Planning the location of facilities to implement a reverse logistic system of post-consumer packaging using a location mathematical model.

The implementation of reverse logistics systems (RLS) for post-consumer products provides environmental and economic benefits, since it increases recycling potential. However, RLS implantation and consolidation still face problems. The main shortcomings are the high costs and the low expectation of broad implementation worldwide. This paper presents two mathematical models to decide the number and the location of screening centers (SCs) and valorization centers (VCs) to implement reverse logistics of post-consumer packages, defining the optimum territorial arrangements (OTAs), allowing the inclusion of small and medium size municipalities. The paper aims to fill a gap in the literature on RLS location facilities that not only aim at revenue optimization, but also the participation of the population, the involvement of pickers and the service universalization. The results showed that implementation of VCs can lead to revenue/cost ratio higher than 100%. The results of this study can supply companies and government agencies with a global view on the parameters that influence RLS sustainability and help them make decisions about the location of these facilities and the best reverse flows with the social inclusion of pickers and serving the population of small and medium-sized municipalities.

Análise dos sistemas de logística reversa no Brasil / Analysis of reverse logistics systems in Brazil

RESUMO Este artigo apresenta uma análise de fatores que são desafios para os Sistemas de Logística Reversa que estão sendo implantados no Brasil, em relação aos aspectos: políticos e legais; operacionais; e sociais relacionados à mão de obra e à participação da população. Os resultados indicam a existência de uma série de pontos críticos que necessitam ser discutidos e resolvidos para que os objetivos e as metas estabelecidas pelos acordos setoriais, que estão sendo firmados entre o Governo Federal e os setores produtivos, sejam factíveis de serem cumpridos. Para este estudo, foram realizados levantamentos e análises de dados secundários, obtidos a partir de relatórios técnicos de órgãos governamentais e relatórios técnicos e informações disponibilizadas por associações das empresas que já realizam a logística reversa de forma obrigatória, antes da lei n° 12.305/2010.

ABSTRACT This paper presents an analysis of factors that are challenges for Reverse Logistics Systems being established in Brazil, concerning political, legal, operational and social aspects related to labor and population involvement. The results indicate the existence of a number of critical points that need to be discussed and resolved so that the objectives and targets set by sectoral agreements being signed between the Federal Government and productive sectors are feasible to be met. For this study, surveys were conducted as well as analysis of secondary data from technical reports of governmental agencies and technical reports and information provided by associations of undertakings which have already been carrying out reverse logistics on a mandatory basis, prior to the law n° 12.305/2010.

Tratamento de lixiviado por infiltracao rapida como alternativa para cidades de pequeno porte / Leachate treatment by rapid infiltration process as an alternative for small towns

O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar um estudo experimental de viabilidade técnica do processo de Infiltração Rápida (IR) no tratamento de lixiviado de um aterro sanitário para a remoção de matéria orgânica e nutrientes. O estudo foi realizado em escala piloto com leitos filtrantes de areia e tijolo cerâmico triturado. O monitoramento do desempenho dos reatores foi feito por meio dos parâmetros Demanda Química de Oxigênio (DQO), Sólidos Suspensos Totais (SST), Fósforo Total (PTotal), nitrogênio total Kjeldahl (NTK), N-NH3, N-NO3 -, N-NO2 -, alcalinidade, pH e temperatura. A redução média nos reatores com leito de areia média foi 32% de DQO e 43% de NTK, com leito de areia fina 27% de DQO e 47% de NTK e no reator com leito de tijolo cerâmico triturado 70% de DQO e 54% de NTK. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo são parâmetros para elaboração de projetos com processo IR em escala real para tratamento de lixiviado de aterros sanitários, especialmente para cidades de pequeno porte.

The aim of this article is to present an experimental study applying the Rapid Infiltration (RI) technique during the treatment of a landfill leachate in order to remove organic matter and nutrients. The study was conducted in a pilot scale with filter media were of sand and triturated ceramic brick. The monitoring of the reactors performance was made through parameters Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Phosphorus Total (PTotal), Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN), N-NH3, N-NO3 -, N-NO2 -, alkalinity pH and temperature. The reactors mean efficiency in the reduction of COD was 32% and NTK 43% for the reactor with sand media, for the reactor with thin sand media the COD was of 27% and TKN of 47% and for the reactor with triturated ceramic brick COD was of 70% and TKN of 54%. The results obtained in this study are very important to subsidy the elaboration of design of the RI process in field scale for landfill leachate treatment, mainly for small towns.

Caracterização ambiental de lamas de beneficiamento de rochas ornamentais / Environmental characterization of processing sludge of ornamental stones

As lamas de beneficiamento de rochas ornamentais (LBRO) são resíduos que apresentam composição química variada em função da composição das rochas, do processo de beneficiamento, dos processos de reaproveitamento de águas e lamas, das propriedades dos insumos, entre outros fatores. A caracterização e classificação das LBRO são de grande importância, principalmente para o Estado do Espírito Santo, por possuir um expressivo número de empresas do setor. Neste trabalho, são apresentados os resultados de caracterização e classificação de lamas de desdobramento e polimento de mármores e granitos, segundo a NBR 10004/2004. Todas as amostras de lamas de tear convencional e de politriz analisadas foram classificadas como Classe IIA. Percebeu-se que a identificação dos resíduos por fonte geradora permite a proposição de tecnologias limpas, como o uso de teares a fio diamantado que utilizam o mínimo de insumos e de pastilhas diamantadas metálicas isentas de elementos tóxicos, contribuindo para a melhoria das características químicas das LBRO.

The sludges produced in the cutting and polishing of ornamental stones are residues with diverse chemical composition that depend on the composition of the stones, the cutting and polishing process, the processes involved in the recycling of water and sludges, among others. The characterization and classification of these resulting sludges have great importance, especially for the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil, which is an important producer of ornamental stones. In this work, the results of characterization and classification of developmental and polishing sludges were presented, according to the Brazilian standard NBR 10004/2004. All the sludge samples from the cutting and polishing equipment were classified as Class IIA. We observed that the identification of the residues according to the generation source allows the proposition of clean technologies usage, such as cutting equipment with diamond coated wires, that use a minimum of raw materials, and metal diamond coated pads, free of toxic material, thus contributing to improve the chemical characteristics of these sludges.