The performance of K6 as a screening tool for mood disorders: A population-based study of the São Paulo metropolitan area.

AIM: The use of screening instruments allows the detection of psychological and behavioural manifestations there are often not identified in users of health services. We evaluated the performance of the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6) in identifying mood disorders (MD), using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) as gold-standard, in a population-based sample (n = 5037) of adult residents of metropolitan São Paulo. METHODS: Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy were calculated to assess the performance of K6 in detecting 30-day CIDI MD. All cut-points for each disorder were analysed using the Youden index and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), and the best cut-points were identified. Cronbach's alpha was calculated to assess internal consistency. RESULTS: In total, 5.5% respondents screened positive for any MD (95% IC 4.84-6.14). A good detection performance was observed for all MD, with AUC values for any MD of 0.91 (95% IC 0.89-0.92), ranging from 0.80 (95% CI 0.71-0.98) for minor depression to 0.93 (95% CI 0.87-0.98) for bipolar I disorder. Best cut-points for each MD were identified, with overall sensitivity and specificity of 88.8% and 80.2%, respectively. Cronbach's alpha was 0.83. CONCLUSIONS: K6 is a good screening tool for MD in the Brazilian population. It is a brief and easy to use instrument that can promote the early identification and treatment of MD, reducing the burden of mental illness.

Self-reported oral health among Brazilian adults: results from the National Health Surveys 2013 and 2019. / Condições de saúde bucal autorrelatadas entre adultos brasileiros: resultados das Pesquisas Nacionais de Saúde de 2013 e 2019.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate indicators of oral health conditions and behaviours among Brazilian adults in the 2019 National Health Survey (PNS) and analyse the evolution of those indicators compared to the 2013 PNS. METHODS: Cross-sectional study. Prevalence ratios of oral health conditions and behaviours, in 2019, were estimated by demographic characteristics. Risk ratios were computed using Poisson regression, and absolute differences (Dif.) between indicators in 2013 and 2019 were calculated. RESULTS: Prevalence of brushing teeth twice a day, using toothbrush/toothpaste/floss and edentulism were, respectively, 93.6% (95%CI 93.3;93.9), 63.0% (95%CI 62.3;63.6) and 10.3% (95%CI 9.93;10.7). There was increase in prevalence of brushing teeth ≥ 2 a day (Dif. = 4.5; 95%CI 3.9;5.1), using toothbrush/toothpaste/floss (Dif. = 10.0; 95%CI 8.6;11.3) and a decrease in prevalence of edentulism (Dif. = -0.7; 95%CI -1.3;-0.1). CONCLUSION: Respondents who were younger, more educated, with higher income and lived in urban areas had better oral health indicators. Most indicators demonstrated positive improvement.

Mortality and years of life lost to death or disability by interpersonal violence against women in Brazil: Global Burden of Disease Study, 1990 and 2019.

INTRODUCTION: Aggression against women is an important cause of morbidity and death. This study compares the variation of deaths and years of life lost to death or disability (DALY) caused by interpersonal violence against women in Brazil and its states. METHODS: This descriptive study analyzed estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) referring to interpersonal violence against women, aged 15 to 49 years, examining the mortality and DALY rates for Brazil and its states, in 1990 and 2019. RESULTS: In this study, 3,168 deaths of women between 15 and 49 years of age, caused by interpersonal violence, were estimated in 1990, and 4,262 in 2019, which represents an increase of 33.8%. Regardless of the Maria da Penha Law and the progress in policies for curbing violence against women, one can observe a stability in the mortality and DALY rates in most of the Brazilian states. Only Bahia had a significant increase in those rates, while Federal District, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo showed a significant decline. CONCLUSIONS: The rates of female homicide have remained stable when comparing 1990 and 2019. Although there were improvements in terms of women's rights in the early 2000's, the chauvinist and conservative society of Brazil has not been able to protect women, and the country might not reach the targets established by the UN's 2030 Agenda.

