Antibiofilm efficacy of tea tree oil and of its main component terpinen-4-ol against Candida albicans.

Candida infection is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. The increase in its incidence has been associated with resistance to antimicrobial therapy and biofilm formation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of tea tree oil (TTO) and its main component - terpinen-4-ol - against resistant Candida albicans strains (genotypes A and B) identified by molecular typing and against C. albicans ATCC 90028 and SC 5314 reference strains in planktonic and biofilm cultures. The minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum fungicidal concentration, and rate of biofilm development were used to evaluate antifungal activity. Results were obtained from analysis of the biofilm using the cell proliferation assay 2,3-Bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Terpinen-4-ol and TTO inhibited C. albicans growth. CLSM confirmed that 17.92 mg/mL of TTO and 8.86 mg/mL of terpinen-4-ol applied for 60 s (rinse simulation) interfered with biofilm formation. Hence, this in vitro study revealed that natural substances such as TTO and terpinen-4-ol present promising results for the treatment of oral candidiasis.

Antibiofilm efficacy of tea tree oil and of its main component terpinen-4-ol against Candida albicans

Abstract Candida infection is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. The increase in its incidence has been associated with resistance to antimicrobial therapy and biofilm formation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of tea tree oil (TTO) and its main component - terpinen-4-ol - against resistant Candida albicans strains (genotypes A and B) identified by molecular typing and against C. albicans ATCC 90028 and SC 5314 reference strains in planktonic and biofilm cultures. The minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum fungicidal concentration, and rate of biofilm development were used to evaluate antifungal activity. Results were obtained from analysis of the biofilm using the cell proliferation assay 2,3-Bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Terpinen-4-ol and TTO inhibited C. albicans growth. CLSM confirmed that 17.92 mg/mL of TTO and 8.86 mg/mL of terpinen-4-ol applied for 60 s (rinse simulation) interfered with biofilm formation. Hence, this in vitro study revealed that natural substances such as TTO and terpinen-4-ol present promising results for the treatment of oral candidiasis.

In vitro antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of carvacrol and terpinen-4-ol against biofilm formation on titanium implant surfaces.

This study evaluated the antibacterial properties of carvacrol and terpinen-4-ol against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum and its cytotoxic effects on fibroblast cells. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were examined. The minimum biofilm inhibition concentration (MBIC) was evaluated by XTT assay. Biofilm decontamination on titanium surfaces was quantified (CFU ml-1), evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and cytotoxic activity by MTT. The MIC and MBC for carvacrol were 0.007% and 0.002% for P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum, and 0.06% for terpinen-4-ol for both microorganisms. The MBIC for carvacrol was 0.03% and 0.06% for P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum, and for terpinen-4-ol was 0.06% and 0.24%. The results indicated anti-biofilm activity using carvacrol (0.26%, 0.06%) and terpinen-4-ol (0.95%, 0.24%) and showed cytotoxic activity similar to chlorohexidine (CHX). However, terpinen-4-ol (0.24%) showed higher cell viability than other treatments. Carvacrol and terpinen-4-ol showed antibacterial activity in respect of reducing biofilms. Moreover, CHX-like cytotoxicity was observed.

Influência do tratamento expectante sobre propriedades acidogênicas e acidúricas de Streptococcus mutans e Lactobacillus acidophilus / Influence of stepwise excavation on aciduric and acidogenic properties of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus

A remoção parcial de tecido cariado, realizada por meio do tratamento expectante, apresenta um alto índice de sucesso clínico, além de promover uma redução dos microrganismos presentes na dentina cariada. Porém, a permanência de tais microrganismos geram questões a respeito de certas propriedades que tais bactérias apresentam que as fazem ser capazes de continuar desmineralizando o tecido dentinário. Assim, esse estudo analisou as propriedades acidogênicas e acidúricas de Streptococcus mutans e Lactobacillus acidophilus, além de avaliar alterações clínicas como coloração e consistência e quantificar através de meios de cultura específicos alguns microrganismos presentes nesse tipo de lesão. Para isto, foram selecionados 20 pacientes apresentando molares decíduos com lesões passíveis de receber o tratamento expectante, sendo realizado coletas de lascas de dentina em dois momentos diferentes: na primeira intervenção após a remoção parcial de tecido cariado e na segunda intervenção durante a reabertura da cavidade 90 dias após o selamento provisório da lesão. As amostras coletadas foram cultivadas, identificadas e quantificadas, além de serem analisadas quanto aos testes fenotípicos de acidogenicidade e aciduridade. Os dados foram submetidos a análise estatística, e observou-se que apesar de ocorrer uma diminuição estatisticamente significante no número de microrganismos viáveis analisados, não houve diferença estatística com relação as propriedades acidogênicas e acidúricas de Streptococcus mutans e Lactobacillus acidophilus coletados nos dois momentos especificados. Conclui-se que o tratamento expectante apesar de promover alterações clínicas como escurecimento e endurecimento dentinário, associado com a redução no número de microrganismos viáveis, parece não exercer influência nas características fenotípicas de aciduridade...(Complete abstract electronic access below).

