Prevalence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity Among Middle-Aged Women: Implications for Exercise Capacity.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the association between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and exercise capacity in middle-aged women. METHODS: Consecutive middle-aged female subjects without cardiovascular disease, aged 45 to 65 years, from two gynecological clinics underwent detailed clinical evaluation, portable sleep study, and treadmill exercise test. RESULTS: We studied 232 women (age: 55.6 ± 5.2 years; body mass index [BMI]: 28.0 ± 4.8 kg/m2). OSA (apnea-hypopnea index ≥ 5 events/h) was diagnosed in 90 (39%) and obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2) in 76 (33%) women, respectively. Participants with OSA were older, had a higher BMI, and an increased frequency of arterial hypertension compared to women without OSA. Multiple logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between OSA and exercise capacity, controlling for traditional risk factors including BMI, age, hypertension, diabetes, and sedentary lifestyle. In multivariate analysis, the presence of obesity without OSA was associated with low exercise capacity (odds ratio [OR] 2.88, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-8.11, P = .045), whereas the presence of OSA without obesity was not (OR 1.07, 95% CI 0.31-3.69, P = .912). However, the coexistence of obesity and OSA increased markedly the odds of reduction in exercise capacity (OR 9.40, CI 3.79-23.3, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Obesity and OSA are common conditions in middle-aged women and may interact to reduce exercise capacity. These results highlight the importance of obesity control programs among women, as well as the diagnosis of comorbid OSA in older women.

Obstructive sleep apnea is independently associated with subclinical coronary atherosclerosis among middle-aged women.

PURPOSE: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with coronary disease among men. However, this association is not clear for women. In this study, we evaluate the association between OSA and presence of subclinical atherosclerosis assessed by tomographic coronary calcium score in middle-aged women. METHODS: We evaluated consecutive women aged between 45 and 65 years in perimenopause or postmenopause period (with menstrual irregularity-amenorrhea > 60 days), without manifest cardiovascular disease (heart failure, coronary disease, and stroke), from two gynecologic clinics. All patients underwent clinical evaluation, computed tomographic examination for coronary artery calcium (CAC > 100 Agatston units), and portable sleep study. Multiple logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between OSA and CAC, controlling for traditional risk factors including Framingham Risk Score (FRS), body mass index (BMI), and diabetes. RESULTS: We studied 214 women (age 56 years (52-61); BMI 28 kg/m2 (25-31), 25 % diabetes, 62 % hypertension). OSA (apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) ≥5 events/h) was diagnosed in 82 women (38.3 %). CAC was more prevalent in patients with moderate/severe OSA (AHI ≥15 events/h) than in patients without or with mild OSA, 19 % vs 4.5 and 1.6 %, respectively (p < 0.01). Moderate to severe OSA was associated with CAC in unadjusted (odds ratio = 6.25, 95 % CI 1.66-23.52; p < 0.01) and adjusted (odds ratio = 8.19, 95 % CI 1.66-40.32; p = 0.01) logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSION: Moderate to severe OSA is independently associated with the presence of CAC in middle-aged women. These results reinforce the concept that women are also susceptible to the cardiovascular consequences of OSA.

OSA is common and independently associated with hypertension and increased arterial stiffness in consecutive perimenopausal women.

BACKGROUND: Perimenopause is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. OSA is an emerging risk factor for cardiovascular disease, particularly among men, but the independent contribution of OSA to cardiovascular risk in climacteric women is not clear. METHODS: We evaluated 277 consecutive women (age, 56 [52-61] years; BMI, 28 [25-32] kg/m2) without manifest cardiovascular disease (heart failure, coronary disease, or stroke). All women underwent 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring, arterial stiffness evaluation (pulse wave velocity), and portable sleep study. RESULTS: OSA (apnea-hypopnea index ≥ 5 events/h) and moderate to severe OSA (apnea-hypopnea index ≥ 15 events/h) were diagnosed in 111 (40.1%) and 31 (11.1%) women, respectively. None of the participants had received a previous diagnosis of OSA. Women with moderate to severe OSA vs those without OSA had a higher prevalence of hypertension, were prescribed more medications for hypertension, had higher awake BP (systolic, 133 [125-142] vs 126 [119-134] mm Hg [P < .01]; diastolic, 82 [78-88] vs 79 [74-85] mm Hg [P = .07]), higher nocturnal BP (systolic, 125 [118-135] vs 115 [109-124] mm Hg [P < .01]; diastolic, 73 [69-79] vs 69 [62-75] mm Hg [P < .01]), and more arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity, 11.5 [10.1-12.3] m/s vs 9.5 [8.6-10.8] m/s, P < .001). Oxygen desaturation index during the night was independently associated with 24-h arterial BP and arterial stiffness (per five-unit increase in oxygen desaturation index, ß = 1.30 [95% CI, 0.02-2.54; P = .04] vs 0.22 [95% CI, 0.03-0.40; P = .02] in women with vs without OSA, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: OSA is common, underdiagnosed, and independently associated with high BP and increased arterial stiffness in perimenopausal women.

E pior o prognóstico do segundo gemelar? / Is the prognosis of the second twin worse?

Muito se discute sobre as desvantagens que sofre o gêmeo que nasce por derradeiro, em relação às condições de seu nascimento. Neste estudo foram revistos 90 casos de partos gemelares ocorridos na Maternidade da Encruzilhada (CISAM) em Recife, entre Janeiro de 1992 e Dezembro de 1993, com o objetivo de comparar variáveis perinatais entre o 1§ e o 2§ gemelar. Foram pesquisados a estática fetal, a via de parto, o peso ao nascer, o Apgar do 1§ e 5§ minutos, a ocorrência de aplicações neonatais como a síndrome da membrana hialina, taquipnéia transitória e infecção neonatal e, finalmente, o prognóstico de cada um dos gemelares. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa na incidência de apresentações não cefálicas, operação cesariana, baixo peso ao nascer, Apgar < 7 no 1§ e 5§ minutos ou das complicações neonatais acima referidas. Não houve também diferença na mortalidade perinatal entre os gêmeos. Nossos resultados sugerem ser iguais as condições de nascimento dos gemelares de uma mesma gestação, devendo ser prestada uma assistência igualmente apurada a ambos pela equipe de perinatologia.

Descolamento prematuro da placenta: estudo comparativo / Abruptio placentae: comparative study

Esta investigaçao embasa-se em 103 casosEsta investigaçao embasa-se em 103 casos de DPP que foram assistidos na Maternidade da Encruzilhada, Recife, de 1( de agosto de 1992 a 31 de julho de 1994. Elegeu-se como grupo-controle igual número de parturientes que foram atendidas na mesma instituiçao e na mesma época. As seguintes variáveis foram consideradas: idade, paridade, tipo de parto, hipertensao arterial e transfusao de sangue. No que compete ao nascituro, levaram-se em consideraçao: baixo peso ao nascer, Apgar e óbito fetal. A idade avançada, grande multiparidade, operaçao cesariana, transfusao de sangue e hipertensao arterial foram mais freqüentes nas portadoras de DPP do que no grupo-controle. Os resultados neonatais foram piores nas portadoras de abruptio placentae do que no grupo-controle.