CORESS is an independent charity, supported by AXA Health, the MDU and the Kirby Laing Foundation.

We are grateful to those who have provided the material for these reports. The online reporting form is available on the website (coress.org.uk), which also includes previous Feedback reports, and via the CORESS app. Published cases will be acknowledged by a Certificate of Contribution, which may be included in the contributor's record of continuing professional development, or which may form part of appraisal or annual review of competence progression portfolio documentation. Trainee contributions are particularly welcome.

CORESS is an independent charity, supported by AXA Health, the MDU and the Kirby Laing Foundation.

We are grateful to those who have provided the material for these reports. The online reporting form is available on the website (coress.org.uk), which also includes previous Feedback reports, and via the CORESS app. Published cases will be acknowledged by a Certificate of Contribution, which may be included in the contributor's record of continuing professional development, or which may form part of appraisal or annual review of competence progression portfolio documentation. Trainee contributions are particularly welcome.

Posterior urethral valves masquerading as neuropathic bladder following sacrococcygeal teratoma resection.

Neuropathic bladder may be a co-associated morbidity in newborn babies following resection of a sacrococcygeal teratoma. We report a case of a male newborn showing features of incomplete urinary voiding requiring intermittent catheterisation after operation for bladder emptying. Videourodynamic assessment excluded neuropathic bladder and posterior urethral valves were demonstrated on micturating cystography. Urology outcomes have been excellent following curative valve ablation. This report highlights the crucial importance of being aware of the rare coexistence of lower urinary tract pathology in male babies with sacrococcygeal teratoma. Routine urodynamic assessment should be considered in all children following sacrococcygeal teratoma resection.

Parental decisional satisfaction after hypospadias repair in the United Kingdom.

BACKGROUND: In hypospadias, the aim of surgical treatment is to achieve both desirable functional and cosmetic outcomes; however, complications following surgery are common and 18% of boys require re-operation. In mild degrees of hypospadias, repair may be offered entirely to improve cosmesis, meaning parents should be fully informed of this and the potential for complications, during the consent process. Parents' decision-making may be aided by making them aware of how others in a similar position have felt about the decision that they made for their child. One method of measuring parental satisfaction is decisional regret (DR). OBJECTIVES: To assess parental satisfaction following hypospadias surgery in the United Kingdom by assessing DR and to determine the feasibility of obtaining meaningful data via a mobile phone survey. STUDY DESIGN: The National Outcomes Audit in Hypospadias database was commissioned by the British Association of Paediatric Surgeons to capture clinical information from hypospadias repairs. Following ethical approval (16/NW/0819), a text message was sent to mobile numbers in the database inviting participation in a questionnaire incorporating the validated DR scale (DRS). The primary outcome measure was mean DRS score, which was correlated with clinical information, a score of zero indicated no regret and 100 indicated maximum regret. RESULTS: There were 340 (37%) responses. The median age at the primary procedure was 16 (interquartile range 13-20) months. No DR (score = 0) was detected in 186 (55% [95%CI 49-60]) respondents; however, moderate-to-severe DR (score = 26-100) was seen in 21 (6.2% [95%CI 3.6-8.7]) respondents. On multivariate analysis, a distal meatus, a small glans and developing complications requiring repeat surgery were all associated with increased levels of regret (Table). There was no association between DR and cases performed per surgeon. DISCUSSION: Around half of respondents demonstrated no DR and postoperative complications requiring surgery were associated with the highest levels of DR, which is similar to a Canadian study. Lorenzo et al. however found that DR was associated with circumcision, which was undertaken in all boys; however, in this UK study, around a third of boys were circumcised and regret levels between those circumcised and those not circumcised were similar. The limitations of this work include the following: surgeons submitting their own data on complications and there is potential of selection bias between respondents and non-respondents as with any survey. CONCLUSIONS: Data from this study can be used to improve pre-operative counselling during the consent process. Smart mobile phone technology can be used successfully to distribute and collect parent-reported outcomes.

Automated electronic discharge summary for patients undergoing acute scrotal exploration: does it improve accuracy and quality?

