RESUMO
ABSTRACT: This research aimed to determine incidence of Toxoplama gondii infection in Corriedale sheep in southern Brazil during pregnancy and the extent of associated losses. Blood samples were collected from 411 Corriedale sheep in two flocks at different locations in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). Presence of T. gondii was diagnosed by the Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Technique (IFAT). Seroprevalence of T. gondii during pre-mating was 20.2%, with no significant difference between the two flocks studied. Infection by T. gondii was influenced by ewes'age (P≤0.05). The pre-mating seroprevalence did not influence either returning to estrus or pregnancy rates. Weaning rate was significantly higher in pre-positive dams compared to negative ones (87.9 and 74.1%, respectively - P<0.05). The incidence of seroconversion was 16.5% (54/328). In seroconverted ewes, a high rate of return to estrus was observed (P≤0.05). The incidence of toxoplasmosis suggests production losses equivalent to 1.87% per year, in this system production. In addition, toxoplasmosis decreased the number of lambs per ewe. Therefore, to improve livestock performance, T. gondii infection should be monitored and controlled in the studied area.
RESUMO: Este trabalho tem como objetivo determinar a incidência da infecção pelo T. gondii em ovinos, durante o período gestacional e a extensão das perdas associadas. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas de 411 ovelhas Corriedale em dois rebanhos, em diferentes locais do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Presença de T. gondii foi diagnosticada pela técnica de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI). A soroprevalência no pré-acasalamento foi de 20,2%, sem diferença significativa entre os dois rebanhos estudados. A infecção por T. gondii foi influenciada pela idade (P ≤0,05). A soroprevalência no pré-acasalamento não influenciou a taxa de retorno ao estro e a taxa de prenhez. Taxa de desmame foi significativamente maior nas ovelhas positivas na pré-cobertura em comparação com as negativas (87,9 e 74,1%, respectivamente - P<0,05). A incidência de soroconversão foi de 16,5% (54/328). Em ovelhas que soroconverteram, uma alta taxa de retorno ao estro foi observada (P≤0,05). A incidência da toxoplasmose sugere perdas de produção equivalentes a 1,87% ao ano nestes sistemas. Além disso, a toxoplasmose diminuiu o número de cordeiros por ovelha. Portanto, para melhorar o desempenho produtivo nos rebanhos ovinos, a infecção por T. gondii deve ser monitorada e controlada na área estudada.
RESUMO
In this study, we have investigated the incidence of transplacental transmission of Anaplasma marginale in chronically infected cows with no history of acute anaplasmosis during gestation. In addition, we evaluated various techniques for detection of transplacental transmission of A. marginale. Blood samples were collected from 30 cows at three different periods: at the time of artificial insemination, at gestational diagnosis, and after calving. Also, blood was collected from the newborn calves, including one sample before colostrum intake, and another three days after birth. A. marginale-specific antibodies were detected in 100% of the cows with an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), and in 97% of them, using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Also, we observed that all of the three-day-old newborn calves were seropositive by IFAT. According to polymerase chain reaction, 63.3% of the cows were carriers of A. marginale, as well as 6.7% of the newborn calves. This represented a transplacental transmission rate of 10.5%. Furthermore, a correlation of 93.3% was observed between the two serodiagnostic techniques, demonstrating that both ELISA and IFAT can be used in epidemiological surveys of A. marginale. These results confirm the occurrence of transplacental transmission of A. marginale in chronically infected cows and suggest the importance of this transmission route in areas of enzootic instability.
Assuntos
Anaplasma marginale , Anaplasmose/epidemiologia , Anaplasmose/transmissão , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/transmissão , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/estatística & dados numéricos , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/veterinária , Anaplasmose/diagnóstico , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/diagnóstico , Doença Crônica , IncidênciaRESUMO
In this study, we have investigated the incidence of transplacental transmission of Anaplasma marginale in chronically infected cows with no history of acute anaplasmosis during gestation. In addition, we evaluated various techniques for detection of transplacental transmission of A. marginale. Blood samples were collected from 30 cows at three different periods: at the time of artificial insemination, at gestational diagnosis, and after calving. Also, blood was collected from the newborn calves, including one sample before colostrum intake, and another three days after birth. A. marginale-specific antibodies were detected in 100% of the cows with an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), and in 97% of them, using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Also, we observed that all of the three-day-old newborn calves were seropositive by IFAT. According to polymerase chain reaction, 63.3% of the cows were carriers of A. marginale, as well as 6.7% of the newborn calves. This represented a transplacental transmission rate of 10.5%. Furthermore, a correlation of 93.3% was observed between the two serodiagnostic techniques, demonstrating that both ELISA and IFAT can be used in epidemiological surveys of A. marginale. These results confirm the occurrence of transplacental transmission of A. marginale in chronically infected cows and suggest the importance of this transmission route in areas of enzootic instability.
