Bioelements in the treatment of burn injuries - The complex review of metabolism and supplementation (copper, selenium, zinc, iron, manganese, chromium and magnesium).

Appropriate nutrition is a key component of burn treatment and should be regarded as an integral part of the therapeutic process in burn patients. A nutritional intervention plan should not only allow for adequate quantities of energy and protein but also carefully consider the supply of macro- and micronutrients. As a result of the severe inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and hypermetabolic state, accompanied by often extensive exudation in burn patients, there is a considerable loss of macro- and micronutrients, including essential trace elements. This leads to certain complications, involving e.g. more frequent infections and impaired wound healing. Our current body of knowledge is still insufficient, and the studies carried out to date focus for the most part on the imbalances in trace elements, such as copper (Cu), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn). Nevertheless, there are many other trace elements involved in immune functions, regulating gene expression or antioxidant defense, and many of those have not been properly investigated in a clinical setting. Due to the insufficient amount of unambiguous literature data and relatively few, often dated, studies carried out with small patient groups, further evaluation of macro- and microelements in burn patients seems indispensable, e.g. to bring up to date local nutritional protocols.

Allergens and food additives, including potentially harmful ones, present in food products that are preferred by children and adolescents.

INTRODUCTION: The proper development of a child is linked with proper nutrition, including nutritional habits which are formed from childhood. THE AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of the study was to establish a list of the most popular food products among children and to develop a register of potentially dangerous substances on a Facebook website. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A website was created on Facebook. The participants provided lists of favorite dishes or products. RESULTS: The study involved 264 participants. An inverse correlation was observed with reference to the age of the subjects and the occurrence of sugar syrup in their diet (R=-0.20; p<0.001), glucose-fructose (R= -0.18; p< 0.004), and glucose (R=-0.13; p< 0.039) syrups. The most common potential food allergens are: gluten (R=0.28; p<0.001), eggs (R=0.28; p<0.001), and wheat (R=0.25; p<0.001). The main substances added to food that are present in a child's diet that increase proportionally with reference to the child's age are: salicylates (R=0.37; p<0.001), iron and ammonium sulfates (R=0.21; p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The choices of favorite products are related to age and sex. Products containing gluten, the consumption of which increases with age, carry a risk of undiagnosed celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity in people with a genetic predisposition. Facebook has fulfilled its role as an effective tool for gathering information about the food preferences of children and adolescents.

[What is the nutrition regimen followed by athletes after the end of their sporting career?].

Introduction: The aim of this study is to assess the nutritional habits of participants in the research project "CRON -diet as an alternative method for athletes who have completed their sporting career". Materials and methods: 94 former athletes from Poland participated in this study. A standardized Food Frequency Questionnaire was used for interview. Respondents were interviewed once, during the first visit after inclusion in the study. Results: Most former athletes had 3 meals per day during the last 12 months (39.4%), not respecting specified consumption hours (44.7%). The most commonly consumed foods are: whole grain bread, fruits and vegetables. Respondents reported the consumption of these foods several times a week. The study revealed a correlation between the consumption of fruit in general and a preference for apples and pears (r = 0.7340; p < 0.05). Conclusions: The study showed that former athletes' diets are quite diversified. It should be mentioned that former athletes' diets consists of a low number of meals, which are not consumed at fixed times. Respondents were aware that their diet provided too much sugar and fat; some of them declared that they try to reduce the consumption of these products in their daily diet.

Fruit and vegetable consumption among the young Polish population.

Introduction: Vegetables and fruit are an essential part of a healthy and balanced diet. It has been shown that regular consumption of fruit and vegetables can reduce the risk of chronic diseases. However, in the past 8 years fruit and vegetable consumption among Polish youth has significantly decreased. Materials and methods: Patients involved in the project were participants of the Woodstock Festival Poland 2014. During three days of the festival, 615 young adults (18­35 years) were enrolled in the study. The study participants had to fill in a questionnaire that included questions about the frequency of fruit and vegetable consumption, portion sizes, and knowledge of the recommended daily intake. We also measured basic anthropometric parameters. Results: The data from our study showed that 97.6% of respondents consumed fewer than 4 servings of vegetables and fruit. In addition 39% of them ate 2 or fewer vegetable servings per day. We found that men ate significantly less fruit and fewer vegetables than women (p < 0.05). Additionally, almost 75% of men responded that proper consumption of fruit and vegetables should be at the level of 2­3 servings, and only 22.3% of them said that the proper level is 4­5 servings. Conclusions: We need to keep in mind that only clear information about vegetables and fruit, as well as highlighting the importance of the principles of nutrition, can give effective results in the future. It also appears that nutritional education should be conducted not only at the early stages of development but also in adolescents.