BACKGROUND: The acute scrotum is a common emergency presentation, and the priority is to exclude testicular torsion, which typically requires scrotal exploration. The accuracy of electronic discharge summaries (EDSs) for patients undergoing acute scrotal exploration has previously been shown to be poor. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess accuracy of EDS in patients undergoing acute scrotal exploration in a tertiary paediatric hospital. This study aimed to determine if a new EDS system, whereby the operative procedure is automatically transcribed into the EDS, improves the information within the EDS. METHODS: Retrospective review of the EDS for all patients undergoing acute scrotal exploration between 1st April 2014 and 31st March 2016 was carried out. During this period, a new EDS system, whereby the operative procedure is automatically transcribed to the EDS, was introduced on 20th June 2015. The old system (1st April 2014 to 19th June 2015) was compared with the new system (20th August 2015 to 31st March 2016). RESULTS: A total of 181 patients were included. A diagnosis was not documented in 25 (14%) and was inconsistent with the operation notes in 56 (31%). An operative procedure was not documented at all in 13 (7%) and was inconsistent with the operation notes in 43 (24%). The laterality of pain was not documented and/or incorrect in 11 (6%). The new system in which the operative procedure is automatically transcribed to the EDS resulted in an improvement of diagnoses (78% vs 96%; p = 0.0022; old vs new) and procedures (95% vs 100%; p = 0.0218; old vs new) being documented but not the accuracy. CONCLUSION: The EDS prepared for patients undergoing acute scrotal exploration frequently exhibit inaccuracies; a system that automatically transcribes the operative procedure into the EDS results in modest improvement.

Bleeding after circumcision is more likely in children with lichen sclerosus (balanitis xerotica obliterans).

INTRODUCTION: Over 27,000 circumcisions were performed in England in 2012-13. The complication rate is generally perceived to be low, although published figures vary widely. Balanitis xerotica obliterans, more correctly termed Lichen Sclerosus et atrophicus (LS), is one of the commonest indications for medical circumcision. To test the hypothesis that children undergoing circumcision for LS have a higher rate of postoperative bleeding than those undergoing the procedure for other reasons, we retrospectively reviewed records for patients undergoing circumcision. METHODS: The disease and procedure coding system was used to identify patients who underwent circumcision (ICD10 code N303) between 2000-2010. Cases with a diagnosis unrelated to circumcision and children circumcised during hypospadias repair were excluded. Bleeding which required return to theatre for surgical arrest was considered significant. Cases were identified by review of medical records if there was: a second procedure during the same admission, or readmission coded for circumcision within 2 weeks. Only cases with histologically confirmed LS were included in the LS cohort. GraphPad online calculator was used for statistical analysis (two tailed Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: 2385 boys with a median age of 4 years (range 0-16) were included in the study. Indication for circumcision included religious (1305, 54.7%), phimosis or redundant prepuce (512, 21.5%), suspected LS (366, 15.4%) and balanoposthitis (202, 8.5%). LS was histologically confirmed in 262 (10.9%) boys. Fourteen (0.6%) patients returned to theatre for surgical arrest of bleeding following circumcision; 6 had LS and 8 did not (Table 1). The bleeding rate was higher in those with LS (2.3%) than in those without (0.3%), P = 0.0003 with a relative risk of 6.08. CONCLUSION: Post-operative complications are distressing, especially if further surgery is required. Published figures for complications following circumcision vary widely making counseling regarding risk difficult. Since LS includes an inflammatory element and circumcision in widespread LS can be challenging, the observation of more post-operative bleeding in patients with histologically confirmed LS during a previous audit prompted the hypothesis that this may be a significant finding. Thus we reviewed all patients requiring return to theatre within 2 weeks of circumcision, finding that whilst the overall bleeding rate was low, circumcision for LS significantly increased the risk. Although factors such as the severity of LS and surgical technique were not assessed, this is still a notable finding which should be reflected during pre-operative counseling.

Complications of inguinal herniotomy are comparable in term and premature infants.

