Cactus flour (Opuntia ficus-indica) reduces brain lipid peroxidation and anxious-like behavior in old Wistar rats.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of cactus flour on the anxious-like behavior and cerebral lipid peroxidation in elderly rats (18 months of life). The rats were divided into four groups (n=10). control (CG) - received the AIN-93M ration. P5%. P10% and P15%. treated with the AIN-93M ration with the addition of 5, 10 and 15% of cactus flour respectively. In the elevated plus maze (EPM) groups P5%, P10% and P15% remained longer in the open arms. P15% remained longer in this region and less time in the closed arms. No significant differences were observed between the groups regarding the time the rats remained in the center of the apparatus. P5%. P10% and P15% performed a greater number of head dips. Regarding the open field animals P5%. P10% and P15% performed a greater number of rearing and stayed for a longer time in the center of the apparatus with P15% being the group that remained for the longest time when compared to the other groups. There was no difference in locomotion and grooming. As for the light-dark box. P15% spent more time in the light part. less time in the dark part and performed a smaller number of transitions. P5%. P10% and P15% had the lowest concentrations of brain lipid peroxidation. Our data demonstrated that consumption of cactus flour by rats promoted anxiolytic effects and minimized brain lipid peroxidation in aging. Given the above, it can be deduced that cactus pear can contribute to the prevention and/or treatment of anxiety in the aging phase.Due to its concentrations of mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids, soluble fibers and antioxidant contents such as vitamin E and selenium.

Extruded urea levels in lamb supplementation in rainy tropical savanna conditions: the triad host-gastrointestinal nematodes-environment.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of increasing levels of extruded urea (EU, Amireia®) in the diet of lambs naturally infected by gastrointestinal nematodes on the interactions in the host-pasture-soil components in edaphoclimatic conditions of the tropical rainy savanna. A total of 60 Texel lambs with a mean initial weight of 20.7 ± 0.87 and mean age of 2.5 ± 0.70 months were distributed in a completely randomized design, in five treatments consisting of different levels of EU supplementation viz., 0, 6, 12, 18, and 24 g 100 kg-1 live weight (LW). The performance of lambs, parasitological variables, gastrointestinal nematodes (NGIs), and larvae recovery in pasture and soil were evaluated. The highest animal performance was observed in animals that received 0 to 18 g kg-1 LW (146.0 g day-1) and the lowest in animals supplemented with 24 g kg-1 LW (81.0 g day-1) of EU. The body condition score (BCS) was similar in the animals (P > 0.05). Parasitic infection did not differ as a function of EU level (P > 0.05). Eggs of Haemonchus spp., Trichostrongylus spp., Cooperia spp., and Oesophagostomum spp. were found. The largest amount of larvae in the L1/L2 and L3 stages was recovered in the pastures occupied by the animals that received supplementation 0 g kg-1 LW of EU (750 larvae), the smallest in those that the animals received 6 g 100 kg-1 LW of EU (54 larvae). The presence of larvae in the L1/L2 stages changed significantly (P < 0.05) in the soil; in the other stages, it did not differ in the soil. Increasing levels of extruded urea do not influence the eggs per gram of feces (EPG) count. The 0 to 18 g 100 kg-1 LW level maintains animal performance, BCS and FAMACHA©. There is less dispersal of NGI larvae in pasture and soil when EU levels increase in the edaphoclimatic conditions of the rainy tropical savannah, which suggests that this supplement can be implemented in the diet of beef lambs, in addition to to be a lower cost nitrogen source.

Effect of Microencapsulation on Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Properties of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) Essential Oil.