O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a transmissão transplacentária de A. marginale em bovinos de corte cronicamente infectados utilizando diferentes testes de diagnóstico. Amostras de sangue foram colhidas de trinta matrizes durante o período de inseminação artificial, no diagnóstico de gestação e após o parto. Foi colhido sangue dos bezerros antes da ingestão do colostro e três dias após o nascimento. Anticorpos foram detectados em 100% das matrizes pela Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI) e 97% pelo Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimático Indireto (ELISA). Aos três dias de idade 100% dos bezerros estavam soropositivos na RIFI. Conforme os resultados da PCR, 63.3% das matrizes e 6.7% dos bezerros eram portadores do agente, representando taxa de transmissão transplacentária de 10.5%. Correlação de 93.3% foi observada entre os resultados das técnicas sorológicas, demonstrando que tanto ELISA quanto RIFI podem ser utilizadas em levantamentos epidemiológicos do agente. Os resultados confirmaram a transmissão transplacentária do agente em vacas cronicamente infectadas. Isto demonstra a importãncia desta via de transmissão do A. marginale em áreas de instabilidade enzoótica.
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Bovinos , Anaplasma marginale , Anaplasmose/epidemiologia , Anaplasmose/transmissão , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/transmissão , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/estatística & dados numéricos , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/veterinária , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Anaplasmose/diagnóstico , Brasil/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/diagnóstico , Doença Crônica , IncidênciaRESUMO
Toxoplasmosis is considered one of the opportunistic infections for individuals with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), and is also a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of neurotoxoplasmosis, ocular toxoplasmosis and antibodies for Toxoplasma gondii in HIV-positive patients attending the SAE (Specialized Assistance Service for HIV/AIDS), as well as to associate their serological profile with epidemiological and clinical data. A total of 250 patients participated in the study from December, 2009 to November, 2010. Serological analysis was performed using the indirect immunofluorescent technique; epidemiological data were gathered by a questionnaire, and clinical history was based on the analysis of medical charts. Prevalence of seropositivity was 80%, with history of neurotoxoplasmosis in 4.8% and of ocular toxoplasmosis in 1.6% of the patients. The Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment (HAART) was not used by 32% of the patients, 18.4% of the patients had CD4+ T- lymphocyte count less than 200 cells/mm³ and 96.8% of them were not aware of the modes of disease transmission. These findings led us to conclude that the study population is at high risk of clinical toxoplasmosis, because of both reactivation of infection in the seropositive patients who do not make a regular use of HAART, and primo-infection in seronegative patients worsened by an unawareness of the modes of infection reported in this study.
A toxoplasmose é considerada uma das infecções oportunistas em indivíduos com a Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (SIDA), constituindo importante causa de morbidade e mortalidade. Este trabalho objetivou conhecer a prevalência de neurotoxoplasmose, toxoplasmose ocular e de anticorpos para Toxoplasma gondii, em pacientes HIV positivos em atendimento no SAE (Serviço de Assistência Especializada em HIV/AIDS) além de correlacionar seu perfil sorológico com dados epidemiológicos e clínicos. Foram analisados 250 pacientes no período de dezembro de 2009 a novembro de 2010. A análise sorológica foi realizada pela técnica de imunofluorescência indireta, os dados epidemiológicos foram obtidos pela aplicação de um questionário e o histórico clínico, pela análise dos prontuários. A prevalência de soropositividade foi de 80%, com histórico de neurotoxoplasmose em 4,8% e de toxoplasmose ocular em 1,6%. Observou-se que 32% dos pacientes não faziam uso regular de HAART, 18,4% apresentaram contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ inferior a 200 céls/mm³ e 96,8% desconheciam os modos de transmissão da doença. Conclui-se que o risco de toxoplasmose clínica grave é alto na população estudada, tanto por reativação da infecção nos soropositivos que não fazem uso regular do HAART, quanto por primoinfecção dos soronegativos, agravado pela desinformação sobre as formas de infecção constatada na pesquisa.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/epidemiologia , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Toxoplasma/imunologia , Toxoplasmose/epidemiologia , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/diagnóstico , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Técnica Indireta de Fluorescência para Anticorpo , Prevalência , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Toxoplasmose Cerebral/diagnóstico , Toxoplasmose Cerebral/epidemiologia , Toxoplasmose Ocular/diagnóstico , Toxoplasmose Ocular/epidemiologia , Toxoplasmose/diagnóstico , Carga ViralRESUMO
Toxoplasmosis is considered one of the opportunistic infections for individuals with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), and is also a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of neurotoxoplasmosis, ocular toxoplasmosis and antibodies for Toxoplasma gondii in HIV-positive patients attending the SAE (Specialized Assistance Service for HIV/AIDS), as well as to associate their serological profile with epidemiological and clinical data. A total of 250 patients participated in the study from December, 2009 to November, 2010. Serological analysis was performed using the indirect immunofluorescent technique; epidemiological data were gathered by a questionnaire, and clinical history was based on the analysis of medical charts. Prevalence of seropositivity was 80%, with history of neurotoxoplasmosis in 4.8% and of ocular toxoplasmosis in 1.6% of the patients. The Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment (HAART) was not used by 32% of the patients, 18.4% of the patients had CD4+ T- lymphocyte count less than 200 cells/mm³ and 96.8% of them were not aware of the modes of disease transmission. These findings led us to conclude that the study population is at high risk of clinical toxoplasmosis, because of both reactivation of infection in the seropositive patients who do not make a regular use of HAART, and primo-infection in seronegative patients worsened by an unawareness of the modes of infection reported in this study.