Construcción y validación de cuestionario para el análisis del miedo al dolor dental en pacientes odontológicos / Construction and validation of a questionnaire for the analysis of fear and pain in dental patients

La naturaleza urgente del dolor se relaciona más con el miedo que genera que con la verdadera intensidad de la molestia. El miedo al dolor dental obliga a muchos pacientes a reducir sus visitas al odontólogo hasta que experimentan una odontalgia insoportable, lo que pone en riesgo su salud general y dental. Un cuestionario constituye un medio efectivo para determinar la capacidad física y emocional de un paciente para tolerar un procedimiento odontológico. Cuando conoce el origen del miedo, el odontólogo dispone de técnicas para el manejo del paciente. Los objetivos son: medir el miedo al dolor dental; conocer las diferencias en el grado de miedo al dolor; identificar las situaciones cotidianas de la consulta dental que provocan un alto grado de miedo al dolor dental. Para cumplir los objetivos se propone el uso del Cuestionario del Miedo al Dolor Dental (CMDD), que se aplicó a 200 pacientes de la clínica de Endodoncia de la UMSNH. Material y métodos: 250 cuestionarios, bolígrafo. Se entregó el cuestionario de autoevaluación y se procedió al análisis y clasificación de la información con el software SPSS versión 18. Conclusiones: Se comprueba la fiabilidad del CMDD, es decir, que mide de manera confiable el miedo al dolor dental de los pacientes a los que se les aplica. Los resultados proveen información importante para identificar áreas para la mejora de la práctica odontológica relativas al manejo del miedo al dolor dental (AU)

The urgent nature of pain is more related to the fear generated than the true intensity of the discomfort. The fear of dental pain forces many patients to reduce their visits to the dentist until they experience an excruciating toothache. The assessment in dentistry determines the physical and emotional capacity of a patient to tolerate a dental procedure. A form with a questionnaire is an effective means of ensuring relevant information. When you know the origin of the fear of his patient, the dentist has many useful techniques for treatment. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to measure the fear of dental pain (I), know the differences that may exist in the degree of fear of pain between one individual and another (II) and everyday situations of dental consultation result in a high degree of fear of pain (III); using the Questionnaire of Fear for Dental Pain (QFDP) used in 200 patients of the Endodontics Clinic at UMSNH. Material and methods: 250 questionnaires. Selfassessment Questionnaire is delivered. We proceed to the analysis and classification of the information with the computer software SPSS version 18. Conclusions: The reliability of the CMDD is verified, that is, it reliably measures the fear of dental pain of the patients to whom it is applied. The results provide important information to identify areas for the improvement of dental practice related to the management of fear of dental pain (AU)

Moisture content prediction in poultry litter using artificial intelligence techniques and Monte Carlo simulation to determine the economic yield from energy use.

The objective of this study is to determine the economic return of poultry litter combustion in boilers to produce bioenergy (thermal and electrical), as this biomass has a high-energy potential due to its component elements, using fuzzy logic to predict moisture and identify the high-impact variables. This is carried out using a proposed 7-stage methodology, which includes a statistical analysis of agricultural systems and practices to identify activities contributing to moisture in poultry litter (for example, broiler chicken management, number of air extractors, and avian population density), and thereby reduce moisture to increase the yield of the combustion process. Estimates of poultry litter production and heating value are made based on 4 different moisture content percentages (scenarios of 25%, 30%, 35%, and 40%), and then a risk analysis is proposed using the Monte Carlo simulation to select the best investment alternative and to estimate the environmental impact for greenhouse gas mitigation. The results show that dry poultry litter (25%) is slightly better for combustion, generating 3.20% more energy. Reducing moisture from 40% to 25% involves considerable economic investment due to the purchase of equipment to reduce moisture; thus, when calculating financial indicators, the 40% scenario is the most attractive, as it is the current scenario. Thus, this methodology proposes a technology approach based on the use of advanced tools to predict moisture and representation of the system (Monte Carlo simulation), where the variability and uncertainty of the system are accurately represented. Therefore, this methodology is considered generic for any bioenergy generation system and not just for the poultry sector, whether it uses combustion or another type of technology.

