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BACKGROUND: Genomic tumour profiling has a crucial role in the management of patients with solid cancers, as it helps selecting and prioritising therapeutic interventions based on prognostic and predictive biomarkers, as well as identifying markers of hereditary cancers. Harmonised approaches to interpret the results of genomic testing are needed to support physicians in their decision making, prevent inequalities in precision medicine and maximise patient benefit from available cancer management options. METHODS: The European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) Translational Research and Precision Medicine Working Group assembled a group of international experts to propose recommendations for preparing clinical genomic reports for solid cancers. These recommendations aim to foster best practices in integrating genomic testing within clinical settings. After review of available evidence, several rounds of surveys and focused discussions were conducted to reach consensus on the recommendation statements. Only consensus recommendations were reported. Recommendation statements were graded in two tiers based on their clinical importance: level A (required to maintain common standards in reporting) and level B (optional but necessary to achieve ideal practice). RESULTS: Genomics reports should present key information in a front page(s) followed by supplementary information in one or more appendices. Reports should be structured into sections: (i) patient and sample details; (ii) assay and data analysis characteristics; (iii) sample-specific assay performance and quality control; (iv) genomic alterations and their functional annotation; (v) clinical actionability assessment and matching to potential therapy indications; and (vi) summary of the main findings. Specific recommendations to prepare each of these sections are made. CONCLUSIONS: We present a set of recommendations aimed at structuring genomics reports to enhance physician comprehension of genomic profiling results for solid cancers. Communication between ordering physicians and professionals reporting genomic data is key to minimise uncertainties and to optimise the impact of genomic tests in patient care.
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BACKGROUND: Advancements in the field of precision medicine have prompted the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) Precision Medicine Working Group to update the recommendations for the use of tumour next-generation sequencing (NGS) for patients with advanced cancers in routine practice. METHODS: The group discussed the clinical impact of tumour NGS in guiding treatment decision using the ESMO Scale for Clinical Actionability of molecular Targets (ESCAT) considering cost-effectiveness and accessibility. RESULTS: As for 2020 recommendations, ESMO recommends running tumour NGS in advanced non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, and ovarian cancer. Moreover, it is recommended to carry out tumour NGS in clinical research centres and under specific circumstances discussed with patients. In this updated report, the consensus within the group has led to an expansion of the recommendations to encompass patients with advanced breast cancer and rare tumours such as gastrointestinal stromal tumours, sarcoma, thyroid cancer, and cancer of unknown primary. Finally, ESMO recommends carrying out tumour NGS to detect tumour-agnostic alterations in patients with metastatic cancers where access to matched therapies is available. CONCLUSION: Tumour NGS is increasingly expanding its scope and application within oncology with the aim of enhancing the efficacy of precision medicine for patients with cancer.
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Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Neoplasias , Medicina de Precisão , Humanos , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala/métodos , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala/normas , Medicina de Precisão/métodos , Medicina de Precisão/normas , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/patologia , Neoplasias/terapia , Oncologia/métodos , Oncologia/normas , Europa (Continente)RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Clear cell sarcoma (CCS) is a translocated aggressive malignancy with a high incidence of metastases and poor prognosis. There are few studies describing the activity of systemic therapy in CCS. We report a multi-institutional retrospective study of the outcomes of patients with advanced CCS treated with systemic therapy within the World Sarcoma Network (WSN). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with molecularly confirmed locally advanced or metastatic CCS treated with systemic therapy from June 1985 to May 2021 were included. Baseline demographic and treatment information, including response by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours (RECIST) 1.1, was retrospectively collected by local investigators. Descriptive statistics were carried out. RESULTS: Fifty-five patients from 10 institutions were included. At diagnosis, the median age was 30 (15-73) years and 24% (n = 13/55) had metastatic disease. The median age at diagnosis was 30 (15-73) years. Most primary tumours were at aponeurosis (n = 9/55, 16%) or non-aponeurosis limb sites (n = 17/55, 31%). The most common fusion was EWSR1-ATF1 (n = 24/55, 44%). The median number of systemic therapies was 1 (range 1-7). The best response rate was seen for patients treated with sunitinib (30%, n = 3/10), with a median progression-free survival of 4 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1-7] months. The median overall survival for patients with advanced/metastatic disease was 15 months (95% CI 3-27 months). CONCLUSIONS: Soft tissue sarcoma-type systemic therapies have limited benefit in advanced CCS and response rate was poor. International, multicentre prospective translational studies are required to identify new treatments for this ultra-rare subtype, and access to early clinical trial enrolment remains key for patients with CCS.