Research background: Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) essential oil exhibits antimicrobial and antioxidant properties due to the presence of α-citral and ß-citral. Essential oils are susceptible to volatilization and oxidation when applied to food matrices. Therefore, a barrier is needed to protect this material. The present study aims to produce microparticles containing lemongrass essential oil, with gum arabic and maltodextrin using spray drying technology. Experimental approach: Lemongrass essential oil was extracted by the hydrodistillation method and later microencapsulated with different wall materials. Free and microencapsulated lemongrass essential oil was evaluated for the cytotoxic activity (using Artemia salina as test sample), chemical composition (GC-MS), encapsulation efficiency, antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS and FRAP), antimicrobial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration. Results and conclusions: The lethal concentration (LC50) of lemongrass essential oil in the cytotoxic test was 8.43 µg/mL against Artemia salina; a high activity that can be associated with the presence of α-citral (~33%) and ß-citral (~21%) in the samples, since these were the main compounds with bioactive properties. The highest value of microencapsulation efficiency (88.11%) was obtained when only gum arabic was used as wall material. In general, the microparticles showed satisfactory antioxidant activity (expressed as Trolox equivalents, between 348.66 and 2042.30 µmol/100 g) and bactericidal effect in vitro against Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. In conclusion, the microencapsulated lemongrass essential oil is a promising functional additive in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Novelty and scientific contribution: This study shows that microparticles containing lemongrass essential oil can be prepared using gum arabic and maltodextrin as wall materials by spray drying, resulting in high microencapsulation efficiency. The drying process maintained the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the essential oil. Therefore, the microencapsulated lemongrass essential oil is considered a natural, functional and promising additive in the food industry. Its antimicrobial action can increase the shelf life of fresh and semi-fresh products such as cheese, yogurts and meat products. In addition, its antioxidant action can delay the lipid and protein oxidation in food products.

Evaluation of Genetic Parameters of Growth of Pelibuey and Blackbelly Sheep through Pedigree in Mexico.

Birth weight (BW) and weaning weight (WW) data from Pelibuey and Blackbelly lambs belonging to the Asociación Mexicana de Criadores de Ovinos (AMCO) were used with the objective of estimating genetic parameters (heritability and genetic correlations) and analyzing the growth characteristics of ewes born and weaned at different times of the same year from different herds with pedigree registration. In the case of Pelibuey lambs, the animal model included the weaning weight at 75 days of age, considering the direct additive genetic effect, maternal additive genetic effect, covariance between direct and maternal effects, as well as the permanent environmental effect of the mother. The direct estimators of heritability for Pelibuey were BW = 0.01 ± 0.021 and WW = 0.31 ± 0.074 and for Blackbelly they were BW = 0.05 ± 0.042 and WW = 0.41 ± 0.146. In the case of the maternal heritability estimators in Pelibuey they were BW = 0.02 ± 0.040 and WW = 0.21 ± 0.121 and for Blackbelly they were BW = 0.12 ± 0.054 and WW = 0.28 ± 0.121. The magnitude of the estimates of genetic correlations between direct and maternal effects for adjusted weaning weight at 75 days of age indicate that genetic progress may be slow in a breeding program. However, these selection results could be included in the short term in the breeding programs for the Pelibuey and Blackbelly breeds in Mexico, for livestock development in low-income rural areas.

Performance and ruminal and intestinal morphometry of Santa Inês sheep submitted to feed restriction and refeeding.

A study was carried out to evaluate the performance and ruminal and intestinal morphology of Santa Inês sheep subjected to feed restriction followed by refeeding. A total of 40 uncastrated lambs with an approximate age of 120 ± 15 days and mean body weight (BW) of 17.04 ± 1.18 kg were randomly divided into two groups of BW (20 and 25 kg of BW), which were subjected to different levels of feed restriction (0%, 25%, and 40% of feed restriction). For performance variables, six treatments were considered (0, 25%, and 40% of feed restriction for both groups (20 and 25 kg of BW)) and five treatments for morphometric variables (ad libitum, 25% and 40% for both groups (20 and 25 kg of BW)). All animals were slaughtered with 14 weeks of experimentation. During the feed restriction phase, the dry matter intake (DMI), feed efficiency (FE), and average daily gain (ADG) decreased (P < 0.05) as the level of restriction increased. During the refeeding phase, lambs with 20 kg of body weight subjected to restriction presented lower (P < 0.05) DMI in the ad libitum treatment. However, lambs with 25 kg of body weight under feed restriction presented DMI, FE, and ADG similar (P > 0.05) to the group ad libitum. The final body weight of restricted lambs after refeeding (both groups 20 and 25 kg of body weight) was lower (P < 0.05) than lambs feed ad libitum. In relation to morphology, restricted lambs showed greater height ruminal papillae and larger (P < 0.05) area of ruminal absorption and intestinal absorption, especially the lambs under treatment 40% of feed restriction. The feed restriction followed by refeeding in sheep provided partial compensatory gain, in addition, caused morphological changes in the rumen and intestine that allowed greater absorption and possibly compensatory gain in periods of greater refeeding.

Effect of Increased Salt Water Intake on the Production and Composition of Dairy Goat Milk.

