Biomarkers for personalised prevention of chronic diseases: a common protocol for three rapid scoping reviews.

INTRODUCTION: Personalised prevention aims to delay or avoid disease occurrence, progression, and recurrence of disease through the adoption of targeted interventions that consider the individual biological, including genetic data, environmental and behavioural characteristics, as well as the socio-cultural context. This protocol summarises the main features of a rapid scoping review to show the research landscape on biomarkers or a combination of biomarkers that may help to better identify subgroups of individuals with different risks of developing specific diseases in which specific preventive strategies could have an impact on clinical outcomes. This review is part of the "Personalised Prevention Roadmap for the future HEalThcare" (PROPHET) project, which seeks to highlight the gaps in current personalised preventive approaches, in order to develop a Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda for the European Union. OBJECTIVE: To systematically map and review the evidence of biomarkers that are available or under development in cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases that are or can be used for personalised prevention in the general population, in clinical or public health settings. METHODS: Three rapid scoping reviews are being conducted in parallel (February-June 2023), based on a common framework with some adjustments to suit each specific condition (cancer, cardiovascular or neurodegenerative diseases). Medline and Embase will be searched to identify publications between 2020 and 2023. To shorten the time frames, 10% of the papers will undergo screening by two reviewers and only English-language papers will be considered. The following information will be extracted by two reviewers from all the publications selected for inclusion: source type, citation details, country, inclusion/exclusion criteria (population, concept, context, type of evidence source), study methods, and key findings relevant to the review question/s. The selection criteria and the extraction sheet will be pre-tested. Relevant biomarkers for risk prediction and stratification will be recorded. Results will be presented graphically using an evidence map. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Population: general adult populations or adults from specific pre-defined high-risk subgroups; concept: all studies focusing on molecular, cellular, physiological, or imaging biomarkers used for individualised primary or secondary prevention of the diseases of interest; context: clinical or public health settings. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/7JRWD (OSF registration DOI).

Changes of the respiratory coefficient in cultures of rat liver cells.

The increase of oxygen consumption in liver cell cultures in medium 199 with addition of serum or of regenerative liver extract pleads for the existence of a factor stimulating energy-dependent processes (mitoses, protein synthesis), which is active both in vivo and in vitro. This stimulating factor is of liver origin, but with systemic offer. The concentration of the stimulating factor, which is the highest 3 days after operation, decreases as the normal liver cell population is re-established. The stimulating factor shows a limited specificity for tissues with epithelial structure and in vivo increased mitotic index the leukocytes being reactive only to very high concentrations of this factor. An optimal concentration of the stimulating factor exists which induces the more marked increase of oxygen consumption.

Endocrine changes following partial hepatectomy.

Subtotal hepatectomy and all the paraoperative actions induce a condition of stress characterized by the intensification of catabolic processes and overproduction of hormones with glycogenolytic and lypolytic action: catecholamines, T3, T4, ensuring the conditions required by some energy-dependent processes (mitoses and proteosyntheses) assuring the regeneration of the operated liver. The latter presents a depletion of dehydrogenases, of PAS + materials and fatty loading of the liver cells. In the conditions of liver distress, the muscles are those which supply the glucose, ensuring an as rapid as possible return of glycemia to normal values.

Influence of negative air ions on liver regeneration.

Partial hepatectomy led to an increased oxygen consumption over the whole respiratory cycle. Association of partial hepatectomy with negative aeroionotherapy determined a decrease of oxygen consumption as compared with the partially hepatectomized animals. Negative air ionization in controls determined a decrease of oxygen consumption at the level of the NAD+ dependent enzymes. On the other hand, neither partial hepatectomy, nor negative air ionization altered the oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria.