Assessing the national and subnational firearm violence trends in Mexico from 1990 to 2019: secondary data analysis from the Global Burden of Disease study.

BACKGROUND: Mexico is among the countries with the highest mortality rates by firearms worldwide. We aimed to analyse the trend in the burden of firearm violence (FV) by age and sex in Mexico at a national and subnational level, and the association between this burden and the Sociodemographic Index. METHODS: We used estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD)-2019 study for the analysis of FV mortality, premature mortality and disability for all available age-groups and by sex. The GBD data separates FV into three categories-interpersonal violence from firearms, unintentional injuries from firearms and self-harm from firearms. We used a joinpoint regression analysis to analyse the temporal trends of the FV burden. RESULTS: FV exhibited a non-significant increase. By cause, there was a significant increase in the burden of interpersonal violence from firearms, a non-significant decrease in the burden of self-harm from firearms and a significant decrease in the burden of unintentional injuries from firearms. Most of the FV burden is attributed to interpersonal violence from firearms. Almost the entirety of the burden of FV results from premature mortality. The incidence of FV disability adjusted life years (DALYs) was significantly higher among males than females, and was most concentrated in males aged 20-44 and females aged 15-49. Significant heterogeneity in FV DALY trends was observed at the subnational level. CONCLUSION: These results may help to better understand the burden of FV and help the design and implementation of national and local preventive policies.

Suicide attempts in the adult Mexican population: an analysis of sociodemographic characteristics and associated factors.

OBJECTIVE: Suicide is the culmination of a process or continuum known as suicidal behavior that proceeds from ideation and planning to attempt. The objective was to estimate the prevalence of suicide attempts in the adult Mexican population and to analyze their main associated factors. METHODS: We conducted an observational, cross-sectional, and descriptive study with information from the National Health and Nutrition Survey (2018). Self-reported lifetime suicide attempt was used in the analysis. We analyzed depression, obesity, tobacco smoking, and alcohol consumption as suicide attempt-associated factors using a multivariate logistic regression model. RESULTS: The prevalence of adult suicide attempt was 2.0% (95%CI 1.8-2.2) and it was higher among women (2.4%; 95%CI 2.2-2.8) and young people (2.9%; 95%CI 2.4-3.4). Low education (OR=1.6; 95%CI 1.2-2.2), being single (OR=1.3; 95%CI 1.0-1.6), having obesity (OR=1.4; 95%CI 1.1-1.8), consumption of alcohol (OR=2.4; 95%CI 1.7-3.4) or tobacco smoking (OR=1.8; 95%CI 1.4-2.4), and having strong symptoms of depression (OR=10.1; 95%CI 6.2-16.3) were associated with a higher prevalence of suicide attempts. CONCLUSION: These results help better understand suicidal behavior in Mexico and identify the factors that increase the likelihood of suicide attempts, which is essential to help reduce suicide mortality. This research is crucial for developing early interventions and prevention programs aimed at reducing suicide's public health burden.

Suicide attempts in the adult Mexican population: an analysis of sociodemographic characteristics and associated factors / Tentativas de suicídio na população adulta mexicana: uma análise de fatores sociodemográficos e associados

ABSTRACT Objective: Suicide is the culmination of a process or continuum known as suicidal behavior that proceeds from ideation and planning to attempt. The objective was to estimate the prevalence of suicide attempts in the adult Mexican population and to analyze their main associated factors. Methods: We conducted an observational, cross-sectional, and descriptive study with information from the National Health and Nutrition Survey (2018). Self-reported lifetime suicide attempt was used in the analysis. We analyzed depression, obesity, tobacco smoking, and alcohol consumption as suicide attempt-associated factors using a multivariate logistic regression model. Results: The prevalence of adult suicide attempt was 2.0% (95%CI 1.8-2.2) and it was higher among women (2.4%; 95%CI 2.2-2.8) and young people (2.9%; 95%CI 2.4-3.4). Low education (OR=1.6; 95%CI 1.2-2.2), being single (OR=1.3; 95%CI 1.0-1.6), having obesity (OR=1.4; 95%CI 1.1-1.8), consumption of alcohol (OR=2.4; 95%CI 1.7-3.4) or tobacco smoking (OR=1.8; 95%CI 1.4-2.4), and having strong symptoms of depression (OR=10.1; 95%CI 6.2-16.3) were associated with a higher prevalence of suicide attempts. Conclusion: These results help better understand suicidal behavior in Mexico and identify the factors that increase the likelihood of suicide attempts, which is essential to help reduce suicide mortality. This research is crucial for developing early interventions and prevention programs aimed at reducing suicide's public health burden.