[Analysis of risk factors associated with professional drivers' work].

Introduction: Professional driver is an occupation associated with high health risk. The factors which increase the risk of developing lifestyle diseases are closely related to working conditions. The aim of this study was to analyse the risk factors which are associated with professional drivers' lifestyle. Materials: The material consisted of 23 articles from PubMed.gov. Conclusion: Risk factors related to drivers' work have a signi􀏐icant impact on their health.

[CHANGES IN BODY MASS AND BLOOD LIPID LEVELS IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING CALORIC RESTRICTION]. / ZMIANY MASY CIALA I STEZENIA LIPIDÓW PACJENTÓW PODDANYCH RESTRYKCJOM KALORYCZNYM--DONIESIENIE WSTEPNE.

INTRODUCTION: Caloric restriction is the only well-documented nutritional intervention prolonging the life of mammals. This method modifies the lipid levels in blood, controlling obesity and delaying the onset of many medical conditions associated with metabolic disorders. The aim of the study was to carry out a comparative analysis of lipid profile in patients on Mediterranean or CRON (Caloric Restriction with Optimal Nutrition) diets, before and after six weeks of dieting. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The following parameters were compared: total cholesterol, total lipids, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and BMI. Additionally, we measured the levels of insulin, HOMA score, and anthropometric parameters. The comparative analysis demonstrated a statistically significant correlation between mild caloric restriction and blood lipid profile. Results from studies on patients who underwent six-week dietetic intervention indicated statistically significant changes in biochemical parameters due to caloric restrictions. Such changes were not found in subjects following the Mediterranean diet. The greatest decrease in the blood level of triglycerides was found in subjects on the CRON diet, LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol and total lipid levels also decreased. No significant changes if biochemical parameters were found in patients on the Mediterranean diet. CONCLUSIONS: A comparative analysis of all parameters demonstrated that the use of mild caloric restrictions with ensured supply of all necessary nutrients seems to be the most effective solution for reducing fatty tissue.

[Assessment of occupational exposure to photon rays in Poland, 2006]. / Ocena narazenia zawodowego na promieniowanie fotonowe w Polsce w roku 2006.

BACKGROUND: This paper reports the results of the measurement of ionizing radiation doses in people occupationally exposed to gamma or X-ray radiation in Poland, 2006. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The whole-body dose measurements were performed by film dosimeter method, while the hand skin dose measurements were done using thermoluminescence dosimeters, according to AB327 (1) accreditation procedures. RESULTS: In 2006, the whole-body measurements were performed in 3161 people employed in 3635 institutions, while the hand measurements were performed in 805 workers of 62 institutions. Mean Hp(10) dose was 0.49 mSv, whereas mean Hp(0.07) dose was 7.5 mSv. CONCLUSIONS: Having compared the 2006 data with those obtained over the earlier years, it is evident that occupational exposure to X-rays has remained at the same level and the radiological protection in the health care sector is satisfactory.

[Concentrations of natural 226Ra and 222Rn radioisotopes in the water from deep well intakes in the vicinity of Lódz]. / Ocena zawartosci naturalnych izotopów promieniotwórczych radu 226Ra i radonu 222Rn w wodach z ujec glebinowych pochodzacych z okolic Lódzi.

UNLABELLED: BACKGROUND. The towns of Zgierz, Ozorków, Stryków and Glowno are located in the central part of Poland, 10 to 30 km to the north of Lódiz. Large surface water reservoirs are not available in that region, and the inhabitants of this region are supplied with drinking water from deep water sources. Literature data show that water from deep wells may contain various radionuclides, such as radium 226Ra or radon 222Rn, and their activity levels depend, among others, on the age of the geologic formation the water comes from. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An emanation technique employing a low-background system consisting of scintillation chamber with two photomultipliers operating in the coincidence arrangement was used to measure radium and radon concentrations. RESULTS: Radium-226 at levels above the detection level (9 Bq/m3) of the measurement method were not detected in any of the examined deep water sources. Water-solved radon-222 was detected in all tested samples. The measured activities were within the range of 1 kBq/m3 to 13 kBq/m3. CONCLUSIONS: Assuming the maximum concentration value, it is estimated that an annual dose received by the population drinking that water is 0.04 mSv, which is below the value of 0.1 mSv recommended by the World Health Organisation.