Due to its necessity and magnitude, water is essential for animal nutrition. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of water salinity on the quality of goat milk in the Brazilian semiarid region. Twenty-four multiparous Alpine goats, with an average live weight of 38.0 ± 4.0 kg and an average lactation period of 30 days, distributed entirely at random, were used. The experiment lasted 64 days including an initial period of 14 days of adaption to the diet. The experimental treatments consisted of water with different levels of total dissolved solids (TDS): 640, 3188, 5740, and 8326 mg L-1, obtained using sodium chloride (NaCl). Increasing the levels of TDS in drinking water from 640 to 8326 mg L-1 did not significantly (p > 0.05) affect the production and the physicochemical composition of the milk. There was a linear increase (p < 0.05) in the water consumption and acidity variables as a function of the total dissolved solid levels. The mineral composition of the milk was not altered with increasing levels of TDS in water from 640 to 8326 mg L-1. There was no negative effect (p > 0.05) for any of the sensorial attributes analyzed in relation to the treatments. Therefore, as a general conclusion, based on the analyses carried out in this experiment, it was found that water with total dissolved solids, when supplied for short periods of up to 48 days, does not alter the production, physicochemical characteristics, or the organoleptic properties of goat's milk.

Pre- and Post-Slaughter Methodologies to Estimate Body Fat Reserves in Lactating Saanen Goats.

This work aimed to compare pre- and post-slaughter methodologies to estimate body fat reserves in dairy goats. Twenty-six lactating Saanen goats ranging from 43.6 to 69.4 kg of body weight (BW) and from 1.84 to 2.96 of body condition score (BCS; 0-5 range) were used. Fifteen pre-slaughter and four post-slaughter measurement values were used to estimate the weight of fat in the omental (OM), mesenteric (MES), perirenal (PR), organ (ORG), carcass (CARC), and non-carcass components (NC) and total (TOT, calculated as the sum of CARC and NC) depots in goats. The pre-slaughter measurements were withers height; rump height; rump length; pelvis width; chest depth; shoulder width; heart girth; body length; sternum height; BW; BCS assessed in the lumbar (BCSl) and sternal (BCSs) regions; and fat thickness measured by ultrasound in the lumbar (FTUSl), sternal (FTUSs), and perirenal (FTUSpr) regions. The post-slaughter measurements were hot carcass weight (HCW), empty body weight (EBW), and fat thickness measured by digital caliper in the lumbar (FTDCl) and sternal (FTDCs) regions. Linear and multiple regressions were fit to data collected. BW, BCS (from lumbar and sternal regions), all somatic measurements, and fat thickness measured by ultrasound in the lumbar and sternal regions were not adequate to estimate the weight of total fat in lactating Saanen goats (R2 ≤ 0.55). The best pre-slaughter and post-slaughter estimators of OM, MES, PR, ORG, NC, and TOT fat were FTUSpr and EBW, respectively. Among pre- and post-slaughter measurements, BCSl (R2 = 0.63) and HCW (R2 = 0.82) provided the most accurate predictions of CARC fat, respectively. Multiple regression using the pre-slaughter variables FTUSpr, BW, and BCSl yielded estimates of TOT fat with an R2 = 0.92 (RSD = 1.14 kg). On the other hand, TOT fat predicted using the post-slaughter variables HCW and FTDCs had an R2 = 0.83 (RSD = 1.41 kg). These results confirm that fat reserves can be predicted in lactating Saanen goats with high precision using multiple regression equations combining in vivo measurements.

Effect of the Use of Tomato Pomace on Feeding and Performance of Lactating Goats.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of including different levels of tomato pomace (TP) on performance, blood biochemical parameters, hormones, production and composition of milk, and economic analysis of Saanen goats reared in confinement. Sixteen multiparous goats (Saanen), 21 days in milk, were randomly distributed in two Latin square 4 × 4 (four periods and four treatments), according to the inclusion levels of dehydrated tomato pomace (0%, 20%, 40%, and 60%) in the diet. This inclusion resulted in differences in the intake of dry and organic matter, as well as ether extract, crude protein, water, neutral detergent fiber, and non-fibrous carbohydrates. The inclusion of 60% TP resulted in a significant decrease of body weight (-4.42 kg) in comparison with initial body weight, while the other three treatments did not affect or increase the animal body weight (between -0.05 and +3.07 kg). The addition of 20% and 40% of TP resulted in higher milk production (around 1.5 kg day-1) than in animals from a control (1.2 kg day-1) and 60% TP (1.04 kg day-1). This increase was approximately 28% in the animals with 40% of TP inclusion. Moreover, the addition of 20% or 40% TP also improved the milk quality, which presented a higher fat amount (4.37% and 4.63% in 20% TP and 40% TP animals, respectively) than in a control (3.7%) and animals feed with 60% TP (4.02%). The feed efficiency and feed conversion did not show differences between diets. Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) were also significantly affected by the inclusion of TP in the diet. The diet with the highest level of TP (60%) had the lowest cost per kilo among the diets evaluated. However, the use of 40% TP in animal diet presented the highest milk production and intermediate production cost.