RESUMO Objetivo: O suicídio é o resultado de um processo ou continuidade conhecido como comportamento suicida, que parte da ideação e planejamento até a tentativa. O objetivo foi estimar a prevalência de tentativa de suicídio na população adulta mexicana e analisar seus principais fatores associados. Métodos: Realizamos um estudo observacional, transversal e descritivo com informações da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde e Nutrição (2018). Na análise, foi utilizado o relato de tentativa de suicídio ao longo da vida. Analisamos a depressão, a obesidade, o tabagismo e o consumo de álcool como fatores associados à tentativa de suicídio, usando um modelo de regressão logística multivariada. Resultados: A prevalência de tentativas de suicídio em adultos foi de 2,0% (intervalo de confiança de 95% — IC95% 1,8-2,2); foi mais alta entre as mulheres (2,4%; IC95% 2,2-2,8) e entre os jovens (2,9%; IC95% 2,4-3,4). Baixa educação (odds ratio — OR=1.6; IC95% 1.2-2.2), estado civil solteiro (OR=1.3; IC95% 1.0-1.6), obesidade (OR=1.4; IC95% 1.1-1.8), consumo de álcool (OR=2.4; IC95% 1.7-3.4) ou tabaco (OR=1.8; IC95% 1.4-2.4) e sintomas fortes de depressão (OR=10.1; IC95% 6.2-16.3) estão associados a uma maior prevalência de tentativas de suicídio. Conclusão: Esses resultados ajudam a entender melhor o comportamento suicida no México e a identificar os fatores que aumentam a probabilidade de tentativas de suicídio, o que é essencial para ajudar a reduzir a mortalidade por essa causa. Esta pesquisa é crucial para o desenvolvimento de intervenções precoces e programas de prevenção com o objetivo de reduzir o ônus de saúde pública do suicídio.

The burden of type 2 diabetes in adolescents and young adults in Mexico: analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study, 1990 to 2019.

Purpose: The aim was to analyze the findings from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease (GBD-2019) study on type-2 diabetes in Mexico's adolescents and young adults, at a national and subnational scale from 1990 to 2019, and to assess its association with the socio-demographic, and the healthcare access and quality indices. Methods: Following the GBD-2019 study, young-onset type 2 diabetes mortality, premature mortality, years lived with disability and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) are reported. Results: A significant increase in the overall number of deaths attributed to young-onset T2D was found. There was a non-significant decrease in mortality rates for both sexes across most age groups. DALYs in men were greater than that in women, with almost half attributed to premature death in males, while disability accounted for two thirds of DALYs in females. The DALY rate increased significantly in most states. Premature mortality decreased, while disability increased across all age-groups, and in all states for both sexes. Conclusion: The surge in disability corresponded to the upsurge in obesity and overweight rates in Mexico among the younger population. This happened despite improvements in socio-economic status and healthcare access in Mexico which underscores the need for diabetes education in the public health sector.

Análisis de la mortalidad evitable en México durante el periodo 1998-2019

Antecedentes. El sistema de salud mexicano divide a la población en personas con y sin seguridad social, lo cual deriva en inequidades de salud. El estudio del indicador de la mortalidad evitable entre grupos o territorios mide indirectamente dicha brecha. Objetivo. Analizar la mortalidad evitable entre población mexicana con y sin derechohabiencia a la seguridad social de 1998 a 2019. Resultados. A nivel nacional, la población con seguridad social presenta la mayor mortalidad general, no evitable y evitable. Al revisar cada categoría de mortalidad evitable, las tasas de servicios médicos, diabetes, enfermedades isquémicas y causas residuales están concentradas en los derechohabientes; mientras que, en las de homicidios, síndrome de la inmunodeficiencia humana adquirida y suicidios y lesiones sucede lo contrario. A nivel estatal existe heterogeneidad, pero en 28 de 32 estados las tasas fueron superiores en los derechohabientes. También se refleja en las razones de tasas. Los valores del índice de concentración denotan una escasa inequidad entre los estados. Conclusiones.Los derechohabientes manifestaron una mayor carga de mortalidad. Esto no implica una inequidad respecto a ellos, más bien, se atribuye a la influencia de otras variables (determinantes sociales) y queda evidenciado con el índice de concentración.

