OCEANOGRAPHY. Contrasting futures for ocean and society from different anthropogenic CO2 emissions scenarios.

The ocean moderates anthropogenic climate change at the cost of profound alterations of its physics, chemistry, ecology, and services. Here, we evaluate and compare the risks of impacts on marine and coastal ecosystems­and the goods and services they provide­for growing cumulative carbon emissions under two contrasting emissions scenarios. The current emissions trajectory would rapidly and significantly alter many ecosystems and the associated services on which humans heavily depend. A reduced emissions scenario­consistent with the Copenhagen Accord's goal of a global temperature increase of less than 2°C­is much more favorable to the ocean but still substantially alters important marine ecosystems and associated goods and services. The management options to address ocean impacts narrow as the ocean warms and acidifies. Consequently, any new climate regime that fails to minimize ocean impacts would be incomplete and inadequate.

A method for normalization of oxygen cost and consumption in normal children while walking.

Measurement of oxygen use is helpful in determining energy consumption in children with walking abnormalities; however, no statistically valid measurements of nondisabled children have been established using a telemetric system. Data from 94 nondisabled children, ages 5-15 years, were collected using the Cosmed K2 oxygen analysis system. Oxygen cost, measured in milliliters O2/kg/m walked, and oxygen consumption, measured in milliliters O2/kg/min, were correlated to inverse body surface area (IBSA) measured in meters(-2). Linear relationships between oxygen cost and IBSA and between oxygen consumption and IBSA were best described by the following equations: oxygen cost = 0.256 (IBSA) + 0.052 (r = 0.806) and oxygen consumption = 17.635 (IBSA) + 4.956 (r = 0.758). From these data, equations were derived to calculate predicted oxygen cost and predicted oxygen consumption for each child. Indices were developed to express the difference between a measurement and the predicted mean in reference to the normal variation. These equations and indices can help quantify the variation of energy use of children with walking abnormalities when compared with their nondisabled peers. Additionally, the indices enable multiple tests from one subject to be compared, regardless of a change in age, height, and weight between measurements.