacities during minimally invasive thoracic surgery. METHODS: Three patients with pulmonary nodules underwent CT-guided biopsies in our radiology department. During the same procedure, using a 19-gauge coaxial needle, a self-expanding tract sealant device was positioned in the lung nodule to be used not only for the prevention of pneumothorax but also as an intraoperative marker. A few days later, conventional thoracoscopic surgery was scheduled. A visual examination was performed. The site of the deployment of the BioSentry device was determined by checking for the proximal end of it beyond the visceral pleura. Thoracoscopic wedge resections using endoscopic staplers were performed to confirm histological characteristics, surgical margins and correct placement of the plug. RESULTS: Three consecutive patients underwent CT-guided placement of this self-expanding tract sealant device (BioSentry) before surgery, without complications. The thoracoscopic resection was performed with success. The plug was easy to visualize with the scope, and all removed nodules had surgical free margins and the plug was correctly positioned in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: The self-expanding tract sealant device was created for the reduction of pneumothorax and chest tube placement rates after percutaneous lung biopsy. We used it for the first time for intraoperative localization of peripheral small solid nodules or ground-glass opacities with good results.

The influence of the trocar choice on post-operative acute pain after thoracoscopy.

BACKGROUND: Acute post-operative pain following thoracic surgery procedures is still an unresolved problem despite the introduction of minimally invasive procedures such as video assisted surgery. Until now it is never investigated if different surgical instruments could influence post-operative pain. The aim of our study is to investigate the role of different type of trocar on post-operative pain in minimally invasive thoracic surgery. METHODS: This was a prospective randomized single center study. We identified 53 patients randomized into three groups underwent single port thoracoscopy for malignant pleural effusion with drainage of the fluid and talc poudrage. The three groups differ for the trocar type, rigid, flexible and wound protector. RESULTS: We compared the postoperative pain between the three groups in which there was no statistical difference. Rigid trocar seems to give a more stable level of pain during the days, flexible trocar gains more pain in the first few hours, however the pain at discharge decreases significantly, reaching the similar values, in all the three groups. The association between pain at discharge and operative time or days of drainage was analyzed by means of linear regression, no statistically significant difference was found. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that different type of trocars during video assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) produces similar level of acute postoperative pain. In future, further randomized study with a great number of patients enrolled needs to confirm our results.

Unilateral pulmonary vein atresia without anomalous connection in adult patient with recurrent severe hemoptysis.

Isolated unilateral pulmonary vein atresia (UPVA) is a rare congenital malformation and the management remains controversial. In adults, pneumonectomy is the treatment of choice when significant hemoptysis becomes life-threatening. We report a case of a 28-year-old male with isolated unilateral right atresia of the pulmonary vein who had life-threatening hemoptysis treated with bronchial arteries embolization followed by successful right pneumonectomy.

Reoperation for left atrioventricular valve failure in repaired atrioventricular septal defect: Can more valves be preserved in the current era?

OBJECTIVE: Left atrio-ventricular valve (LAVV) regurgitation after repair of an atrio-ventricular septal defect (AVSD) may necessitate further surgery. However, redo-LAVV repair remains challenging. We sought to determine if more LAVV valves are preserved in the current era, and analyze early and longer-term results. PATIENTS: All consecutive patients with repaired AVSD who underwent redo-LAVV surgery from January 2004 to April 2017 were included. Patients with single ventricles, atrial isomerism, and complex associated anomalies were excluded. METHODS: This was a single-center study using retrospective chart review and an institutional database for follow-up information. Data analyzed included number and year of primary AVSD and redo-LAVV operation, presence of trisomy 21, morphology of AVSD, mortality, and reoperation. Univariate analysis included repair and replacement rates and early and long-term survival. RESULTS: During the study period 36 redo-LAVV operations were performed, with repair in 28 and replacement in eight. The number of redo-operations increased from 13 in the first part to 23 in the second part of the study. The rate of LAVV preservation significantly increased over time (54% vs 91%, P < 0.01), and was not affected by morphology of AVSD or trisomy 21. There was one in-hospital death at Day 42 and overall estimated survival was 94.5% at 5 years. Freedom from reoperation after redo-LAVV repair was 87% at 5 years with no significant difference between repair and replacement groups. CONCLUSION: In the current era, more LAVVs can be preserved at the time of redo-operation with excellent early and long-term survival and acceptable reoperation rates. LAVV morphology and presence of trisomy 21 did not affect outcome.

Uniportal video-assisted removal of a right paratracheal pericardial cyst: an unusual location.

Cystic lesions of the pericardium are a rare entity. Generally, they are congenital and located in the cardiophrenic angle. The right paratracheal location is unusual and differential diagnosis in particular with bronchogenic cyst is difficult even when using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The surgical indication exists in case of symptomatic patients or huge mass with compression of nearby structures. Different surgical approaches have been reported in literature to treat mediastinal cysts. We report a case of uniportal thoracoscopic removal of an unusual located right paratracheal pericardial cyst.

Uniportal thoracoscopic resection of intralobar and extralobar pulmonary sequestration.

Pulmonary sequestration (PS) is a rare congenital malformation of the respiratory tract. Two main variants are described, the intralobar and the extralobar PS. Clinical manifestations vary from accidental findings to life threatening complications. Surgical resection is the definitive and indicated treatment of PS. The operation could be performed through an open thoracotomy or video-assisted thoracic surgery approach. We report the management of two patients with diagnosis of extralobar PS in the first case and intralobar PS in the second case. Both patients underwent uniportal video-assisted thoracic surgery resection of PS with success. In our experience, we confirm that uniportal video-assisted thoracic surgery is a safe and feasible approach for extralobar and intralobar PS.

Micro-incision thoracoscopic treatment of primary spontaneous pneumothorax: the "loop" technique.

Primary spontaneous pneumothorax has been defined as the disease of the 'young and healthy'. There are multiple possible therapies and in recent years, surgery has evolved towards the use of the uniportal thoracoscopic approach. The objective of our study is to describe and present an innovative approach to access to the thoracic cavity in patients with spontaneous pneumothorax. The surgery was performed using a single access of 20 mm at the level of the 8th intercostal space. For the isolation and suspension of any dystrophic area, we use a 'loop' of non-absorbable braided suture inserted through the IV intercostal space and successive wedge resection using an endoscopic 10 mm mechanical stapler. Using this access, we were able to visualize and dissect the pulmonary ligament and perform complete pleural abrasion. We had no complications. The operative time was 60 min, the chest tube was removed the 2th postoperative day and the patient was discharged the day after. The operation we propose permits the reduction of the dimension of the access to the thoracic cavity. We were able to resect blebs without problems, the recovery was excellent and no complications related to the procedure were reported.