Smoking-attributable mortality by sex in the 27 Brazilian federal units: 2019.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to estimate smoking-attributable mortality (SAM) in the population aged 35 years and over in Brazil's 27 federal units by sex, in 2019. STUDY DESIGN: This is an attributable mortality analysis. METHODS: We applied a method dependent on the prevalence of smoking, based on the population attributable fractions. Data on mortality due to causes causally related to smoking were derived from Brazil's Death Registry, data on prevalence of smoking from a survey conducted in Brazil in 2019, and data on relative risks from five US cohorts. Crude and age-adjusted SAM rates were calculated by sex. Estimates of SAM were calculated by specific causes of death and major mortality groups for each federal unit by sex. RESULTS: In 2019, smoking caused 480 deaths per day in Brazil. Although the SAM varied among the federal units, the pattern is not clear, with the greatest difference being between Rio Grande do Sul (crude rate: 248.8/100,000 inhabitants) and Amazonas (106.0/100,000). When the rates were adjusted by age, the greatest differences were observed between Acre (271.1/100,000) and Distrito Federal (131.1/100,000). SAM was higher in males; however, while the main specific cause of SAM in men was ischemic heart disease, in women it was chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The major mortality group having the greatest impact on SAM across all federal units was the cardiometabolic diseases. CONCLUSIONS: The variability in the burden of SAM in the different regions of Brazil reaffirms the need for SAM data disaggregated at the geographic level.

Modelagem matemática e parâmetros qualitativos da secagem de folhas de capim-limão [Cymbopogon citratus (DC. ) Stapf] / Mathematical modeling and quality parameters of lemon grass [Cymbopogon citratus (DC. ) Stapf] leaf drying

A espécie Cymbopogon citratus, conhecida como capim-limão, é amplamente utilizada popularmente para fins medicinais e tem o uso nas indústrias farmacêuticas, alimentícias, de cosméticos e perfumaria. Devido à necessidade de conhecimentos específicos na área de pré-processamento, o presente trabalho tem a finalidade de equacionar e analisar alguns aspectos da secagem, que permitam prever as alterações na qualidade do produto. Folhas da referida espécie foram submetidas a cortes em diferentes comprimentos e à secagem em diferentes temperaturas. Aos dados experimentais, ajustaram-se diferentes equações para a modelagem das curvas de secagem. Realizaram-se também avaliações do produto seco, referentes à cor e ao teor do óleo essencial. Os resultados evidenciam que o modelo de Page Modificado é o que melhor se ajusta aos dados experimentais. A temperatura de 50ºC mostrou-se a mais indicada para a secagem da espécie, resultando em produto com menor perda do óleo essencial e maior preservação da cor verde.

The species Cymbopogon citratus, known as lemon grass, is widely used for medicinal purpose and in the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic and perfumery industries. Due to the need for more specific knowledge of pre-processing management, this work aims to equate and analyze some drying aspects that allow preview the product quality alterations. The leaves from this species were cut at different lengths and dried at different temperatures. Different equations for modeling the drying curves were adjusted to the experimental data. The dried product was also evaluated for color and essential oil content. The results showed that the Modified Page model resulted in the best adjustment for the experimental data. The temperature of 50°C was the best for drying the species leaves, resulting in less essential oil loss and higher green color maintenance.