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Sarcoma de Células Claras , Neoplasias de Tecidos Moles , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Sarcoma de Células Claras/diagnóstico , Sarcoma de Células Claras/tratamento farmacológico , Sarcoma de Células Claras/patologia , Neoplasias de Tecidos Moles/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias de Tecidos Moles/patologia , Sunitinibe/uso terapêutico , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common kidney cancer. Prognosis for ccRCC is generally poor since it is largely resistant to chemo- and radiotherapy. Many studies suggested that cancer stem cells/tumor initiating cells (CSCs/TICs) are responsible for development of tumor, disease progression, aggressiveness, metastasis and drug resistance. However, tumorigenic potential of CSCs/TICs isolated from established RCC cell lines - basic ccRCC research model - has never been investigated in vivo. CD105+, CD105-, CD44+ and CD44- as well as CD44-/CD105- CD44+/CD105+ and CD44-/CD105+ cells were isolated from Caki-1 RCC cell line, confirming coexistence of multiple subpopulations of stem-related phenotype in stable cell line. Sorted cells were injected subcutaneously into NOD SCID mice and tumor growth was monitored with MRI and PET/CT. Tumor growth was observed after implantation of CD105+, CD44+, CD44-, CD44-/CD105+ and CD44-/CD105- but not CD105- or CD44+/CD105+. Implantation of CD44-/CD105- cells induced tumors that were characterized by longer T1 and distinct metabolic pattern than other tumors. All the tumors were characterized by low uptake of [18F]FDG. CD105+ and CD44- tumors expresses Nanog and Oct-4, while CD44- tumors additionally expressed endothelial cell marker - CD31.
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Carcinoma de Células Renais/imunologia , Endoglina/imunologia , Receptores de Hialuronatos/imunologia , Animais , Biomarcadores Tumorais/imunologia , Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células Renais/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Separação Celular , Endoglina/metabolismo , Humanos , Receptores de Hialuronatos/metabolismo , Neoplasias Renais/imunologia , Neoplasias Renais/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Camundongos SCID , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/imunologia , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/metabolismo , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons combinada à Tomografia Computadorizada , PrognósticoRESUMO
Insulin and IGFs play a significant role in cancer development and progression, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). RCC is the most frequent type of kidney cancer in adults and the tenth most common malignancy worldwide. Insulin is normally associated with metabolism control, whereas IGFs are defined as proliferation regulators. Today, there is convincing evidence of an association between obesity and the risk of RCC. Indicated risk factors together with type 2 diabetes are irreversibly connected with circulating insulin and IGF levels. The interplay between these molecules, their receptors, and IGF-binding proteins might be crucial for RCC cell biology and RCC progression. Given the potent activity IGF/IGF receptor 1 (IGF1R) inhibitors demonstrate against RCC in basic research, some type of combination therapy may prove to be beneficial clinically in the management of RCC. This review addresses not only molecular but also clinical associations between insulin and IGF1 signaling pathways and both RCC biology and clinical course. Revealing these interactions may improve our understanding of basic molecular oncology processes in RCC and improve treatment strategies.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Proteínas de Ligação a Fator de Crescimento Semelhante a Insulina/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like I/metabolismo , Insulina/metabolismo , Neoplasias Renais/etiologia , Neoplasias Renais/patologia , Adulto , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/fisiopatologia , Progressão da Doença , Humanos , Neoplasias Renais/metabolismo , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Hsp60, a mitochondrial chaperonin highly conserved during evolution, has been found elevated in the cytosol of cancer cells, both in vivo and in vitro, but its role in determining apoptosis during oxidative stress (OS) has not yet been fully elucidated. The aim of the present work was to study the effects of OS on Hsp60 levels and its interactions with procaspase- 3 (p-C3) and p53 in tumor cells. NCI-H292 (mucoepidermoid carcinoma) cells were exposed to various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for 24 hours. Cell