Assuntos
Vasos Coronários/diagnóstico por imagem , Dilatação Patológica/diagnóstico por imagem , Hipertensão Pulmonar Primária Familiar/fisiopatologia , Artéria Pulmonar/diagnóstico por imagem , Angiografia por Tomografia Computadorizada , Vasos Coronários/patologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Artéria Pulmonar/patologiaAssuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Artéria Pulmonar/diagnóstico por imagem , Vasos Coronários/diagnóstico por imagem , Dilatação Patológica/diagnóstico por imagem , Hipertensão Pulmonar Primária Familiar/fisiopatologia , Artéria Pulmonar/patologia , Seguimentos , Vasos Coronários/patologia , Angiografia por Tomografia ComputadorizadaRESUMO
RESUMEN Introducción: La fracción de eyección es un parámetro débil para evaluar la función ventricular en la hipertrofia ventricular. Es de fundamental importancia analizar aspectos de la mecánica ventricular que podrían diferenciar una amiloidosis cardiaca de una miocardiopatía hipertrófica. Objetivo: Comparar el comportamiento del strain longitudinal y otros parámetros de la mecánica ventricular entre pacientes con miocardiopatía hipertrófica y amiloidosis cardíaca ambos con fracción de eyección conservada. Material y métodos: Estudio comparativo, prospectivo realizado en 15 pacientes con amiloidosis cardíaca (Grupo G 1) y 15 pacientes con miocardiopatía hipertrófica (G 2), ambos con fracción de eyección conservada (> 50%). Fueron analizados con ecocardiografía por seguimiento de marcas (speckle tracking), parámetros de strain y rotacionales del VI. El strain longitudinal se obtuvo a partir de planos apicales de 4, 3 y 2 cámaras. El strain circunferencial y la rotación ventricular a partir de planos transversales del VI. Se calculó el giro: suma de rotación apical y basal (°), torsión (giro / distancia base-ápex del VI (°/cm)) y los nuevos parámetros: producto de deformación (multiplicación entre el strain longitudinal global y el strain circunferencial apical); índice de deformación (°/%): (giro / strain longitudinal) y el cociente fracción de eyección / strain longitudinal global Resultados: Los pacientes con amiloidosis cardíaca presentaron valores significativamente menores de fracción de eyección (58,08% ± 6,16 vs. 67,15% ± 8,09; p = 0,012) y de strain longitudinal global (-12,61% ± 4,32 vs. -17,15% ± 3,95; p = 0,008) a expensas de los segmentos basales. No se constataron diferencias significativas con el giro, la torsión, el strain circunferencial y el radial. El producto entre strain longitudinal y el circunferencial apical resultó disminuido mientras que el cociente fracción de eyección / strain longitudinal global se encontró aumentado de manera significativa en los pacientes con amiloidosis. Conclusiones: El producto strain longitudinal x strain circunferencial apical y el cociente fracción de eyección / strain longitudinal global son parámetros útiles que permiten diferenciar pacientes con amiloidosis cardíaca de pacientes con miocardiopatía hipertrófica.
ABSTRACT Background: Ejection fraction is a poor parameter to assess left ventricular function in ventricular hypertrophy. It is highly important to analyze aspectis of ventricular mechanics that could differentiate cardiac amyloidosis from hypertrophic car-diomyopathy. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare longitudinal strain and other ventricular mechanical parameters between patientis with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and cardiac amyloidosis, both with preserved ejection fraction. Methods: A comparative, prospective study was conducted in 15 patientis with cardiac amyloidosis Group (G) 1 and 15 pa-tientis with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (G2), both presenting preserved ejection fraction (>50%). Patientis were analyzed with speckle tracking echocardiography and strain and left ventricular (LV) rotational parameters. Longitudinal strain was obtained from apical 4-, 3- and 2-chamber planes. Circumferential strain and ventricular rotation were obtained from LV transverse planes. Twist: algebraic sum of apical and basal rotation (°), torsion [twist/LV base-apex distance (º/cm)] and the new parameters: deformation product (global longitudinal strain × apical circumferential strain); deformation index: twist/ longitudinal strain (°/%) and ejection fraction/global longitudinal strain ratio were calculated. Resultis: Patientis with cardiac amyloidosis presented significantly lower ejection fraction (58.08%±6.16 vs. 67.15%±8.09; p=0.012) and global longitudinal strain values (-12.61%±4.32 vs. -17.15%±3.95; p=0.008) at the expense of basal segmentis. No significant differences were found for twist, torsion, and circumferential and radial strain. The product between longitudinal strain and apical circumferential strain decreased, while the ejection fraction/global longitudinal strain ratio was significantly increased in patientis with cardiac amyloidosis. Conclusions: The product of longitudinal strain × apical circumferential strain and the ejection fraction/global longitudinal strain ratio are useful parameters that allow differentiating cardiac amyloidosis from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patientis.