Background. The Mexican health system divides the population into people with and without social security. This organization generated health differences between both groups. Amenable mortality is an impact that if is studied between groups and territories it indirectly measures health inequities. Objective. Analyze the amenable mortality among Mexican population with and without social security from 1998 to 2019. Materials and methods. An ecological investigation was realized, obtaining standardized mortality rates of amenable mortality and two inequity measures for the population with and without social security, using an amenable mortality list adapted to Mexico. Results. At national level, the population with social security concentrates the greatest general, no amenable and amenable mortality. Looking at each category of amenable mortality we found that the mortality rates of Medical Services, Diabetes, Isquemic Hearth Diseases and Residual Causes were higher in social security population; while in Homicides, Acquired human Immunodeficiency Syndrome and Suicide and Intentional Injuries the opposite happens. At state level exist heterogeneity, but in 28 of 32 states the mortality rates were higher in social security population. It's the same in the ratio rates. The concentration index values reflect a little inequity between states. Conclusions.The population with social security had the greatest mortality. This doesn't mean that an inequity exist in them, rather it reflect the influence of other variables (social determinants), and it's evidence with the concentration index.

Suicide burden in Latin America, 1990-2019: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

OBJECTIVES: Suicide is a critical public health issue worldwide. The objective was to report the findings from the Global Burden of Disease study on the burden of suicide in Latin America from 1990 to 2019 and to assess its association with the sociodemographic index (SDI). STUDY DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. METHODS: Following the 2019 Global Burden of Disease study, suicide mortality, premature mortality, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years in Latin America are reported. RESULTS: The number of deaths from suicides increased significantly in most countries, but the age-standardized suicide mortality rate had a heterogeneous behavior. Suicide burden was higher for males in all age groups, and in most countries, the male-to-female ratio increased between 1990 and 2019. Almost all suicide burden is attributable to premature mortality. The highest suicide burden was present in young males and females. All countries had an increase in the SDI, and in most countries, there was a statistically significant correlation between this indicator and the suicide disability-adjusted life-years rates. CONCLUSIONS: To best promote suicide prevention, it is important to understand sex and age-specific suicide burden patterns. According to these results, prevention programs intended to prevent suicide should be implemented with a special focus on high-risk groups such as young adults and the elderly.

Road injury burden in Mexico 1990 to 2019: Secondary data analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study.

Road injuries have been a major cause of premature mortality and disability in Mexico. The objective of this paper is to report the findings from the Global Burden of Disease study (GBD-2019) on road injuries in Mexico at a national and subnational scale from 1990 to 2019, and to assess the association between road injury burden and the socio-demographic index. Following the 2019 Global Burden of Disease study road injury mortality, premature mortality, the years lived with disability and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) are reported. While the number of deaths from road injuries increased between 1990 and 2019, the age-standardized mortality rates declined. Pedestrian road injuries and motor vehicle road injuries accounted for 8 of every 10 deaths from road injury in 2019. Road injury mortality and DALY rates decreased nationally, but stagnated since 2011. The road injury burden was higher for men in all age groups. Pedestrian and motor vehicle road injuries caused the highest DALY rate in both males and females. There was no significant association between the SDI and the road injury age-standardized DALY rates. This study presents a comprehensive report of road injury burden of disease in Mexico. Mexico continues to have an incomplete, fragmented and poorly enforced legislative framework, with a large diversity between its 32 states. Thus, an integrated legislative and juridical effort is needed to continue reducing the road injury disease burden, which is tailored for specific age groups, vulnerable road users and high-burden areas.

The burden of injuries in Mexico: Secondary data analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study, 1990 to 2019.

IMPORTANCE: Injuries have been a major cause of premature mortality and short-term and long-term disability in Mexico. OBJECTIVE: To report the findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study on injuries in Mexico at a national and subnational scale from 1990 to 2019. METHODS: Following the 2019 Global Burden of Disease study we examined injury mortality, premature mortality, years lived with disability and disability-adjusted life-years according to 14 subcategories. We calculated the Pearson correlation coefficient between the injury burden and the socio-demographic index. RESULTS: While the number of deaths from injuries increased significantly, the changes in the age-standardized mortality rates trended towards declines. Interpersonal violence, road injuries, falls and self-harm accounted for 8 of every 10 deaths from injury in 2019. Injury mortality and the disability-adjusted life-years rates decreased nationally and in most states in the period as a whole, but have increased since 2007. The injury burden was higher for men in all age groups. Interpersonal violence caused the highest disability-adjusted life-years rate in males and road injuries in females. The socio-demographic index increased in all states, while the injury age-standardized disability-adjusted life-years rates between 1990 and 2019 decreased, but there was no statistical association between both indicators. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: This study represents a comprehensive review of injury burden of disease in Mexico. The injury burden decreased, but improved heterogeneously among states. To further reduce the injury burden of disease, it's necessary for federal, state and local governments to prioritize safety promotion and injury prevention programs, infrastructure improvements, legislation, and enforcement at a national and subnational level. Mexico's injury prevention efforts should also be tailored for specific age groups, such as males aged 20-49 years or females in the younger and older age groups, and high-burden areas.

Trends and differences in homicide mortality in Colombia and Mexico, 1990-2016: Two Realities, One Problem.