Mortality and years of life lost to death or disability by interpersonal violence against women in Brazil: Global Burden of Disease Study, 1990 and 2019

Abstract INTRODUCTION Aggression against women is an important cause of morbidity and death. This study compares the variation of deaths and years of life lost to death or disability (DALY) caused by interpersonal violence against women in Brazil and its states. METHODS This descriptive study analyzed estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) referring to interpersonal violence against women, aged 15 to 49 years, examining the mortality and DALY rates for Brazil and its states, in 1990 and 2019. RESULTS In this study, 3,168 deaths of women between 15 and 49 years of age, caused by interpersonal violence, were estimated in 1990, and 4,262 in 2019, which represents an increase of 33.8%. Regardless of the Maria da Penha Law and the progress in policies for curbing violence against women, one can observe a stability in the mortality and DALY rates in most of the Brazilian states. Only Bahia had a significant increase in those rates, while Federal District, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo showed a significant decline. CONCLUSIONS The rates of female homicide have remained stable when comparing 1990 and 2019. Although there were improvements in terms of women's rights in the early 2000's, the chauvinist and conservative society of Brazil has not been able to protect women, and the country might not reach the targets established by the UN's 2030 Agenda.

Condições de saúde bucal autorrelatadas entre adultos brasileiros: resultados das Pesquisas Nacionais de Saúde de 2013 e 2019 / Condiciones de salud bucal autoinformadas en brasileños adultos: resultados de las Encuestas Nacionales de Salud 2013 y 2019 / Self-reported oral health among Brazilian adults: results from the National Health Surveys 2013 and 2019

Objetivo: Analisar indicadores das condições e comportamentos relacionados à saúde bucal de brasileiros adultos na Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) 2019 e sua evolução em relação a 2013. Métodos: Estudo transversal que estimou prevalências de comportamentos e condições de saúde bucal segundo variáveis demográficas. Foram calculadas as razões de prevalência, por regressão de Poisson, e estimadas diferenças absolutas (Dif.) entre os indicadores de 2013 e 2019. Resultados: Em 2019, as prevalências de escovação ≥ 2 vezes ao dia, uso de escova/dentifrício/fio dental e edentulismo foram, respectivamente, 93,6% (IC95% 93,3;93,9), 63,0% (IC95% 62,3;63,6) e 10,3% (IC95% 9,9;10,7). Escovação ≥ 2 vezes/dia (Dif. = 4,5; IC95% 3,9;5,1) e uso de escova/dentifrício/fio dental (Dif. = 10,0; IC95% 8,6;11,3) aumentaram, enquanto o edentulismo (Dif. = -0,7; IC95% -1,3;-0,1) foi reduzido. Conclusão: Observaram-se melhores indicadores de saúde bucal entre pessoas mais jovens, com ensino superior, maior renda e residentes na zona urbana. Verificou-se melhoria na maioria dos indicadores estudados.

Objetivo: Evaluar los indicadores de salud bucal en la población brasileña adulta en base a los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (PNS) 2019, y analizar su evolución en relación a PNS 2013. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio transversal. Se estimó la prevalencia de conductas y condiciones de salud bucal en 2019, según características sociodemográficas. Se calcularon razones de prevalencia con regresión de Poisson y se estimaron las diferencias (Dif.) entre los indicadores de 2013 y 2019. Resultados: La prevalencia de cepillado ≥ 2 veces al día, uso de cepillo/pasta/hilo dental y edentulismo ha sido, respectivamente, 93,6% (IC95% 93,3;93,9), 63,0% (IC95% 62,3;63,6) y 10,3% (IC95% 9,93;10,7). Prevalencia de cepillado ≥ 2 veces al día (Dif. = 4,5; IC95% 3,9;5,1) y uso de cepillo/pasta/hilo dental (Dif. = 10,0; IC95% 8,6;11,3) aumentó, mientras que el edentulismo (Dif. = -0,7; IC95% -1,3; -0,1) disminuyó. Conclusión: Se observaron mejores indicadores entre jóvenes, con educación superior, mayores ingresos y en áreas urbanas. Hubo mejora en la mayoría de los indicadores.