Optimizing the use of spineless cactus in the finishing diet of lambs: physicochemical properties and sensory characteristics of meat.

BACKGROUND: The use of spineless cactus in finishing diets for lambs improves the carcass quality. However, data about its influence on meat traits is very scarce. The effects of spineless cactus inclusion in the finishing diet of lambs at four levels (0, 150, 300 and 450 g kg-1 of dry matter, DM) in replacement of Tifton hay on the physicochemical and sensory properties of meat were studied. RESULTS: The spineless cactus modified the chemical composition increasing the protein (P < 0.001) and the fat (P < 0.01) contents of meat, presenting the greatest values in lambs fed diets with 150 and 300 g kg-1 (DM) replacing levels, respectively. However, the spineless cactus did not influence the growth performance from 23.7 to 37.3 kg of body weight (on average). In addition, colour parameters of the meat were not affected by the inclusion of spineless cactus in the finishing diet of lambs, resulting in mean values of 37.55, 14.96 and 8.49 for lightness, redness and yellowness, respectively. There were no statistical differences among treatments for cooking loss and shear force, with mean values of 34.8% and 14.8 N, respectively. Finally, the sensorial properties were not affected by the inclusion of spineless cactus in the finishing diet of lambs. CONCLUSION: Spineless cactus could be included up to the level of 300 g kg-1 DM in the finishing diets of lambs to increase the fat content of meat without compromising its sensorial properties. However, further studies about the fatty acid composition of meat from lambs fed diets containing spineless cactus are necessary. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Ruminal and morphometric parameters of the rumen and intestines of sheep fed with increasing levels of spineless cactus (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm-Dyck).

The objective of this study was to evaluate the ruminal parameters (pH, N-NH3, and microbial protein) and morphometry of the rumen and intestine of sheep fed with a diet containing four different levels of the spineless cactus variety, Baiana. The experiment was conducted at the National Semi-Arid Institute in Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. A total of 40 male sheep submitted to the confinement regime were used in a completely randomized design with four treatments (0, 15, 30, and 45% dry matter basis) and ten replicates, with an initial body weight of 23.7 ± 3.08 kg. Experimental diets were composed of ground corn, soybean meal, urea, mineral supplement, limestone, Tifton 85 hay, and spineless cactus of the Baiana variety. The pH, ammonia nitrogen, and microbial protein were evaluated in the ruminal fluid, alongside the morphometric characteristics of the rumen and intestine. While the addition of the spineless cactus did not affect N-NH3, it caused a linear reduction in the ruminal pH following 4 h of feeding, and also increased the microbial protein. In addition, it stimulated a reduction in the height of the papillae and the muscle layer of the rumen, and induced the mucosal height in the intestine to increase. The addition of up to 30% of spineless cactus in the diet of sheep without a defined breed did not alter the N-NH3, pH, and ruminal histology, but it did increase the production of microbial protein and intestinal mucosa.

Physicochemical and sensory characteristics of yoghurts made from goat and cow milk.

Substituting goats' milk for cows' milk could improve the quality of dairy products, because it adds new sensorial characteristics. The aim of this study was to develop a type of yoghurt using goats' milk (25, 50, 75 and 100%) in place of cows' milk and to compare their characteristics. Physicochemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics were evaluated using a nine-point hedonic scale and purchase intention test. The data obtained in the physicochemical analysis were submitted to regression analysis and the sensory results were evaluated through analysis of variance. Among the physicochemical characteristics of the yoghurts, variation (P < 0.05) of ash, acidity and lactose was observed. Tasters in the sensory analysis indicated that yoghurts up to 50% of goats' milk received favorable averages; with lower scores for higher goats' milk concentrations (75% and 100%). No difference was reported in acidity. Replacing cows' milk with goats' milk in yoghurt preparation promotes variations in the physicochemical characteristics for ash, acidity and lactose. However, it does not cause alterations in the sensory attributes (50% goat milk) and therefore could be considered as an alternative for the production of dairy products. © 2016 Japanese Society of Animal Science.