Colombia and Mexico are among the countries in the region with the highest rates of homicide mortality and are also the drug traffickers in the world. The objective of this study was to analyze the trends and differences in homicide mortality in Colombia and Mexico between 1990 and 2016. Using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study, we report mortality rates and trends in years of life lost to homicides. This study looked at injuries occurring because of interpersonal violence, which was divided into three types (firearm, sharp object, and others). The homicide mortality rate steadily decreased since 1992 in Colombia, while in Mexico, it varied over time. This rate in Colombia has not been reduced to Mexico's level, and in turn, Mexico has not had a mortality rate as high as Colombia's. Throughout the period, in both countries, the years of life lost rate decreased (52% in Colombia and 18.6% in Mexico); however, between 2002 and 2016, the years of life lost rate from homicides was reduced in all age groups in Colombia, and in Mexico, they increased notably, mainly between 15 and 54 years of age. Public health plays a central role in abating interpersonal violence through the prevention of risk factors, and through making information available so that decision-makers can create public policies using evidence-based arguments. The Global Burden of Disease Study is a crucial resource that can be used to define, describe, and evaluate the consequences of homicides and help direct efforts and resources to the most vulnerable groups.

Advances and challenges on the path toward the SDGs: subnational inequalities in Mexico, 1990-2017.

BACKGROUND: The sustainable development goals (SDGs) have generated momentum for global health, aligning efforts from governments and international organisations toward a set of goals that are expected to reflect improvements in life conditions across the globe. Mexico has huge social inequalities that can affect access to quality care and health outcomes. The objective of this study is to analyse inequalities among Mexico's 32 states on the health-related SDG indicators (HRSDGIs) from 1990 to 2017. METHODS: These analyses rely on the estimation of HRSDGIs as part of the Global Burden of Disease study 2017. We estimated the concentration index for 40+3 HRSDGI stratified by Socio-demographic Index and marginalisation index, and then for indicators where inequalities were identified, we ran decomposition analyses using structural variables such as gross domestic product per capita, poverty and health expenditure. FINDINGS: Mexico has made progress on most HRSDGIs, but current trends in improvement do not appear to fast enough to meet 2030 targets. Out of 43 HRSDGIs, we identified evidence of inequality between Mexico's states for 30 indicators; of those, 23 HRSDGIs were unequal distributed affecting states with lower development and seven affecting states with higher development. The decomposition analysis indicates that social determinants of health are major drivers of HRSDGI inequalities in Mexico. INTERPRETATION: Modifying current trends for HRSDGIs will require subnational-level and national-level policy action, of which should be informed by the latest available data and monitoring on the health-related SDGs. The SDGs' overarching objective of leaving no-one behind should be prioritised not only for individuals but also for communities and other subnational levels.

Cardiovascular disease in Mexico 1990-2017: secondary data analysis from the global burden of disease study.

OBJECTIVES: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a major cause of death and a public health threat. To report the burden of CVD in Mexico at a national and subnational scale from 1990 to 2017 as well as risk factors driving these changes. METHODS: Following the 2017 global burden of disease study, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and risk factors of CVD were examined according to 10 subcategories. RESULTS: The CVD burden of disease decreased between 1990 and 2017 in Mexico as a whole and in all states, with the higher decrease located in the north and central regions. Ischemic heart disease accounted for almost two-thirds of the total number of deaths from CVD and caused the highest DALY rate. The leading CVD risk factors were high systolic blood pressure, dietary risks, high LDL cholesterol, high BMI, and high fasting plasma glucose level. CONCLUSIONS: These results allow the establishment of priorities, policy development, and implementation to decrease the CVD burden and can provide a benchmark for states to focus on key risk factors, improve the quality of health care, and reduce health care costs.

Unintentional injuries in Mexico, 1990-2017: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.

BACKGROUND: To date, the burden of injury in Mexico has not been comprehensively assessed using recent advances in population health research, including those in the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (GBD 2017). METHODS: We used GBD 2017 for burden of unintentional injury estimates, including transport injuries, for Mexico and each state in Mexico from 1990 to 2017. We examined subnational variation, age patterns, sex differences and time trends for all injury burden metrics. RESULTS: Unintentional injury deaths in Mexico decreased from 45 363 deaths (44 662 to 46 038) in 1990 to 42 702 (41 439 to 43 745) in 2017, while age-standardised mortality rates decreased from 65.2 (64.4 to 66.1) in 1990 to 35.1 (34.1 to 36.0) per 100 000 in 2017. In terms of non-fatal outcomes, there were 3 120 211 (2 879 993 to 3 377 945) new injury cases in 1990, which increased to 5 234 214 (4 812 615 to 5 701 669) new cases of injury in 2017. We estimated 2 761 957 (2 676 267 to 2 859 777) disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to injuries in Mexico in 1990 compared with 2 376 952 (2 224 588 to 2 551 004) DALYs in 2017. We found subnational variation in health loss across Mexico's states, including concentrated burden in Tabasco, Chihuahua and Zacatecas. CONCLUSIONS: In Mexico, from 1990 to 2017, mortality due to unintentional injuries has decreased, while non-fatal incident cases have increased. However, unintentional injuries continue to cause considerable mortality and morbidity, with patterns that vary by state, age, sex and year. Future research should focus on targeted interventions to decrease injury burden in high-risk populations.