Partial caries removal performed by the stepwise treatment has a high rate of clinical success and also promotes a reduction of microorganisms in carious dentin. However, the permanence of these microorganisms raises the question about certain properties which such bacteria present that make them able to continue the demineralization of the dentin. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the acidogenic and aciduric properties of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus as well as to assess clinical changes in color and consistency of carious dentine and to quantify some microorganisms present in this type of lesion. Therefore 20 patients presenting deep caries lesion in primary molars eligible to receive the stepwise treatment were selected and dentin samples were collected in two different moments: in the first intervention just after partial caries removal and in the second intervention during the reopening of the cavity, 90 days after the temporary sealing of the lesion. The samples were cultured, identified and quantified, and were analyzed for phenotypic tests to available their acidogenicity and aciduricity. Data were statistically analyzed and it was observed that despite a decrease statistically significant in the number of viable microorganisms, there was no statistical difference in the acidogenicity and aciduricity properties of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus over the time. It was concluded that the stepwise treatment promoted clinical changes as darkening and hardening of carious dentine and also promoted a reduction in the number of viable microorganisms, although it seemed not to influence the phenotypic characteristics like acidogenicity and aciduricity of the species analyzed during the period of 90 days

Aesthetic rehabilitation of oligodontia in primary dentition with adhesive partial denture.

The primary teeth are essential for bone development and establishment of the arches on occlusion. Thus, the congenitally absence of teeth may trigger a shift in the balance of the occlusion, promoting disharmony in the structures of the maxilla-mandibular system. However, some interventions are possible to be performed in these cases even in pediatric patients, to redirect growth, preventing growth deviations and reestablishing the aesthetic. The aim of this paper is to report the treatment of a 4-year-old child presenting congenitally absence of mandibular central and lateral incisors and maxilla lateral incisors, which consequently compromises aesthetics, occlusal function, and the development and the functional growth of the bones. The oral rehabilitation was performed with an adhesive partial denture, which was able to restore the aesthetic and the occlusal function, therefore being a viable alternative in the treatment of this patient of little age.

Avaliação comparativa ?in vivo? da eficácia do óleo de melaleuca, clorexidina e listerine sobre streptococcus mutans e microrganismos totais na saliva / ?In Vivo? Comparative Evaluation of the Efficacy of Melaleuca Oil, Chlorhexidine and Listerine against Streptococcus mutans and Total Microorganisms in Saliva

Objetivo: Comparar a eficácia dos enxaguatórios bucais: clorexidina 0,12%, Listerine e óleo de Melaleuca Alternifolia 0,5% e 2% sobre os níveis salivares de Streptococcus mutans e microrganismos totais. Métodos: O estudo foi um ensaio clínico, controlado, duplo cego e emparelhado. Para tanto foram selecionados 26 voluntários com idade entre 21 - 35 anos. Foi coletada de cada participante, no baseline, a quantidade de 1 mL de saliva não estimulada, 1 e 15 min após os bochechos com as seguintes soluções: água destilada estéril, digluconato de clorexidina 0,12%, Listerine (©Johnson & Johnson do Brasil), Melaleuca Alternifolia (Sigma-Aldrich St Louis, MO, USA) nas concentrações de 0,5% e 2%. Os participantes fizeram uso de todos os enxaguatórios bucais pesquisados, com intervalo de 15 dias entre cada solução. Imediatamente após o bochecho, foi coletada a saliva e realizadas as diluições seriadas, seguidas de plaqueamento em meio de cultura Agar sangue para o crescimento de microrganismos totais e SB-20 (Agar Sacarose Bacitracina) para S. mutans, mantidos por 48h a 37°C em microaerofilia. Após o período de incubação, as colônias foram contadas e transformadas em unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC/mL). Resultados: A clorexidina mostrou ação antimicrobiana na redução dos microrganismos totais e S. mutans, enquanto a ação do óleo Melaleuca Alternifolia 0.5% foi semelhante à água destilada. O listerine e o óleoMelaleuca Alternifolia 2% apresentaram redução microbiana, respectivamente, de 11% e 9% para microrganismos totais, entretanto para S. mutans o listerine reduziu os níveis em 20% e o óleo Melaleuca Alternifolia 2% em 11%. Conclusão: O bochecho único com clorexidina 0,12% é eficaz na redução de níveis de microrganismos totais e S. mutans presentes na saliva. Ao comparar a clorexidina com o listerine e óleo Melaleuca Alternifolia 0,5% e 2% nas mesmas condições a eficácia da ação destas soluções é diminuída.