viability was determined by Trypan blue and MTT assays. DNA damage was assessed by the Comet assay, and apoptosis was measured by the AnnexinV cytofluorimetric test. Exposure to increasing concentrations of H2O2 resulted in a reduction of cell viability, DNA damage, and early apoptotic phenomena. Hsp60, p-C3, p53, and p21 were assessed by Western blotting and immunocytochemistry before and after OS. Hsp60 and p-C3 were present before and after OS induction. Immunoprecipitation experiments showed an Hsp60/p-C3 complex before OS that persisted after it, while an Hsp60/p53 complex was not detected in either condition. The presence of wild type (wt) p53 was confirmed by RT-PCR, and p21 detection suggested p53 activation after OS. We postulate that, although OS may induce early apoptosis in NCI-H292 cells, Hsp60 exerts an anti-apoptotic effect in these cells and, by extension, it may do so in other cancer cells.
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Carcinoma Mucoepidermoide/metabolismo , Caspase 3/metabolismo , Chaperonina 60/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Western Blotting , Carcinoma Mucoepidermoide/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Mucoepidermoide/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Ensaio Cometa , DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Dano ao DNA , Formazans/metabolismo , Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/farmacologia , Imuno-Histoquímica , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Sais de Tetrazólio/metabolismo , Azul Tripano/metabolismo , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/biossíntese , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/genéticaRESUMO
AIMS: CD1a is a molecule belonging to the highly conserved group of CD1 proteins. Its expression in dendritic cells is related to the presentation of tumour-derived glycolipid antigens to T cells and, consequently, the development of a successful antitumour response. The aim was to investigate the presence of CD1a+ cells in both primary tumours and lymph nodes (LN) of a series of 35 invasive ductal carcinomas by both immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. METHODS AND RESULTS: CD1a antigen was more expressed in N0 than N1 breast cancer (P < 0.0001) in both primary lesions and LN metastases and correlated positively and significantly with oestrogen (ER) (P = 0.0025) and progesterone (P = 0.0226) receptor (PR) status, as well as CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocyte infiltration. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report to show a link between CD1a+ mononuclear cells in breast cancer and in paired LN metastases. The positive and significant correlations between the number of CD1a+ cells and positivity of the primary tumour for ER and PR suggest a possible role for CD1a as a prognostic marker for breast cancer, raising the possibility that hormone receptor-positive breast cancer patients may have a better prognosis in the presence of greater dendritic cell infiltration.
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Antígenos CD1/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/metabolismo , Regulação para Baixo , Metástase Linfática/diagnóstico , Adulto , Idoso , Antígenos CD1/genética , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/patologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/metabolismo , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/patologia , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/genética , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/patologia , Células Dendríticas , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Metástase Linfática/patologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Prognóstico , Receptores de Estrogênio/metabolismo , Receptores de Progesterona/metabolismoRESUMO
This review addresses the significance of the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), p53 and some heat shock proteins (Hsps) in prostate carcinoma (PC). In fact, PCNA and p53 are two widely discussed tools in PC diagnosis, mainly because of the controversy regarding the significance of their expression during prostate cancer development and progression. At the same time, only few studies have shown the potential role of Hsps in carcinogenesis and their overexpression in pre-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions of the prostate. We briefly describe the physiological roles of Hsps in normal cells, and the significance of their immunohistochemical detection in PC as well as in pre-cancerous lesions of the prostate. We will also discuss the possible functional interactions of these molecules in both dysplastic and neoplastic cells.