Objective: To evaluate indicators of oral health conditions and behaviours among Brazilian adults in the 2019 National Health Survey (PNS) and analyse the evolution of those indicators compared to the 2013 PNS. Methods: Cross-sectional study. Prevalence ratios of oral health conditions and behaviours, in 2019, were estimated by demographic characteristics. Risk ratios were computed using Poisson regression, and absolute differences (Dif.) between indicators in 2013 and 2019 were calculated. Results: Prevalence of brushing teeth twice a day, using toothbrush/toothpaste/floss and edentulism were, respectively, 93.6% (95%CI 93.3;93.9), 63.0% (95%CI 62.3;63.6) and 10.3% (95%CI 9.93;10.7). There was increase in prevalence of brushing teeth ≥ 2 a day (Dif. = 4.5; 95%CI 3.9;5.1), using toothbrush/toothpaste/floss (Dif. = 10.0; 95%CI 8.6;11.3) and a decrease in prevalence of edentulism (Dif. = -0.7; 95%CI -1.3;-0.1). Conclusion: Respondents who were younger, more educated, with higher income and lived in urban areas had better oral health indicators. Most indicators demonstrated positive improvement.

Prevalence of exposure to violence among adults - Brazil, 2019.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of exposure to violence, characterizing its magnitude, types and occurrence in the adult population in Brazil. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with data from the National Health Survey conducted in 2019. The prevalence of violence in the last 12 months and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated according to sociodemographic variables. Crude prevalence ratios were estimated by Poisson regression. RESULTS: The prevalence of exposure to violence among adults in Brazil was 18.3% (95%CI 17.8-18.8), with a significantly higher frequency among women (19.4%; 95%CI 18.7-20.0), in the 18-29 age group (27.0%; 95%CI 25.7-28.4), in self-declared black people (20.6%; 95%CI 19.3-21.9) and mixed race (19.3%; 95%CI 18.6-20.1) and among inhabitants of the Northeast region (18.7%; 95%CI 18.0-19.5). Among the victims of violence, 15.6% (95%CI 14.2-17.0) sought health care, of which (91.2%; 95%CI 88.1-93.6) were attended. The most reported types of violence were: psychological (17.4%; 95%CI 16.9-17.9), physical (4.1%; 95%CI 3.9-4.4) and sexual (0.8%; 95%CI 0.7-0.9). Men were more exposed to violence with the use of firearms or sharp targets, while women were the predominant victims for all other types and mechanisms of violence. The aggressor most cited was the intimate partner, the most frequent place of occurrence of violence being the residence and public streets/places. CONCLUSION: In Brazil, violence affected one in five adults. Women, young people and people with black skin were the population segments most exposed to violence, which should be a priority in prevention actions.

Prevalence and psychiatric comorbidities of intermittent explosive disorders in Metropolitan São Paulo, Brazil.

PURPOSE: To estimate the prevalence of intermittent explosive disorder (IED) in comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders and to describe the temporal sequencing of disorders in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area, Brazil. METHODS: Data from the São Paulo Megacity Mental Health Survey, a population-based study of 5037 adult individuals, were analyzed. The World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CID 3.0) was used to assess lifetime DSM-IV disorders, including IED, with a response rate of 81.3%. RESULTS: The majority (76.8%) of respondents with IED meet the criteria for at least one other psychiatric disorder, with a prevalence almost twice as high as that observed in individuals without IED. The prevalence of any anxiety, mood, impulse control or substance use disorders in respondents with IED was more than two times higher compared to those without IED, with prevalence ratios ranging from 2.1 (95% CI 1.74-2.48) to 2.9 (95% CI 2.12-4.06). The diagnosis of IED occurred earlier than most of the other mental disorders, except for those with usual onset in early childhood, as Specific and Social Phobias and Attention Deficit Disorder. CONCLUSION: Considering that IED is a highly comorbid disorder and has an earlier onset than most other mental comorbidities in the Brazilian general population, these results may be useful in guiding governmental mental health actions.