PURPOSE: Inguinal hernias are common, and prevalence is highest in premature males. Recognised complications include recurrence, iatrogenic cryptorchidism and testicular atrophy. We reviewed complication rates following inguinal herniotomy (IH), comparing premature (gestation <36 weeks) and term infants. METHODS: A retrospective case note review of infants aged 0-12 months undergoing IH between January 2006 and December 2010. Data collected included demographics, side of hernia, incarceration, complications, duration of follow-up and need for further surgery. Comparison was made using unpaired student t test and Fishers exact test. RESULTS: Four hundred and eight patients underwent IH (365 male, 42 female, 1 complete androgen insensitivity); 197 were premature (prem), mean weight 3.81 kg (1.02-9.4); 211 were term (gestation ≥36 weeks), mean weight 5.85 kg (2.4-11.7), p = 0.0001 versus prem. Total herniotomies performed = 472 (131 Left, 213 Right, 64 bilateral); 89 hernias were incarcerated at presentation (60 prem vs. 29 term, p = 0.0001). Bowel resection was required in six patients (5 prem vs. 1 term, p = 0.1109), and 14 had simultaneous orchidopexy (12 prem vs. 2 term, p = 0.0049). Early post-operative complication rate 2.8 % (8 prem vs. 5 term; p = 0.4037). Two hundred and forty patients attended follow-up; 58.8 % (125 prem, 115 term). This group accounted for 279 IH (264 male, 15 female). Mean follow-up = 5 months (0.5-36). Complication rates: recurrence 2.7 %, metachronous hernia 7.5 %, iatrogenic cryptorchidism 3.8 % and testicular atrophy 0.7 %. CONCLUSION: No significant difference was found in complication rates between premature and term infants despite significantly more premature infants presenting with incarcerated hernias.

Allantoic cyst - an unusual umbilical cord swelling.

We report a baby with an unusual umbilical cord swelling. On the antenatal scans, a cystic area within the umbilical cord near its insertion onto the abdominal wall was detected. Postnatally an unusually thick umbilical cord with a yellow fluid filled cyst at the base was noted. The fluid from the cyst was confirmed as urine and ultrasound confirmed patent urachus. The baby underwent a cystoscopy and excision of patent urachus with associated allantoic cyst. Allantoic cyst is a rare swelling formed at the base of umbilicus associated with a patent urachus which results from an allantoic remnant. Paediatricians need to be aware about this condition as investigation is required to differentiate allantois cysts from umbilical pseudocysts. A patent urachus with allantoic cyst requires surgical excision.

Sex and congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Human studies note sex reversal syndromes and sex difference(s) in the incidence of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Epidemiology surveys record a higher incidence of CDH in females, whilst other reports cite a higher frequency in males. Nitrofen, a teratogen, produces experimental CDH. This agent is speculated to interfere with retinoid acid-steroid signalling pathways and may also be linked with sexual differentiation. This study was designed therefore to test the hypothesis that nitrofen may influence sexual phenotype and frequency of CDH. METHODS: Time mated Sprague Dawley rats were dosed with nitrofen at day 9.5 to generate predominantly left sided CDH. Fetuses were delivered by caesarean section on days 20 or 21 of gestation (term=day 22). External genitalia were examined to define external genital phenotype. The abdominal cavity was opened and the genito-urinary system carefully examined. The internal genital organs were assigned a phenotype and findings correlated with external appearances. The diaphragm of each fetus was studied for the absence or presence of CDH and the laterality of defect recorded. Controls (non nitrofen fed) were used for all comparative analysis. RESULTS: Control (n=600) and nitrofen exposed offspring (n=504) had equal frequencies of males and females. CDH occurred with similar incidence in male and female nitrofen treated pups. In all nitrofen exposed fetuses and normal controls, internal and external genitalia concorded without evidence of significant genital tract malformations or intersex states. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal nitrofen exposure is not associated with significant gender differences (or prenatal loss) in the risk of CDH. Genital tract malformations do not appear to accompany CDH in the nitrofen model.

Knotting of a ureteric stent in a child.

Knotting of ureteric stents is an unusual complication of their use and has not previously been reported in a child. We present a case of a 4-year-old that developed symptomatic hydronephroureter following removal of a multilength stent, which had knotted at the proximal loop. The child made a full recovery but knotting must be considered if resistance is encountered during stent removal.

Recent advances in congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a common birth defect which continues to challenge paediatric surgeons and intensivists. Affecting approximately 1:2500 births, a baby with CDH is born every 24-36 hours in the UK.

Bilateral ovarian autoamputation in an infant.

A case of bilateral ovarian autoamputation in an asymptomatic infant is presented. Cystic lesions were detected within the abdomen of the fetus during antenatal ultrasound scan (USS). USS performed shortly after birth showed a single lesion thought to be a duplication cyst, but at laparotomy 2 free floating cysts representing the ovaries were discovered. A review of the natural history of neonatal ovarian cysts and the management is given.

Effect of hospitalization on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients undergoing elective coronary angiography.