Neural Representations of Belief Concepts: A Representational Similarity Approach to Social Semantics.

The present experiment identified neural regions that represent a class of concepts that are independent of perceptual or sensory attributes. During functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning, participants viewed names of social groups (e.g. Atheists, Evangelicals, and Economists) and performed a one-back similarity judgment according to 1 of 2 dimensions of belief attributes: political orientation (Liberal to Conservative) or spiritualism (Spiritualist to Materialist). By generalizing across a wide variety of social groups that possess these beliefs, these attribute concepts did not coincide with any specific sensory quality, allowing us to target conceptual, rather than perceptual, representations. Multi-voxel pattern searchlight analysis was used to identify regions in which activation patterns distinguished the 2 ends of both dimensions: Conservative from Liberal social groups when participants focused on the political orientation dimension, and spiritual from Materialist groups when participants focused on the spiritualism dimension. A cluster in right precuneus exhibited such a pattern, indicating that it carries information about belief-attribute concepts and forms part of semantic memory-perhaps a component particularly concerned with psychological traits. This region did not overlap with the theory of mind network, which engaged nearby, but distinct, parts of precuneus. These findings have implications for the neural organization of conceptual knowledge, especially the understanding of social groups.

Rheological behavior of physicochemical sludges during methanogenesis suppression and hydrogen production at different organic loading rates.

This study investigated the rheological behavior of raw physicochemical sludges and sludges that were digested at different organic loading rates (OLRs) (1, 5, 10 and 15 gVS L(-1) d(-1)) during methanogenesis suppression to produce hydrogen anaerobically. The Herschel-Bulkley model was used to describe the rheology of these sludges with specific properties. The results indicate that the Herschel-Bulkley model adequately described the rheology (τ0 ≠ 0) of this type of fluids (R(2) > 0.98). In addition, the raw physicochemical sludges and those that were digested at different OLRs had dilatant behaviors (n > 1), which increased with increasing OLR. These results identified the apparent viscosity, yield stress, pH and OLR conditions that allow for the production and suppression of methane, as well as the conditions that guarantee the production of hydrogen.

Neural evidence that three dimensions organize mental state representation: Rationality, social impact, and valence.

How do people understand the minds of others? Existing psychological theories have suggested a number of dimensions that perceivers could use to make sense of others' internal mental states. However, it remains unclear which of these dimensions, if any, the brain spontaneously uses when we think about others. The present study used multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA) of neuroimaging data to identify the primary organizing principles of social cognition. We derived four unique dimensions of mental state representation from existing psychological theories and used functional magnetic resonance imaging to test whether these dimensions organize the neural encoding of others' mental states. MVPA revealed that three such dimensions could predict neural patterns within the medial prefrontal and parietal cortices, temporoparietal junction, and anterior temporal lobes during social thought: rationality, social impact, and valence. These results suggest that these dimensions serve as organizing principles for our understanding of other people.

Multivoxel patterns in fusiform face area differentiate faces by sex and race.

Although prior research suggests that fusiform gyrus represents the sex and race of faces, it remains unclear whether fusiform face area (FFA)-the portion of fusiform gyrus that is functionally-defined by its preferential response to faces-contains such representations. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate whether FFA represents faces by sex and race. Participants were scanned while they categorized the sex and race of unfamiliar Black men, Black women, White men, and White women. Multivariate pattern analysis revealed that multivoxel patterns in FFA-but not other face-selective brain regions, other category-selective brain regions, or early visual cortex-differentiated faces by sex and race. Specifically, patterns of voxel-based responses were more similar between individuals of the same sex than between men and women, and between individuals of the same race than between Black and White individuals. By showing that FFA represents the sex and race of faces, this research contributes to our emerging understanding of how the human brain perceives individuals from two fundamental social categories.