RESUMO
Introducción: El eco estrés evidencia la isquemia miocárdica como un trastorno regional y transitorio de la motilidad. El análisis visual es subjetivo y depende de la experiencia del operador, lo que ha motivado la búsqueda de un método semiautomático que permita minimizar esta limitación y así mejorar la confiabilidad y reproducibilidad de la prueba. Esto ha generado creciente interés en la introducción de la medición del strain longitudinal bidimensional antes del eco estrés y durante y después de él. Su determinación en las diferentes fases de apremio, en caso de que sea útil, permitiría reducir otras limitaciones, como la imposibilidad de alcanzar la frecuencia cardíaca submáxima, la dificultad de visualizar trastornos muy sutiles y el retraso en la adquisición de las imágenes, lo que incrementa los falsos negativos. Objetivos: Evaluar si el análisis del strain longitudinal realizado en reposo, cuando no hay evidencias de trastornos contráctiles visuales, es capaz de predecir el resultado del eco estrés y si el strain longitudinal basal es diferente en los pacientes con enfermedad coronaria significativa en comparación con los que no la presentan (en su evaluación previa al comienzo de la prueba). Material y métodos: Se compararon los resultados del strain longitudinal en reposo en 62 pacientes con eco estrés positivo incorporados en forma consecutiva en un período de 12 meses, a la mitad de los cuales se les realizó una cinecoronariografía (Grupo A) y a la otra mitad no se le efectuó este estudio (Grupo B) versus un grupo control (Grupo C) con prueba negativa y sin cinecoronariografía. Resultados: El strain longitudinal entre el Grupo A y el Grupo B no mostró diferencia estadística significativa (-21,8% ± 2,4% vs. -21,5% ± 2,5%), como tampoco el de los pacientes con prueba positiva (Grupo A + B) versus los controles (-21,67% ± 2,4% vs. 21,9% ± 2,8%). Conclusión: El strain longitudinal bidimensional no permitió predecir el resultado del eco estrés ni tampoco la presencia de enfermedad coronaria significativa en los pacientes que fueron sometidos a cinecoronariografía invasiva.
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Introducción: Pese a que los estudios sobre calidad de vida profesional han incluido distintas clases de profesionales de la salud, no existen publicaciones al respecto de los médicos cardiólogos en Latinoamérica y en particular en la Argentina. Objetivo: Estudiar mediante una encuesta la calidad de vida profesional de los cardiólogos en la Argentina. Material y métodos: Se trató de un estudio observacional y transversal con un cuestionario validado de acuerdo con distintas características métricas. La encuesta se realizó desde abril a junio de 2007 y tuvo carácter anónimo. El cuestionario autoadministrado estuvo constituido por 14 preguntas separadas en tres dominios que midieron: la percepción de la situación laboral del cardiólogo, la realización personal y la expectativa de futuro. Resultados: De 972 cardiólogos de todo el país contactados por e-mail, completaron la encuesta 717 (74%). Los indicadores de calidad de vida profesional mostraron que el 53,5% (383) de los cardiólogos cree que su situación laboral actual es regular o mala y el 61,0% (437) cree que esto no mejorará en el futuro. El 77,4% (555) está preocupado por su estabilidad laboral y el 82,9% (595) cree que podría ser demandado por mala praxis. En relación con la expectativa de futuro, el 17,3% (124) de los cardiólogos no volvería a elegir la especialidad, el 24,3% (174) no volvería a estudiar medicina y el 37,7% (270) no estaría satisfecho si un hijo decidiese estudiar medicina. Conclusiones: Esta primera encuesta sobre calidad de vida profesional de los cardiólogos en la Argentina describe la percepción de estos especialistas sobre su situación laboral, realización personal y profesional y expectativa de futuro. Los datos que surgen de la encuesta revelan un claro panorama de insatisfacción de los cardiólogos argentinos en el actual sistema organizativo de la salud.
