Lifestyle changes during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: results from three consecutive cross-sectional web surveys.

OBJECTIVE: The importance of a healthy lifestyle in preventing morbidity and mortality is well-established. The COVID-19 pandemic brought about significant lifestyle changes globally, but the extent of these changes in the Brazilian population remains unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in lifestyle among the Brazilian general population during the first year of the pandemic. DESIGN: Three consecutive anonymous web surveys were carried out: survey 1 (S1)-April 2020, S2-August 2020 and S3-January 2021. SETTING: Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: The study included 19 257 (S1), 1590 (S2) and 859 (S3) participants from the general population, who were ≥18 years, of both sexes, with access to the internet, self-reporting living in Brazil and who agreed to participate after reading the informed consent. PRIMARY OUTCOME: Lifestyle changes were assessed using the Short Multidimensional Instrument for Lifestyle Evaluation-Confinement (SMILE-C). The SMILE-C assesses lifestyle across multiple domains including diet, substance use, physical activity, stress management, restorative sleep, social support and environmental exposures. We used a combination of bootstrapping and linear fixed-effect modelling to estimate pairwise mean differences of SMILE-C scores overall and by domain between surveys. RESULTS: In all the surveys, participants were mostly women and with a high education level. Mean SMILE-C scores were 186.4 (S1), 187.4 (S2) and 190.5 (S3), indicating a better lifestyle in S3 as compared with S1. The pairwise mean differences of the overall SMILE-C scores were statistically significant (p<0.001). We also observed a better lifestyle over time in all domains except for diet and social support. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that individuals from a large middle-income country, such as Brazil, struggled to restore diet and social relationships after 1 year of the pandemic. These findings have implications for monitoring the long-term consequences of the pandemic, as well as future pandemics.

Association of syndemic conditions and quality of life among people living with HIV/AIDS.

The syndemics theory seeks to understand the effect of multiple synergic problems in promoting poor health outcomes. To disentangle which and how syndemic conditions affect the quality of life (QoL) may be important to improve well-being of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). This study evaluates the association between syndemic conditions and QoL among PLWHA. We performed a secondary analysis using data obtained between 2014 and 2017 among PLWHA under care in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The outcomes were the six QoL domains (physical, psychological, level of independence, social relationships, environmental, and spirituality) measured through the World Health Organization Quality of Life in HIV infection scale, abbreviated version (WHOQOL-HIV-BREF). The independent variables were demographic and clinical characteristics, syndemic conditions (binge drinking, compulsive sexual behavior, polysubstance use, intimate partner violence, and depression), and syndemics (two or more syndemic conditions simultaneously). Bivariate analysis (t-test and ANOVA) and linear regressions were performed for each quality-of-life domain. The analytical sample comprised 1530 participants, mostly male at birth (64%) and with median age of 43 years. The syndemic conditions most frequently observed were binge drinking (56%), IPV (13%), and depression (9%). Both individual syndemic conditions and syndemics were associated with worse QoL. In the multivariate analysis, positive screening for depression was associated with worse QoL in all domains. Polysubstance users presented worse QoL at social and environmental domains. Intimate partner violence was associated with worse QoL at environment domain while binge drinking was associated with worse scores in the physical domain. The presence of syndemics increased the likelihood of worse scores in the psychological, social, and environment domains. Our study expands the understanding of QoL in PLWHA, as it considers a holistic/integral, multifactorial, and synergistic approach to the determinants of QoL. Seeking strategies that target syndemics may be important to improve patient-centered outcomes in health.Abbreviations: HIV/AIDS: human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndromeWHO: World Health OrganizationQoL: quality of lifeHRQoL: health-related quality of lifePLWHA: people living with HIV/AIDScART: combined antiretroviral therapyIPV: intimate partner violenceINI/FIOCRUZ: Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious DiseasesOswaldo Cruz FoundationSRH: self-rated healthVL: viral loadCD4: CD4 cell countNIAAA: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and AlcoholismCSBcompulsive sexual behaviorWHO-ASSIST: alcoholsmoking and substance involvement screening test developed by the World Health OrganizationPHQ-2: Patient Health Questionnaire-2.

Persistently high hepatitis C rates in haemodialysis patients in Brazil [a systematic review and meta-analysis].

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies assessing HCV infection rates in haemodialysis patients in Brazil (Prospero CRD #42021275068). We included studies on patients under haemodialysis, comprising both convenience samples and exhaustive information from selected services. Patients underwent HCV serological testing with or without confirmation by HCV RNA PCR. Exclusion criteria were the following: absence of primary empirical information and studies without information on their respective settings, study year, accurate infection rates, or full specification of diagnostic tests. Studies with samples ≤ 30 and serial assessments with repeated information were also excluded. Reference databases included PubMed, LILACS, Scopus, and Web of Science for the period 1989-2019. A systematic review was carried out, followed by two independent meta-analyses: (i) studies with data on HCV prevalence and (ii) studies with a confirmatory PCR (i.e., active infection), respectively. A comprehensive set of different methods and procedures were used: forest plots and respective statistics, polynomial regression, meta-regression, subgroup influence, quality assessment, and trim-and-fill analysis. 29 studies and 11,290 individuals were assessed. The average time patients were in haemodialysis varied from 23.5 to 56.3 months. Prevalence of HCV infection was highly heterogeneous, with a pronounced decrease from 1992 to 2001, followed by a plateau and a slight decrease in recent years. The summary measure for HCV prevalence was 34% (95% CI 26-43%) for studies implemented before 2001. For studies implemented after 2001, the corresponding summary measure was 11% (95% CI 8-15%). Estimates for prevalence of active HCV infection were also highly heterogeneous. There was a marked decline from 1996 to 2001, followed by a plateau and a slight increase after 2010. The summary measure for active HCV infection was 19% (95% CI 15-25%) in studies carried out before 2001. For studies implemented after 2001, the corresponding summary measure was 9% (95% CI 6-13%). Heterogeneity was pervasive, but different analyses helped to identify its underlying sources. Besides the year each study was conducted, the findings differed markedly between geographic regions and were heavily influenced by the size of the studies and publication biases. Our systematic review and meta-analysis documented a substantial decline in HCV prevalence among Brazilian haemodialysis patients from 1992 to 2015. CKD should be targeted with specific interventions to prevent HCV infection, and if prevention fails, prompt diagnosis and treatment. Although the goal of HCV elimination by 2030 in Brazil remains elusive, it is necessary to adopt measures to achieve micro-elimination and to launch initiatives towards targeted interventions to curb the spread of HCV in people with CKD, among other high-risk groups. This is of particular concern in the context of a protracted COVID-19 pandemic and a major economic and political crisis.

Assessing oral health of crack users in Brazil: Perceptions and associated factors, findings from a mixed methods study.

This study explores associated factors and perceptions of oral health among crack users recruited in open drug scenes in Brazil. A mixed methods approach was used. The quantitative component analysed findings from a large (N = 7381), population-based survey. The outcomes under analysis were 'self-perception of oral health' and 'self-reporting of problems affecting the mouth, teeth and gingiva (gums)'. The qualitative component comprised a focus group, with 12 individuals recruited from a drug treatment clinic. Lower self-perception of oral health problems vis-à-vis a higher prevalence of problems affecting the mouth, teeth, and gingiva were found in users who had a lower level of education, used substances daily, had worse self-perception of physical health, did not receive health care and regularly used alcohol and/or tobacco. The results show an association between substance use and decline in oral health, as well as the lack of health services focusing on such issues. Oral health services should be emphasised as a gateway to the health system. So far, the putative cross-referral between services and professionals working in oral health and other health professionals working in the field of drug dependence has not been observed.