Overview of the burden of chronic kidney disease in Mexico: secondary data analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the evolution of the burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Mexico by states, sex and subtypes from 1990 to 2017. DESIGN: Secondary data analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2017. PARTICIPANTS: Mexico and its 32 states. Data were publicly available and de-identified and individuals were not involved. METHODS: We analysed age-standardised mortality rates, years of life lost (YLL) due to premature death, years lived with disability (YLD) and disability-adjusted life years (DALY), as well as the percentage of change of these indicators between 1990 and 2017. RESULTS: From 1990 to 2017, the number of deaths, YLL, YLD and DALY due to CKD increased from 12 395 to 65 033, from 330 717 to 1 544 212, from 86 416 to 210 924 and from 417 133 to 1 755 136, respectively. Age-standardised rates went from 28.7 to 58.1 for deaths (% of change 102.3), from 601.2 to 1296.7 for YLL (% of change 115.7), from 158.3 to 175.4 for YLD (% of change 10.9) and from 759.4 to 1472.2 for DALY (% of change 93.8). The highest burden of CKD was for Puebla and the lowest for Sinaloa. It was also greater for men than women. By subtypes of CKD, diabetes and hypertension were the causes that contributed most to the loss of years of healthy life in the Mexican population. CONCLUSIONS: Mexico has experienced exponential and unprecedented growth in the burden of CKD with significant differences by states, sex and subtypes. Data from the GBD are key inputs to guide decision-making and focus efforts towards the reduction of inequities in CKD. These results should be considered a valuable resource that can help guide the epidemiological monitoring of this disease and prioritise the most appropriate health interventions.

Tendencia e impacto de la mortalidad por enfermedades cardiovasculares en México, 1990-2015 / Trend and impact of mortality from cardiovascular diseases in Mexico, 1990-2015

Introducción: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares son el principal grupo de causas de muerte en México. Objetivo: Analizar la tendencia de las enfermedades cardiovasculares en México por sexo, edad, causa de muerte; y su impacto en la esperanza de vida entre 1990-2015. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo con información de estadísticas vitales de mortalidad en México. Se calcularon tasas estandarizadas de mortalidad por enfermedades isquémicas, enfermedades hipertensivas, enfermedades cerebrovasculares, otras enfermedades del corazón y otras enfermedades cardiovasculares. Se analizó la tendencia de las tasas mediante una regresión de modelos segmentados; se calcularon las contribuciones al cambio en esperanza de vida por causa y por edad. Resultados: La tendencia de la mortalidad por enfermedades cardiovasculares presentó tres periodos: entre 1990-1997 se produjo un incremento en ambos sexos; en 1997-2000 una tendencia decreciente y entre 2000-2015 una tendencia estacionaria en mujeres y creciente en hombres. La mortalidad por enfermedades isquémicas del corazón y enfermedades hipertensivas se incrementaron en hombres y mujeres con el consecuente aporte negativo a la esperanza de vida. Por el contrario, las enfermedades cerebrovasculares disminuyeron con ganancias a la esperanza de vida. Las otras enfermedades del corazón tendieron a disminuir aumentando la esperanza de vida en los dos sexos. Conclusiones: En México existe una diminución de la mortalidad por algunas enfermedades cardiovasculares específicas con un aporte positivo a la esperanza de vida en los adultos mayores. Sin embargo, existen otras que inciden en un incremento en la mortalidad, lo que disminuye la esperanza de vida de la población, principalmente la de los adultos mayores(AU)

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are the main causes of death´s group in Mexico. Objective: To analyze trends of cardiovascular diseases in Mexico by sex, age, cause of death; and their impact in life expectancy from 1990 to 2015. Methods: To analyze trends of cardiovascular diseases in Mexico by sex, age, cause of death; and their impact in life expectancy from 1990 to 2015. Results: The trend of mortality by cardiovascular diseases presented three periods: between 1990 and 1997 there was an increase in both sexes; in 1997-2000 a decreasing trend; and between 2000-2015 a stationary trend in women and growing in men. The mortality due to ischemic heart disease and hypertensive diseases increased in men and women with consequent negative contribution to the life expectancy. On the contrary, cerebrovascular diseases decreased with gains in life expectancy. The other heart diseases tended to decrease by increasing life expectancy in both sexes. Conclusions: In Mexico there is a decrease in mortality due to specific cardiovascular diseases with a positive contribution to the life expectancy in older adults; however, there are others that have a bearing in an increase in mortality, which decreases the life expectancy of the population, mainly for older adults(AU)

Sex disparities in the epidemic of type 2 diabetes in Mexico: national and state level results based on the Global Burden of Disease Study, 1990-2017.