Background: Despite studies on professional quality of life have included different types of health care professionals, there are no publications addressing the professional quality of life of cardiologists in Latin America, particularly in Argentina. Objective: The aim of this study is to use a survey to evaluate the professional quality of life of Argentine cardiologists. Methods: This observational, cross-sectional study consisted of a questionnaire validated according to different metric characteristics. The survey was conducted from April to June 2007 and was anonymous. The self-administered questionnaire consisted of 14 questions, separated in three domains measuring the cardiologist perception of the work situation, self-fulfillment and expectation about the future. Results: Among 972 cardiologists from all the country contacted by e-mail, 717 (74%) completed the survey. The indicators of professional quality of life demonstrated that 53.5% (383) of cardiologists believe that their current work situation is fair or bad and 61.0% (437) believe that this situation will not improve in the future; 77.4% (555) are worried about their job security and 82.9% (595) believe they could be sued for malpractice. Regarding the expectation about the future domain, 17.3% (124) of cardiologists would not choose the specialty again, 24.3% (174) would not study medicine again and 37.7% (270) would not be satisfied if one of his/her children decided to study medicine. Conclusions: This first survey on professional quality of life of Argentine cardiologists describes how these specialists perceive their work situation, self-fulfillment, professional achievement and expectation about the future. This information reveals a clear state of dissatisfaction among Argentine cardiologists within the current organization of the health care system.
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BACKGROUND: Coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) increases the diagnostic sensitivity of stress echocardiography. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of CFVR in patients without new wall motion abnormalities during pharmacologic stress echocardiography. METHODS: The outcomes of 651 patients with normal wall motion response during stress echocardiography with dobutamine up to 50 µg/kg/min (n = 351) or dipyridamole up to 0.84 mg/kg over 4 min (n = 300) were evaluated. CFVR was calculated simultaneously in the distal territory of the left anterior descending coronary artery. CFVR ≥ 2 was defined as normal. Major events considered during follow-up were cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and late myocardial revascularization. RESULTS: Normal CFVR was recorded in 523 patients and reduced CFVR in 128. During a mean follow-up period of 34.6 ± 18 months, 48 major events occurred, in 25 patients (4.8%) with normal and 23 patients (18%) with reduced CFVR; event-free survival was significantly different between patients with normal versus abnormal CFVR (P < .0001). Diabetes increased risk only in patients with abnormal CFVR (P = .05). In the multivariate analysis, CFVR and history of smoking were the only independent predictors of combined morbidity and mortality. Abnormal CFVR was associated with a higher event rate, independently of the pharmacologic stress technique used. The event hazard ratio was inversely proportional to CFVR. CONCLUSIONS: CFVR was an independent predictor of mortality after pharmacologic stress echocardiography with normal wall motion, and the degree of decrease was associated with increased risk. Diabetes worsened prognosis only with abnormal CFVR.