Objective: To compare the efficacy of the mouthwashes 0.12% chlorhexidine, Listerine, and 0.5% and 2% Melaleuca Alternifolia oil against the salivary levels of Streptococcus mutans and total microorganisms.Methods: This study was double-blind controlled and paired clinical assay. Twenty-six volunteers aged 21 to 35 years old were enrolled. At baseline, 1 mL of unstimulated saliva was collected from each subject, 1 and 15 min after mouthrinsing with the following solutions: sterile distilled water, 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate, Listerine (©Johnson & Johnson do Brasil), 0.5% and 2% concentrations of Melaleuca Alternifolia (Sigma-Aldrich). The volunteers used all the evaluated mouthrinses with a 15-day interval between the solutions. Immediately after rinsing, saliva was collected and serial dilutions were performed, followed by plating in blood agar culture medium for growth of total microorganisms and SB-20 (Sucrose-Bacitracin agar) for growth of S. mutans, and incubation at 37 °C for 48 h in microaerophilia. After incubation, the number of colonies was counted and expressed as colony forming units (UFC/mL).Results: Chlorhexidine showed antimicrobial action by reducing total microorganisms and S. mutans, while the action of 0.5% Melaleuca Alternifolia was similar to that of distilled water. Listerine and 2%Melaleuca Alternifolia oil reduced total microbial counts by 11% and 9% respectively, and S. mutans by 20% and 11%.Conclusion: A single rinse with 0.12% chlorhexidine is effective in reducing the levels of total microorganisms and S. mutans present in saliva. Under the same testing conditions, Listerine and 0.5% and 2%Melaleuca Alternifolia oil presented lower efficacy than chlorhexidine.

Cariogenicidade do leite materno: mito ou evidência científica / Human milk cariogenicity: myth or scientific evidence

Introdução:A amamentação materna tem sido destacada como medida de promoção de saúde, fazendo parte da Política Nacional de Saúde, envolvendo o profissional da Odontologia, porém o leite materno tem sido sugerido como um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento da cárie precoce da infância. Objetivo: Buscar evidências científicas na literatura que comprovem ou refutem a afirmação de que o aleitamento materno está associado com a Cárie Precoce da Infância. Método: A partir da consulta das bases de dados Medline e SciELO, foram incluídos desde estudos laboratoriais a levantamentos epidemiológicos que relacionam o aleitamento materno com a presença da doença cárie. Os descritores utilizados para esta busca foram: "breast feeding" e "dental caries". Constatou-se que não existem evidências científicas adequadas que demonstrem relação clara sobre a cariogenicidade do leite materno, em virtude da doença cárie ser multifatorial, o que a torna susceptível a presença de fatores confundidores, como por exemplo, a introdução precoce da sacarose a dieta do lactente e o início tardio de hábitos de higiene bucal. O aleitamento materno exclusivo deve ser estimulado pelo cirurgião dentista, uma vez que, além dos inegáveis benefícios para a saúde física e psicológica da criança, favorece um crescimento facial harmônico e previne o desenvolvimento de deglutição atípica e de maloclusões, em conjunto com a inserção precoce de hábitos de higiene e dieta não cariogênica. Conclusão: Não existem evidências científicas que suportem a afirmação de que o aleitamento materno está associado com a Cárie Precoce da Infância.

Introduction: Breast-feeding has stood out as health care measure and is part of the Government's National Health Policy, involving dental professionals. However, it has been suggested that breast milk could be a risk factor for the development of early childhood caries. Objective: The purpose of this report was to search for scientific evidence that would support or refute the statement that breastfeeding is associated with the development of early childhood caries. Method: Medline and SciELO databases were consulted to retrieve studies, ranging from laboratory investigations to epidemiological surveys, which relate breastfeeding to dental caries. The key words 'breast-feeding' and 'dental caries' were used on the reference search. There was no scientific evidence that could demonstrate a clear relationship between breast milk and cariogenicity. This is attributed to fact that dental caries is a multifactorial disease that is susceptible to multiple confusing factors, among which the early introduction of sucrose to the infant's diet and late introduction of oral hygiene habits. The dentist should encourage exclusive breast-feeding because, in addition to the undeniable benefits to the child's physical and psychological health, it contributes to a harmonic facial growth and prevents the development of atypical deglutition and malocclusions, in combination with early introduction of oral hygiene habits and noncariogenic diet. Conclusion: There is no scientific evidence to demonstrate an association between breast-feeding and early childhood caries.

Aspectos relacionados ao emprego da radiografia panorâmica em pacientes infantis / Aspects related to the use of panoramic radiography in children

Este estudo pretende realizar uma revisão de literatura a respeito da utilização da técnica radiográfica panorâmica em odontopediatria, abordando suas indicações, vantagens e limitações. Foi realizada uma revisão de literatura abordando a utilização da radiografia panorâmica dentro da clínica infantil. Por ser uma técnica extrabucal é melhor aceita pela criança e sua utilização deve estar associada à necessidade de se obter um número maior de informações da região maxilo-mandibular, para auxílio ao diagnóstico e avaliações do crescimento e do desenvolvimento dentário, falhas na erupção, condições patológicas extensas, dentre outras. Além de requerer um tempo mais curto para sua obtenção, é de baixo custo para o paciente e utiliza menor dose de radiação quando comparada ao levantamento radiográfico completo. Entretanto, deve ser complementada quando houver necessidade de maior detalhe e nitidez.