PURPOSE: To analyze the type 2 diabetes (T2D) health burden in Mexico by sex at the national and state levels from 1990 to 2017. METHODS: This was a secondary analysis based on data from the Global Burden of Disease Study, 1990-2017. We used the indicators of mortality rates, years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). RESULTS: At the national level, there was an increase in the standardized mortality rates, YLLs, YLDs and DALYs, especially in the male group. At the state level, the health impacts of T2D varied within the population and did not exhibit any clearly defined geographic pattern. However, the most pronounced increases in the various indicators occurred in the poorer states of the country. CONCLUSION: T2D continues to have a dominant impact on Mexican public health, with marked disparities between the states. Working to reduce these health inequalities is necessary, and resources must be focused on the priority groups, for example, men, young and middle-aged adults, and individuals living in the states with the highest index of marginalization.

Adolescentes en riesgo: factores asociados con el intento de suicidio en México / Teenagers at Risk: Factors Associated to Suicide Attempts in Mexico / Adolescentes em risco: fatores associados à tentativa de suicídio no México

Resumen En México el suicidio ha aumentado desde hace más de cuarenta años. El objetivo fue analizar los factores asociados con el intento de suicidio en adolescentes mexicanos en tres momentos: los doce meses previos a la encuesta, antes de doce meses y en algún momento de la vida. Se ajustaron modelos de regresión logística binomial y se exploró el método del intento con un análisis de correspondencias múltiples. Las mujeres reportaron mayor prevalencia de intento de suicidio, y esta fue menor para los más jóvenes. Si sufrió una agresión o tenía rezago educativo aumentó la propensión a intentar suicidarse, al igual que en aquellos adolescentes que consumen alcohol o tabaco. La prevención del suicidio se debe enfocar en el intento, que es su principal factor de riesgo, y se debe dirigir hacia las mujeres más jóvenes, adolescentes con rezago educativo, que fumen o consuman alcohol o que sufrieron recientemente violencia.

Abstract In Mexico, suicides have increased for more than forty years ago. This article aims to analyze the factors associated to the suicide attempts by Mexican teenagers in three different time points: at twelve month before the survey; any time between the survey and the 12-month point; and any time in the teenager's life. Binomial logistic regression models were adjusted in order to explore the suicide attempt types under a multiple correspondence analysis. Women showed a higher suicide attempt prevalence, but it was lower among the younger ones. Having been assaulted or being in educational backwardness led to an increase in the suicidal intent; it was also an increase thereof among tobacco- or alcohol-consuming teenagers. Suicide prevention should be focused on the attempts, which is the main risk factor and prevention efforts should target the youngest women, those teenagers in educational backwardness who, either smoke or consume alcohol, or who underwent a violence event recently.

Resumo No México o suicídio vem se acrescentando por mais de quarenta anos. O objetivo foi analisar os fatores associados à tentativa de suicídio em adolescentes mexicanos em três momentos: os doze meses prévios ao inquérito, antes de doze meses e em algum momento da vida. Modelos de regressão logística binomial foram ajustados e explorou-se o método da tentativa com uma análise de correspondências múltiplas. As mulheres mostraram maior prevalência de tentativa de suicídio, e ela foi menor para os mais jovens. Quando tiver sofrido agressão ou atraso educativo, a propensão a tentar se suicidar aumentou, bem como em aqueles adolescentes que consomem álcool ou tabaco. A prevenção do suicídio deve se enfocar na tentativa, que é o principal fator de risco, e deve se direcionar para as mulheres mais jovens, adolescentes com atraso educativo, que fumem ou consumam álcool ou que sofreram recentemente violência.