Detoxified castor meal in substitution of soybean meal in sheep diet: growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat yield.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the intake, digestibility, performance, and carcass characteristics of lambs fed different levels of replacement (0, 15, 30, and 45 % based on dry matter, DM) of soybean meal (SM) by detoxified castor meal (DCM). Twenty-four and 32 intact hair lambs of nondescript breed (21.7 ± 2.6 kg of initial average body weight and approximately 10 months old) were used, respectively, in the intake and digestibility and performance experiments. The diets were composed of buffel grass hay, ground corn grain, and different levels of SM, DCM, and urea, in a roughage-to-concentrate ratio of 40:60. There was no effect of treatments on DM intake. However, crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intakes were higher at 30 and 45 % than at 0 and 15 % of DCM, which in turn showed higher intake of non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) (P < 0.05). The organic matter, CP, and NDF digestibilities were not affected, but the digestibility of NFC was lower at 30 and 45 % than at 0 % of DCM (P < 0.05). The average daily gain, feed conversion, slaughter and carcass weights, chilling losses, ribeye area, and absolute values and yields of neck, ribs, loin, and leg were not affected. However, the carcass yield was lower at 45 % of DCM and the absolute value of shoulder was lower at 30 and 45 % of DCM (P < 0.05). The replacement of SM by DCM up to 45 % in the feed of lambs did not negatively affect the intake, digestibility, performance, and main carcass features.

Influence of lactation stage and some flock management practices on sensory characteristics of goat milk from Brazilian Saanen breed.

This study evaluated the influence of lactation stage (early, middle, late) and management practices (milking hygiene and buck presence) on the sensory attributes of Saanen goat milk. Goats were randomly divided in four groups in respect of different milking sanitary procedures and the presence/absence of the buck in the barn. Milk samples were analyzed for sensory attributes including quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) and acceptance. The milking hygiene practice caused no significant influence on microbiological parameters. Results of QDA revealed that the buck presence increased the characteristic odor of milk at the middle and late lactation stages. The off-odor and off-flavor descriptors showed a distinct response since a higher intensity of these sensory characteristics was noted in the samples obtained from goats maintained without the buck. Odor and flavor contributed most in characterizing the different samples regardless of the management practice and lactation stage. The acceptance of odor showed to be influenced only by the lactation stage, while the acceptance of flavor was only through the presence of the buck. Odor acceptance correlated negatively to off-odor and off-flavor, suggesting that these two sensory attributes impaired the preference for the aroma of the milk samples.

Consumo, digestibilidade de nutrientes e parâmetros sanguíneos de cabras mestiças moxotó suplementadas com óleos de licuri ou mamona / Intake, digestibility of nutrients and blood parameters of crossbred moxotó goats suplemented with licuri or castor oils

Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar a possibilidade da inclusão dos óleos de Licuri ou Mamona, em dois níveis, na dieta de cabras mestiças Moxotó, por meio do estudo do consumo de matéria seca, da digestibilidade e dos níveis de ureia, glicose e ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNE) no sangue. Os tratamentos consistiam em um grupo controle sem óleo (SO) e adição de 3 ou 5 por cento de óleo de Licuri (OL-3 ou OL-5) ou Mamona (OM-3 ou OM-5), com base na matéria seca. Foram utilizadas 10 cabras mestiças Moxotó em lactação, confinadas, distribuídas em um quadrado latino duplo (5 x 5), no qual cada período consistia em 12 dias de adaptação e três dias de coleta. A inclusão de óleo na dieta reduziu o consumo de matéria seca, com exceção do consumo dos animais suplementados com OM-3. No entanto, a adição de 3 por cento de óleo não alterou o consumo de energia metabolizável e proteína bruta. Já a suplementação com OL-5 reduziu o consumo dos nutrientes, com exceção do consumo de extrato etéreo. A suplementação lipídica não alterou a digestibilidade da matéria seca, entretanto aumentou a digestibilidade da FDN e a digestibilidade aparente da PB e EE. Os níveis de glicose, ureia e AGNE sanguíneos não diferiram entre os tratamentos. É possível utilizar 3 por cento de óleo de Mamona na dieta de cabras em lactação.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the possibility of including Castor or Licuri oil at two levels in the diets of crossbred Moxotó goat's through dry matter intake, digestibility and levels of urea, glucose and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) in the blood. The treatments consisted of control groups without oil, 3 percent or 5 percent of Licuri (LO-3 or LO-5) or Castor (CO-3 or CO-5) oil, based on dry matter supplementation. Ten Moxotó lactating goats were used according to a double Latin Square (5 x 5) experiment design. The addition of oil to the diet reduced the dry matter intake, except for animals that were supplemented with CO-3. However, the addition of 3 percent of oil didn´t alter the intake of metabolizable energy and crude protein. The animals supplemented with LO-5 oil showed smaller nutrients intake, except for ether extract intake. The lipid supplement didn´t alter the dry matter digestibility, however increased the NDF digestibility the CP and EE apparent digestibility. There was no difference among the glucose levels, urea and NEFA in the blood. It is possible to use 3 percentCastor oil in the diet of lactating goats.