Prevalence of exposure to violence among adults - Brazil, 2019 / Prevalência de exposição à violência entre adultos - Brasil, 2019

ABSTRACT: Objective: To estimate the prevalence of exposure to violence, characterizing its magnitude, types and occurrence in the adult population in Brazil. Methods: Cross-sectional study with data from the National Health Survey conducted in 2019. The prevalence of violence in the last 12 months and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated according to sociodemographic variables. Crude prevalence ratios were estimated by Poisson regression. Results: The prevalence of exposure to violence among adults in Brazil was 18.3% (95%CI 17.8-18.8), with a significantly higher frequency among women (19.4%; 95%CI 18.7-20.0), in the 18-29 age group (27.0%; 95%CI 25.7-28.4), in self-declared black people (20.6%; 95%CI 19.3-21.9) and mixed race (19.3%; 95%CI 18.6-20.1) and among inhabitants of the Northeast region (18.7%; 95%CI 18.0-19.5). Among the victims of violence, 15.6% (95%CI 14.2-17.0) sought health care, of which (91.2%; 95%CI 88.1-93.6) were attended. The most reported types of violence were: psychological (17.4%; 95%CI 16.9-17.9), physical (4.1%; 95%CI 3.9-4.4) and sexual (0.8%; 95%CI 0.7-0.9). Men were more exposed to violence with the use of firearms or sharp targets, while women were the predominant victims for all other types and mechanisms of violence. The aggressor most cited was the intimate partner, the most frequent place of occurrence of violence being the residence and public streets/places. Conclusion: In Brazil, violence affected one in five adults. Women, young people and people with black skin were the population segments most exposed to violence, which should be a priority in prevention actions.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de exposição à violência, caracterizando sua magnitude, tipos e ocorrência na população adulta do Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde realizada em 2019. Estimou-se a prevalência de violência nos últimos 12 meses e respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) segundo variáveis sociodemográficas. Razões de prevalência bruta foram estimadas por regressão de Poisson. Resultados: A prevalência de exposição à violência entre adultos no Brasil foi de 18,3% (IC95% 17,8-18,8), com frequência significativamente maior entre as mulheres (19,4%; IC95% 18,7-20,0), no grupo de 18-29 anos (27,0%; IC95% 25,7-28,4), nas pessoas autodeclaradas pretas (20,6%; IC95% 19,3-21,9) e pardas (19,3%; IC95% 18,6-20,1) e entre habitantes da região Nordeste (18,7%; IC95% 18,0-19,5). Entre as vítimas de violência, 15,6% (IC95% 14,2-17,0) procuraram atendimento de saúde, das quais 91,2% (IC95% 88,1-93,6) o receberam. Os tipos de violência mais relatados foram: psicológica (17,4%; IC95% 16,9-17,9), física (4,1%; IC95% 3,9-4,4) e sexual (0,8%; IC95% 0,7-0,9). Os homens foram mais expostos à violência com uso de arma de fogo ou objetivos cortantes, enquanto as mulheres foram as vítimas predominantes para todos os demais tipos e mecanismos de violência. O agressor mais citado foi o/a parceiro/a íntimo/a, e os locais mais frequentes de ocorrência da violência foram residência, vias e locais públicos. Conclusão: No Brasil, a violência afetou um a cada cinco adultos. Mulheres, jovens e pessoas de pele negra foram os segmentos populacionais mais expostos à violência e devem ser prioritários nas ações de prevenção.

Helmet use and injury severity among crashed motorcyclists in Brazilian state capitals: an analysis of the violence an accidents survey 2017. / Uso de capacete e gravidade de lesões em motociclistas vítimas de acidentes de trânsito nas capitais brasileiras: uma análise do Viva Inquérito 2017.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effect of helmet use on injury severity among motorcyclists and passengers involved in traffic accidents. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of traffic accidents involving motorcyclists attended at the emergency healthcare units participating in the Violence and Accidents Survey Conducted in Sentinel Emergency Departments (Viva Survey) 2017. RESULTS: There was a predominance of individuals aged 18 to 29 years old (46.6%), black (75.2%), with high school education (50.6%). Alcohol use was observed in 14.1% of cases. Helmet use was associated with a 76% reduction in the occurrence of head trauma and a 28% reduction in the referral, hospitalization or death. CONCLUSION: Young, male, black individuals and those with low education were the most frequent victims of accidents. Helmet use was protective for severe injuries.