Impacto de factores socioeconómicos en la mortalidad por suicidios en Colombia, 2000-2013 / Impact of Socioeconomic Factors on Suicide Mortality in Colombia, 2000-2013 / Impacto de fatores socioeconómicos na mortalidade por suicídios na Colômbia, 2000-2013

Resumen El objetivo fue analizar la tendencia, el impacto y los factores socioeconómicos asociados con la mortalidad por suicidios en Colombia entre el 2000 y el 2013, por sexo, grupos de edad y estratos del índice de necesidades básicas insatisfechas (INB). Se calcularon tasas estandarizadas de mortalidad, años de vida perdidos (AVP) y un análisis de regresión múltiple binomial negativa. La mortalidad por suicidios disminuyó en Colombia entre el 2000 y el 2013. El estrato medio INB tuvo la mayor mortalidad por suicidios; el estrato muy bajo presentó la mayor disminución; y el estrato muy alto tuvo la menor mortalidad. La desigualdad del ingreso se asoció positivamente con el riesgo de fallecer por suicidio, al igual que la tasa de desempleo y la pobreza tienen una relación negativa con la mortalidad de suicidios. Además de los factores de riesgo individuales del suicidio, las condiciones socioeconómicas del entorno deben ser considerados factores de riesgo de suicidio en Colombia.

Abstract This aarticle analyzes the trend, the impact, and the socioeconomic factors associated with suicide mortality in Colombia between 2000 and 2013, according to gender, age groups, and strata of the unsatisfied basic needs index (AVP). We calculated the standardized mortality, lost years of life (AVP), and carried out a negative binomial multiple regression analysis. Mortality from suicides decreased in Colombia between 2000 and 2013. The middle-income stratum INB had the highest mortality from suicides; the very low income stratum showed the greatest decrease; and the very high income stratum had the lowest mortality. Income inequality was positively associated with the risk of dying from suicide, just as the unemployment rate and poverty are negatively related to suicide mortality. In addition to individual risk factors for suicide, socioeconomic conditions in the environment should be considered risk factors for suicide in Colombia.

Resumo O objetivo foi analisar a tendência, o impacto e os fatores socioeconómicos associados a mortalidade por suicídio na Colômbia entre 2000 e 2013, por sexo, camadas de idade e nível de rendas do índice de necessidades básicas insatisfeitas (INB). Calcularam-se taxas padronizadas de mortalidade, anos de vida perdidos (AVP) e análise de regressão múltipla binomial negativa. A mortalidade por suicídio diminuiu na Colômbia entre 2000 e 2013. O nível meio de rendas INB teve a maior mortalidade por suicídio; o nível de rendas muito baixas apresentou a maior diminuição; e o nível de muito altas rendas teve a menor mortalidade. A desigualdade do ingresso foi associada positivamente com o risco de falecer por suicídio, igual que a taxa de desemprego e a pobreza têm relação negativa com a mortalidade de suicídios. Além dos fatores de risco individuais do suicídio, as condições socioeconómicas do entorno devem se considerar fatores de risco de suicídio na Colômbia.

Cambios en la esperanza de vida por causas de muertes crónicas en adultos mayores. México 2000-2013 / Life Expectancy Changes Due to Chronic Causes of Death in the Elderly. Mexico 2000-2013 / Mudanças na expectativa de vida per causas crônicas de morte em idosos. México 2000-2013

Resumen Objetivo: analizar la contribución de las principales causas de muerte por enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT) al cambio en esperanza de vida temporaria entre 60-100 años en México entre 2000-2013. Materiales y métodos: se emplearon datos de defunciones a nivel nacional y grupos de edad de fuentes oficiales. Las causas consideradas fueron: diabetes (DM), enfermedades isquémicas del corazón (EIC), enfermedad cerebrovascular (EC), enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC), cirrosis y otras enfermedades crónicas del hígado (COEH) y enfermedades hipertensivas (EH). Se calcularon tasas estandarizadas de mortalidad utilizando como referente la población nacional (2010) y tablas de vida para el cambio y contribución a la esperanza de vida. Resultados: las mayores tasas de mortalidad se dieron por DM y EIC, con una tendencia creciente; el mayor incremento del periodo se dio por EH; y las tasas por EC y COEH disminuyeron. Se presentaron ganancias en esperanza de vida por EC, EPOC y COEH, pero fueron canceladas por el aumento de mortalidad por DM, EIC y EH. Por grupos de edad, las ganancias masculinas se presentaron entre 60-79 años por EC, COEH y EPOC; para mujeres la disminución de la mortalidad se dio por EC en todas las edades. Las causas con impacto negativo en hombres fueron DM (65-84 años) y EIC (8094 años); para mujeres la DM (70-89 años), EH y EIC (80-94 años). Conclusiones: las ECNT continuarán figurando de forma más prominente en el perfil epidemiológico del país. Es indispensable implementar acciones preventivas sobre factores de riesgo modificables comunes a ellas.