Profile of milk fatty acids from moxotó goats fed with different levels of manicoba (Manihot Glaziovii Muel Arg. ) silage

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the manicoba silage use (Manihot glaziovii Muel Arg.) in different roughage:concentrate ratios (30:70; 40:60; 50:50 and 60:40 percent) on the fatty acids profile of the milk from Moxotó goats. Eight multiparous goats with approximately 60 post-birth days and weigh 44 kg on average were used in a Double Latin Square with four treatments, four periods and four animals. Each period lasted 15 days with 10 days of adaptation to experimental diets and 5 days of milk collection. The results of the fatty acids analyses were submitted to the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression. An increasing linear effect for the miristic acid (C14:0) and decreasing for the linoleic acid (C18:3) was observed in function of the silage levels in diet. The milk fat presented high contents of desirable fatty acids (C18:0 + unsaturated acids), considered as nutritionally important due to their benefits to the human health. It could be concluded that the manicoba silage could be included in the diet with the participation of up to 60 percent, presenting a nutrient supply of high nutritional value.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da utilização de silagem de maniçoba (Manihot glaziovii Muel Arg.) em diferentes relações volumoso:concentrado (30:70; 40:60; 50:50 e 60:40 por cento) no perfil de ácidos graxos do leite de cabras da raça Moxotó. Foram utilizadas oito cabras multíparas com aproximadamente 60 dias pós-parto, pesando em média 44 kg, em um Quadrado Latino duplo 4 x 4, com quatro tratamentos, quatro períodos e quatro animais. Cada período teve duração de 15 dias, com 10 de adaptação às dietas experimentais e cinco dias de colheita de leite. Foi verificado efeito linear crescente do ácido mirístico (C14:0) e decrescente para o ácido linolênico (C18:3), em função dos níveis de silagem da dieta. A gordura do leite apresentou elevado teor de ácidos graxos desejáveis (C18:0 + insaturados), considerados importantes nutricionalmente pelos seus benefícios à saúde humana.

Constitution and composition chemistry of the precooked goatlike buchada produced in the state of Paraíba, Brazil

The objective of the present work was to quantify the constitution and composition chemistry of the precooked goat buchada produced in the state of Paraíba, Brazil. The goat buchada presented considerable yield in relation to the live weight. High protein content was observed in the products analyzed. The lipid content presented high variation as result of the lack of standardization of products produced in the state and no control on parameters such as age, weight and breed of the slaughtered animals was observed. Although no difference (P<0.05) in the lipid content was observed, the highest percentages were observed in samples from Remígio and Barra de Santa Rosa, with 14.52 and 15.90%, respectively, as result of the addition of high amounts of omental and mesenteric fat in the buchada and probably the slaughter of older animals.

Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho, quantificar os constituintes e determinar a composição química da buchada caprina pré-cozida produzida no estado da Paraíba, Brasil. A buchada apresentou um considerável rendimento em relação ao peso vivo. Verificou-se um elevado teor protéico nos produtos analisados. O conteúdo lipídico apresentou alta variação, em decorrência da falta de padronização dos produtos confeccionados no estado, não havendo controle dos parâmetros de idade, peso, sexo e raça dos animais abatidos. Embora não se tenha observado diferença (P<0.05) no teor lipídico, os maiores percentuais foram constatados nas amostras provenientes de Remígio e Barra de Santa Rosa, com 14.52 e 15.90%, respectivamente, decorrente da adição de grandes quantidades de gordura omental e mesentérica na buchada e provavelmente do abate de animais com idade mais avançada.