Analysis of notifications of intimate partner violence against women, Brazil, 2011-2017. / Análise das notificações de violência por parceiro íntimo contra mulheres, Brasil, 2011-2017.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze notifications of intimate partner violence (IPV) against women. METHODS: Cross-sectional study on IPV against women (≥ 15 years old) registered in Brazilian Notification Disease Information System (Sinan) from 2011 to 2017, analyzed using the chi-square test (χ2) and Poisson regression with robust variance to estimate proportion ratios (PR) and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). RESULTS: A total 454,984 cases of violence perpetrated by men against women were reported, of which 62.4% were IPV. The most reported types of violence were physical (86.6%), psychological (53.1%) and sexual (4.8%) abuse. IPV was positively associated with women aged 20-39 years (PR = 1.70; 95%CI 1.68; 1.71), pregnant women (PR = 1.07; 95%CI 1.06; 1.08), marital partnership (PR = 1.55; 95%CI 1.54; 1.56), occurrence at home (PR = 1.80; 95%CI 1.79; 1.81), recurrence of violence (PR = 1.77; 95%CI 1.76; 1.78) and alcohol intake by the aggressor (PR = 1.12; 95%CI 1.12; 1.13). Physical violence was associated with the 20-39 age group (PR = 1.03; 95%CI 1.02; 1.03). Psychological violence predominated among women ≥ 40 years old (PR = 1.33; 95%CI 1.31; 1.35). Sexual violence was reported in greater proportion among pregnant women (PR = 2.71; 95%CI 2.59; 2.83) and women with disabilities or disorder (PR = 2.30; 95%CI 2.17; 2.44). CONCLUSION: Most reports of violence against women recorded in health services were perpetrated by an intimate partner, especially physical, psychological and sexual violence. It was possible to identify factors associated with IPV such as age, education, pregnancy, occurrence at home, recurrence and alcohol consumption by the aggressor.

Evolução da mortalidade por causas externas em Diamantina (MG), 2001 a 2012 / Evolution of external cause mortality in Diamantina (MG), 2001 to 2012

Resumo Introdução As causas externas estão entre as principais causas de morte no Brasil, afetando, principalmente, jovens e adultos. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo dos óbitos por causas externas em Diamantina, em Minas Gerais, de 2001 a 2012. Foram utilizados dados de óbitos do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) e dados populacionais do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Foram calculados coeficientes trienais de mortalidade padronizados por idade, específicos por sexo, para todos os grupos de causas externas. As tendências foram analisadas por meio de modelos de regressão linear com o programa Stata 13. Resultados As causas externas constituíram a quinta causa de mortes no município, com coeficiente médio de 44,3/100 mil habitantes. Verificou-se maior risco de morte para homens (coeficiente médio=71,5/100 mil). Os acidentes de transporte constituíram a maior causa de óbitos (29,6%), seguidos por outras causas externas (21,5%), pelos homicídios (20,6%) e pelos suicídios (14,6%). A faixa etária de 20 a 29 anos foi a mais afetada, enquanto a faixa de 60 anos ou mais apresentou o maior risco. Verificou-se uma tendência de aumento (p<0,05) na mortalidade geral por causa externas, na mortalidade masculina por acidentes de transporte e na mortalidade feminina por agressões. Conclusão As causas externas constituem um problema crescente de saúde pública em Diamantina, sendo necessária a implementação de medidas que visem ao seu controle e redução.

Abstract Introduction External causes are among the main causes of death in Brazil, affecting mainly the young and adult populations. Methods Retrospective study of deaths due to external causes in Diamantina-MG, from 2001 to 2012. Mortality data was obtained from the Health Ministry's Mortality Information System, while population data was obtained from the IBGE estimates. Standardized mortality rates were calculated according to gender and group of external cause. Trend analysis was performed through adjustment of linear models using Stata 13. Results External causes were the fifth main cause of death in the municipality, with a mean mortality rate of 44.3/100.000 individuals. Men showed higher risk of death (Mean rate = 71.5/100.000). 'Transport accidents' were the main cause of death (29.6%), followed by 'Other external causes' (21.5%), homicides (20.6%) and suicides (14.6%). The most affected age group was 20 to 29 year olds, while the group of 60 years or older presented the highest risk of death by these causes. There was an increasing trend based on gender (p<0.05) in general external cause mortality rates, males were more predominant in transport accidents, and females in homicides. Conclusion External causes constitute a growing public health issue in Diamantina, which requires efficient measures of control and reduction.