Common brain regions with distinct patterns of neural responses during mentalizing about groups and individuals.

An individual has a mind; a group does not. Yet humans routinely endow groups with mental states irreducible to any of their members (e.g., "scientists hope to understand every aspect of nature"). But are these mental states categorically similar to those we attribute to individuals? In two fMRI experiments, we tested this question against a set of brain regions that are consistently associated with social cognition--medial pFC, anterior temporal lobe, TPJ, and medial parietal cortex. Participants alternately answered questions about the mental states and physical attributes of individual people and groups. Regions previously associated with mentalizing about individuals were also robustly responsive to judgments of groups, suggesting that perceivers deploy the same social-cognitive processes when thinking about the mind of an individual and the "mind" of a group. However, multivariate searchlight analysis revealed that several of these regions showed distinct multivoxel patterns of response to groups and individual people, suggesting that perceivers maintain distinct representations of groups and individuals during mental state inferences. These findings suggest that perceivers mentalize about groups in a manner qualitatively similar to mentalizing about individual people, but that the brain nevertheless maintains important distinctions between the representations of such entities.

Nations' income inequality predicts ambivalence in stereotype content: how societies mind the gap.

Income inequality undermines societies: The more inequality, the more health problems, social tensions, and the lower social mobility, trust, life expectancy. Given people's tendency to legitimate existing social arrangements, the stereotype content model (SCM) argues that ambivalence-perceiving many groups as either warm or competent, but not both-may help maintain socio-economic disparities. The association between stereotype ambivalence and income inequality in 37 cross-national samples from Europe, the Americas, Oceania, Asia, and Africa investigates how groups' overall warmth-competence, status-competence, and competition-warmth correlations vary across societies, and whether these variations associate with income inequality (Gini index). More unequal societies report more ambivalent stereotypes, whereas more equal ones dislike competitive groups and do not necessarily respect them as competent. Unequal societies may need ambivalence for system stability: Income inequality compensates groups with partially positive social images.

Dissociable neural correlates of stereotypes and other forms of semantic knowledge.

Semantic knowledge refers to the information that people have about categories of objects and living things. Social psychologists have long debated whether the information that perceivers have about categories of people--i.e. stereotypes--may be a unique form of semantics. Here, we examine this question against well-established findings regarding the neural basis of semantics, which suggest that two brain regions--left inferior frontal gyrus and inferotemporal cortex--are critical for general semantic knowledge. During functional magnetic resonance imaging, participants answered questions about their knowledge of both non-social and social categories. We reasoned that if stereotypes are a typical form of semantic knowledge, then these same regions should subserve the activation and retrieval of stereotypes. Inconsistent with this possibility, left inferior frontal gyrus and inferotemporal cortex were activated only during non-social category judgments. Instead, judgments of social categories were associated with regions frequently linked to social cognition, including medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate, bilateral temporoparietal junction and anterior temporal cortex. Together, these results suggest that social stereotypes should be considered distinct from other forms of semantic knowledge, and may have more in common with representing mental states than retrieving semantic knowledge about objects and non-human living things.

Ventricular tachycardia in a man with spontaneous coronary artery dissection.

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a rare cause of acute ischemic coronary events. It is more prevalent in young women, particularly in the peripartum period. In men it is an extremely rare cause. We described the clinical course of a patient, man, presenting pain chest and ventricular malignant arrhythmias. Four days after admission the patient underwent coronary angiography, showing a large SCAD. After this, he had undergone coronary artery bypass surgery. He presented an angiography and clinical resolution and he was still asymptomatic at a 6-month clinical follow up. Pathophysiologic aspects and treatment options of spontaneous coronary artery dissection are discussed.

Participación comunitaria municipal en la llamada protección civil : El caso de Temoac, Morelos

Elaboración de un reglamento de Protección Comunitaria para el municipio de Temoac, el cual nace del intercambio de la asociación civil, Gobierno Municipal de Temoac y sus habitantes que buscan las nuevas formas de participación comunitaria, autogobierno y permanencia de la vida