Improving the DNDC biogeochemistry model to simulate soil temperature and emissions of nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide in cold regions.

The process-based DeNitrification-DeComposition (DNDC) model is widely used to quantify greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Soil temperature is an important environmental factor affecting nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, however, it is not well described in the original DNDC model due to seasonal snow cover in cold regions. This study aims to modify the original DNDC model with better representations of rain-snow partitioning, snow cover, and soil freeze-thaw cycle to predict soil temperature and GHG emissions in cold regions. Compared to the snow data in Canada, the modified DNDC model better captures snow accumulation and snowmelt with model efficiency EF of 0.64, increased from 0.14 of the original DNDC model. Soil temperature from the modified DNDC model is in good agreement with the measured data (RMSE 1.91 °C and R2 0.97), particularly when snow cover is present in winter seasons because the modified DNDC model accounts for the snow insulation effect and snowfalls above 0 °C. To further improve the simulations, the modified DNDC model runs in a command-line user interface and uses an inverse approach of optimization with a spin-up period. This modeling setup increases the R2 of CO2 emissions from 0.23 to 0.35 and the R2 of N2O emissions from 0.12 to 0.36. Investigations on different modeling setups suggest that optimization and spin-up could improve modeling results and better capture snow processes and soil temperature dynamics in the snowy cold regions, which could contribute to reasonable subsequent assessments of GHG emissions.

Description and Application of a Mathematical Method for the Analysis of Harmony.

Harmony issues are widespread in human society and nature. To analyze these issues, harmony theory has been proposed as the main theoretical approach for the study of interpersonal relationships and relationships between humans and nature. Therefore, it is of great importance to study harmony theory. After briefly introducing the basic concepts of harmony theory, this paper expounds the five elements that are essential for the quantitative description of harmony issues in water resources management: harmony participant, harmony objective, harmony regulation, harmony factor, and harmony action. A basic mathematical equation for the harmony degree, that is, a quantitative expression of harmony issues, is introduced in the paper: HD = ai - bj, where a is the uniform degree, b is the difference degree, i is the harmony coefficient, and j is the disharmony coefficient. This paper also discusses harmony assessment and harmony regulation and introduces some application examples.