Características da carcaça de caprinos mestiços Anglo-Nubiano, Boer e sem padrão racial definido / Evaluation of carcass characteristics of crossbred Anglo-Nubian, Boer and undefined breed goats

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as características da carcaça de cabritos de três grupos genéticos: ¾ Anglo Nubiana (n=21), ¾ Boer (n=22) e Sem Padrão Racial Definido (n=21). Os animais foram abatidos em três diferentes pesos: 20, 25 e 30 kg de peso vivo. Avaliaram-se as características de rendimento e conformação da carcaça, bem como as perdas por resfriamento. Os resultados mostraram que não houve interação entre o genótipo e o peso de abate em todas as variáveis estudadas. O genótipo teve efeito significativo (P<0,05) no rendimento e na conformação da carcaça, com os menores valores observados nos caprinos SRD, não havendo diferenças significativas entre os caprinos mestiços de Anglo-Nubiano e de Boer. O peso ao abate influenciou também significativamente (P<0,05) no rendimento e conformação da carcaça, com os menores valores observados nos caprinos abatidos com 20kg de peso vivo, não se observando diferenças entre os grupos abatidos com 25 e 30kg de peso vivo. O rendimento e conformação da carcaça aumentaram à medida que aumentou o peso de abate dos animais até os 25kg de peso vivo. As perdas por resfriamento da carcaça não apresentaram variação significativa (P>0,05) entre os grupos genéticos e entre os diferentes pesos de abate. Em conclusão, cabritos mestiços ¾ Boer e ¾ Anglo Nubiano apresentaram características similares de rendimento e conformação de carcaça, sendo ambos superiores aos SRD, e, portanto, mais indicados para produção de carne.

The aim of this work was to study the carcass characteristics of three genetic groups: ¾ Anglo-Nubian (n=21), ¾ Boer (n=22) and undefined breed (n=21). The animals were slaughtered at three different weights: 20, 25 and 30kg of live weight. It was evaluated the yield and the conformation carcass characteristics as well as the losses by cooling. The results showed no interaction genetic group and slaughter weight in all studied variables. The genotype had significant effect (P<0.05) on the yield and conformation carcass, with lower values observed for SRD goats, but without significant difference between Anglo-Nubian and Boer crossbreed goats. The slaughter weight influenced (P<0.05) on the yield and conformation carcass, with the lowest values observed in the goats slaughtered with 20kg of live weight. No significant differences were observed between the groups slaughtered with 25 and 30kg of live weight. The yield and conformation carcass increased to the measure that the slaughter weight from the goats up to 25kg increased. The losses by cooling presented no significant variation (P>0.05) between genetic groups and weight at slaughter. In conclusion, ¾ Boer and ¾ Anglo-Nubian crossbreed kids had presented similar characteristics of yield and conformation carcass, both superior to the SRD, being therefore more indicated for meat production.

Efeito do óleo essencial de erva-doce (Foeniculum vulgare) sobre a microbiota do leite de cabra / Effect of essential oil of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) on the microflora of goat milk

Foram adicionados ao leite de cabra cru níveis crescentes de óleo essencial de erva doce que foram de 0 por cento, 1 por cento, 2 por cento e 3 por cento. Observou-se que a adição de óleo ao leite não teve efeito significativo (P<0,05) na microbiota para nenhum tratamento. Com relação às determinações de pH, observou-se um efeito linear decrescente à medida que o percentual de óleo aumentou no leite. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do óleo essencial de erva-doce sobre a microbiota no leite de cabra.

Características físico-químicas do leite de cabra comercializado no estado da Paraíba, Brasil / Physic-chemical characteristics of goat milk marketed in Paraiba state, Brazil