Abstract Objective: To analyze the contribution of the main causes of death due to chronic diseases (CHD) to the temporary life expectancy between 60-100 years of age in Mexico during 2000-2013. Materials and Methods: National official registries of deaths, by age groups, were used. The considered causes of death were: diabetes (DM), ischemic heart disease (IHD), cerebrovascular disease (CD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases (CCLD), and hypertensive diseases (HD). Standardized mortality rates were calculated using the national population (2010) as standard and life tables to obtain the change and contribution to life expectancy. Results: The highest mortality rates were due to DM and IHD with a tendency to increase; the biggest rise in mortality was due to HD; and the rates due to CD and CCLD were reduced. Gains in life expectancy were presented due to CD, COPD and CCLD, but were cancelled by the mortality increase by DM, IHD and HD. The gains in life expectancy in males presented mainly between 60-79 years of age due to CD, CCLD and COPD; for women the decrease in mortality was mainly due to CD in all ages. The causes of death with a negative impact in males were DM (65-84 years) and IHD (80-94 years); for women DM (70-89 years), HD and IHD (80-94 years of age). Conclusions: The CHD will continue to be prominent in the epidemiological profile in the country. It's essential to implement preventive actions on modifiable risk factors common to those diseases.

Resumo Objetivo: analisar a contribuição das principais causas de morte por doenças-crônicas não transmissíveis (ECNT) à mudança em esperança de vida temporária entre 60-100 anos no México entre 2000-2013. Materiais e métodos: empregaram-se dados de defunções, no nível nacional e grupos de idade de fontes oficiais. As causas consideradas foram: diabetes (DM), doenças isquémicas do coração (EIC), doença cerebrovascular (EC), doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (EPOC), cirrose e outras doenças crônicas do fígado (COEH) e doenças hipertensivas (EH). Calcularam-se taxas estandardizadas de mortalidade utilizando como referente a população nacional (2010) e tabelas de vida para a mudança e contribuição à esperança de vida. Resultados: as maiores taxas de mortalidade se deram por DM e EIC, com uma tendência crescente; o maior incremento do período deu-se por EH; e as taxas por EC e COEH diminuíram. Apresentaram-se ganancias em esperança de vida por EC, EPOC e COEH, mas foram canceladas pelo aumento da mortalidade por DM, EIC e EH. Por grupos de idade, as ganâncias masculinas se apresentaram entre 60-79 anos por EC, COEH e EPOC; para mulheres a diminuição da mortalidade deu-se por EC em todas as idades. As causas com impacto negativo em homens foram DM (65-84 anos) e EIC (80-94 anos); para mulheres a DM (70-89 anos), EH e EIC (80-94 anos). Conclusões: as ECNT continuarão figurando de forma mais prominente no perfil epidemiológico do país. É indispensável implementar ações preventivas sobre fatores de risco modificáveis comuns a elas.

Análisis de la tendencia e impacto de la mortalidad por causas externas: México, 2000-2013 / Analysis of the trend and impact of mortality due to external causes: Mexico, 2000-2013

RESUMEN El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la mortalidad por las principales causas externas (accidentes de tránsito, otros accidentes, homicidios y suicidios) en México, calculando los años de vida perdidos entre 0 y 100 años de edad y su contribución al cambio en la esperanza de vida entre 2000 y 2013, a nivel nacional, por sexo y grupos de edad. La información provino de las estadísticas vitales de mortalidad del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI). El mayor impacto de la mortalidad por causas externas entre 2000 y 2013 se presentó en hombres jóvenes y adultos de 15 a 49 años de edad; la mortalidad por estas causas se mantuvo constante en hombres, mientras que disminuyó en mujeres. La mortalidad por accidentes de tránsito y otros accidentes disminuyó, lo que significó un aporte positivo a la esperanza de vida, que fue cancelado por un incremento de la mortalidad por homicidios y suicidios. La mortalidad por causas externas es prevenible por medio de intervenciones, programas y estrategias de prevención y tratamiento oportuno. Es necesario desarrollar estudios multidisciplinarios sobre la dinámica de los factores asociados con la mortalidad por estas causas.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to analyze mortality due to the main external causes of death (traffic accidents, other accidents, homicides and suicides) in Mexico, calculating the years of life lost between 0 and 100 years of age and their contribution to the change in life expectancy between 2000 and 2013, at the national level, by sex and age group. Data came from mortality vital statistics of the Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) [National Institute of Statistics and Geography]. The biggest impact in mortality due to external causes occurred in adolescent and adult males 15-49 years of age; mortality due to these causes remained constant in males and slightly decreased in females. Mortality due to traffic accidents and other accidents decreased, with a positive contribution to life expectancy, but this effect was canceled out by the increase in mortality due to homicides and suicides. Mortality due to external causes can be avoided through interventions, programs and prevention strategies as well as timely treatment. It is necessary to develop multidisciplinary studies on the dynamics of the factors associated with mortality due to these causes.