The effects of time of sampling on plasma lipids and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were investigated in 88 patients undergoing elective coronary angiography. Patients with a myocardial infarction or major surgery within 6 weeks before catheterization were excluded. All subjects were sampled in the fasting state at the time of arteriotomy before systemic heparinization and at least 30 days after discharge from the hospital (mean 275 days) in the free living state. No statistically significant differences were noted in total cholesterol (220 +/- 51 vs 226 +/- 48 mg/dl), triglycerides (191 +/- 77 vs 191 +/- 113 mg/dl) and calculated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (149 +/- 46 vs 150 +/- 43 mg/dl). High-density lipoprotein cholesterol values were significantly lower (p less than 0.0001) in subjects sampled before catheterization than in the free living state (32 +/- 10 vs 37 +/- 10 mg/dl, mean change 14%). Moreover, the frequency of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol less than 35 mg/dl was 77% before catheterization and 44% in the free living state. This effect was neither due to beta-adrenergic drugs nor to the length of time between samplings. In view of these findings, a screening lipid profile for patients with coronary artery disease should be performed in the free living state.

Interaction between oral hydralazine and propranolol. II. Assessment of altered splanchnic blood flow as the determinant of altered presystemic extraction.

Coadministration of p.o. hydralazine and d-propranolol or dl-propranolol in six conscious dogs caused a significant increase in peak plasma concentration and area under the p.o. plasma concentration-time curve of propranolol (P less than .01, P less than .01, peak plasma concentration; P less than .01 and P less than .05, area under the plasma concentration-time curve; d-propranolol and dl-propranolol, respectively). Coadministration of p.o. hydralazine with p.o. dl-propranolol resulted in a small trend toward an increase in systemic clearance of i.v. dl-[3H]propranolol; however, this did not reach statistical significance (P less than .2, P less than .1, d-propranolol and dl-propranolol, respectively). When a mixture of d-propranolol and 14C-labeled dl-propranolol was administered into the jejunum of seven anesthetised dogs, the absorption into portal vein of the 14C-labeled dl-propranolol paralleled closely that of d-propranolol both in terms of time to peak and absorption as measured by a percentage of total area under the plasma concentration-time curve at an arbitrary time (10 min) postdose. Assessment of hepatic extraction (E) showed similar close parallels (d-propranolol, E = 0.85 +/- 0.02; dl-[14C]propranolol, E = 0.86 +/- 0.03: mean +/- S.E.M., n = 5, P less than .70). Hepatic extraction of propranolol and blood flow in mesenteric artery and hepatic artery were measured in 23 anesthetised dogs given a constant infusion of d-propranolol into portal vein (11 micrograms/kg/min), made up to 6 control and 17 hydralazine-treated dogs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Interaction between oral hydralazine and propranolol. I. Changes in absorption, presystemic clearance and splanchnic blood flow.

A study was undertaken of propranolol pharmacokinetics in dogs before and after oral coadministration of hydralazine to determine whether interactions described in humans could be reproduced in an animal model. Additionally, physiological parameters considered to be relevant to the pharmacokinetic handling (absorption rate and splanchnic hemodynamics) were studied. Coadministration of oral hydralazine and propranolol in conscious dogs caused an increase in peak plasma concentration ( Cpmax ) and area under the oral plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of propranolol ( Cpmax = 19.2 +/- 5.8 ng/ml, control; Cpmax = 91.5 +/- 12.8 ng/ml, posthydralazine : AUC = 65.7 +/- 14.6 ng X hr/ml, control; AUC = 152.4 +/- 23.9 ng X hr/ml, posthydralazine : mean +/- S.E.M., n = 5; P less than .01 and P less than .01), without change either in the peak plasma level, time to peak or plasma AUC of [14C] propranolol and metabolites (P greater than .70, P greater than .90 and P greater than .60, respectively) or in urinary recovery (urinary recovery = 39.7 +/- 4.3% dose, control; urinary recovery = 41.8 +/- 6.2% dose, posthydralazine ). When propranolol was administered i.v., hydralazine caused a small (42.3 +/- 18%), but significant (P less than .025), increase in systemic clearance. Oral bioavailability increased from 7.3 +/- 2.1 to 23.6 +/- 5.1% (mean +/- S.E.M., n = 5, P less than .025), hepatic extraction showed correspondingly inverse changes and estimated hepatic blood flow increased from 34.9 +/- 3.8 to 63.3 +/- 10.8 ml/min/kg (P less than .025).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)