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características físico-químicas do leite de cabra integral e pasteurizado comercializado no estado da Paraíba. O total de 24 amostras de leite de seis marcas produtoras foi coletado de estabelecimentos comerciais da cidade de João Pessoa (PB), em diferentes períodos. Entre as amostras de leite das seis marcas comerciais, as amostras de cinco marcas apresentaram-se fora dos padrões estabelecidos pela legislação vigente. Não houve diferenças significativas apenas para as variáveis lactose e cinzas entre as marcas comerciais analisadas (P>0,05). Os parâmetros com maior variação foram lipídios (1,67 a 3,57%) e sólidos não gordurosos (7,61 a 10,01%). Adicionalmente, foi detectada a atividade da lactoperoxidase em apenas 66,66% das amostras analisadas, e somente três marcas apresentaram 100% das amostras de leite positivas para essa enzima. Por outro lado, as três demais marcas apresentaram 75, 25 e 0% de amostras positivas para lactoperoxidase. Há, portanto, necessidade de adequação do processamento do leite de cabra produzido no estado da Paraíba, principalmente no que se refere à pasteurização, para que o alimento atinja os padrões requeridos pela legislação. A maior homogeneidade do leite de cabra quanto às suas propriedades fisico-químicas é fundamental para garantir aceitabilidade do produto por uma classe consumidora cada vez mais exigente e promover a expansão da caprinocultura leiteira do estado da Paraíba.

The present study aimed to evaluate the physic-chemical characteristics of integral and pasteurized goat milk marketed in Paraiba state, Brazil. Goat milk samples (n=24) from six diverse trade brands were obtained from commercial establishments located in João Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil at different periods. Five milk brands presented milk samples which were not in accordance to the Brazilian legislation quality standards. All variables, except lactose and ashes (P>0.05), were significantly different among the analyzed trade marks. The parameters with highest variation were fat (1.67 to 3.57%) and non-fat solids (7.61 to 10.01%). Lactoperoxidase activity was adequate in 66.66% of analyzed samples only; and three commercial milk brands only showed 100% of positive samples for this enzyme. On the other hand, the other three brands showed positive enzyme activity in 25%, 0%, and 75% of analyzed samples, respectively. Therefore, the goat milk processing in Paraiba must be adjusted, focusing mainly to pasteurisation procedure, so that the standards recommended by legislation were attained. The most homogeneity of goat milk produced in Paraiba concerning its physic-chemical properties is crucial to increase the acceptability of this product by consumers, who are more and more demanding, and for promoting the goat milk production expanding in the Paraiba state.

Microbiological evaluation of precooked goat "buchada"

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the microbiological characteristics of the precooked goat "buchada", a typical dish in North East of Brazil, composed mainly by goat viscera such as heart, lungs, liver, spleen, intestines, stomach and blood. Samples of "buchada" produced at the different areas of the State of Paraíba, Brazil, presented a high number of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, with values ranging from 5.5 to 6.9 log10 CFU/g. All samples presented total coliforms, and 96.6 percent presented fecal coliforms, with values between 2.3 and 5.0 log10 NMP/g. The occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus was observed in one sample only, at a proportion of 4.0 log10 CFU/g. Salmonella was absent in all samples. Water activity was around 0.98 and pH close to neutrality except for the samples collected in Campina Grande which presented pH 5.1, significantly lowar (p<0.05) than the other products. Results indicate inadequate hygienic-sanitary practices during slaughter and processing, requiring preventive measures to minimize contamination at the critical points of the process and to guarantee products with longer shelf life and desirable quality standards.

Objetivou-se com o trabalho avaliar as características microbiológicas da "buchada" caprina pré-cozida, produto típico da culinária nordestina no Brasil, normalmente composta por vísceras, como coração, pulmões, fígado, baço, intestinos, estômago e sangue. As amostras de "buchada" produzidas em diferentes mesorregiões do estado da Paraíba apresentaram elevado número de bactérias mesófilas aeróbias, com valores variando de 5,5 a 6,9 log10 UFC/g. Todas as amostras apresentaram coliformes totais, das quais 96,6 por cento continham coliformes fecais, entre 2,3 e 5,0 log10 NMP/g. A ocorrência de Staphylococcus aureus foi observada apenas em uma amostra proveniente do município de Campina Grande, na proporção de 4,0 log10 UFC/g. Salmonella foi ausente para todas as amostras avaliadas. A atividade de água obtida foi em torno de 0,98, com valores de pH próximos da neutralidade, exceto nas amostras adquiridas em Campina Grande que apresentaram pH em torno de 5,1, diferente (p<0,05) dos demais produtos. Conclui-se com os resultados, condições higiênico-sanitárias inadequadas nas etapas de abate e confecção da "buchada", fazendo-se necessário adotar medidas preventivas, com o intuito de minimizar a contaminação nos pontos críticos do processo e garantir produtos com maior tempo de vida útil e um padrão de qualidade desejável.