Assuntos
Estenose Coronária/mortalidade , Estenose Coronária/fisiopatologia , Complicações do Diabetes/mortalidade , Complicações do Diabetes/fisiopatologia , Dobutamina , Ecocardiografia/estatística & dados numéricos , Reserva Fracionada de Fluxo Miocárdico , Idoso , Argentina/epidemiologia , Comorbidade , Estenose Coronária/diagnóstico por imagem , Complicações do Diabetes/diagnóstico por imagem , Teste de Esforço/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Contração Miocárdica/efeitos dos fármacos , Prevalência , Prognóstico , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Fatores de Risco , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Taxa de Sobrevida , VasodilatadoresRESUMO
Introducción La factibilidad del análisis de la deformación longitudinal 2D en ejercicio y la contribución de su información para detectar isquemia a frecuencia cardíaca alta no están bien establecidas; si bien se han realizado estudios de eco estrés farmacológico para la evaluación de isquemia y viabilidad, no se conocen trabajos que hayan evaluado el uso de la deformación longitudinal 2D para el diagnóstico de isquemia miocárdica durante el eco estrés con ejercicio. Objetivos Se consideró de interés determinar la factibilidad del análisis de la deformación longitudinal 2D y evaluar su comportamiento durante el eco estrés con ejercicio. Material y métodos Entre febrero y marzo de 2012 se les realizó un eco estrés en camilla supina, en etapas de 150 kgm, a 93 pacientes consecutivos (59 hombres, 54,9%), edad promedio de 58,8 ± 11,8 años. Se determinó la motilidad semicuantitativa visual en condiciones basales, en el pico del ejercicio y en el posesfuerzo inmediato y se analizó la deformación longitudinal 2D de 16 segmentos en reposo y en el posejercicio inmediato mediante un algoritmo de seguimiento de marcadores acústicos (AFI: automatic functional images de GE). Simultáneamente se evaluaron los síntomas, el electrocardiograma de 12 derivaciones y la tensión arterial en cada etapa. Resultados La frecuencia cardíaca basal fue de 76 ± 18 lat/min, alcanzó 133 ± 25 lat/min en el pico del ejercicio y 117 ± 15 lat/min en el posesfuerzo inmediato. Las pruebas fueron suficientes en 64 (68,8%) de los 93 pacientes evaluados; de los 29 pacientes con pruebas insuficientes, 9 fueron positivas y 20 negativas. Desarrollaron isquemia durante la prueba 21 pacientes (22,5%), diagnosticada como asinergias regionales transitorias (7 casos en territorio anterior, septal y/o apical, en otros 7 afectó las caras inferior, posterior y/o lateral, mientras que 7 pacientes tuvieron trastornos en segmentos de ambos territorios), los cuales eran más añosos (63,5 ± 8,7 vs. 57,4 ± 12,2 años; p = 0,03), con mayor antecedente de infarto de miocardio (14,3% vs. 7%; p = 0,01) y de cirugía de revascularización miocárdica (14,3% vs. 2,77%; p = 0,04) respecto de los pacientes que no desarrollaron isquemia. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en los antecedentes de hipertensión arterial, diabetes, dislipidemia y tabaquismo. El valor de la deformación longitudinal 2D apical se incrementó en 79 (85%) de los 93 pacientes evaluados, en los que solo 3 (3,8%) presentaron trastornos contráctiles en la misma región, mientras que de los 14 pacientes en los que la deformación longitudinal 2D apical no aumentó o disminuyó, 11 (78,6%) presentaron isquemia apical visualmente confirmada (sensibilidad 79%, especificidad 96%; p = 0,0001). De los 53 pacientes en los que se incrementó el valor de la deformación longitudinal 2D inferior, posterior y/o lateral, 6 (11,3%) presentaron trastornos contráctiles homozonales, mientras que de los 40 pacientes en los que no aumentó la deformación longitudinal 2D, en 8 (20%) se constataron visualmente asinergias transitorias en la misma región (sensibilidad 43%, especificidad 41%). La deformación longitudinal 2D se pudo evaluar en 1.472 de 1.488 segmentos en el reposo (factibilidad 99%), en 1.452 en el posesfuerzo (factibilidad 97,5%) y en 1.147 de 1.488 (77%) en el pico del esfuerzo (esta etapa no se consideró para el análisis). Conclusiones El análisis de la deformación longitudinal 2D resultó factible en el posesfuerzo inmediato. La falta de aumento o la disminución en la deformación longitudinal 2D de los segmentos apicales fueron concordantes con presencia de isquemia detectada visualmente. Las frecuencias cardíacas altas fueron responsables de la obtención de resultados poco específicos en los segmentos inferoposterolaterales basales y mediales, por lo que el strain 2D longitudinal solo sería de ayuda para analizar territorio irrigado por la arteria descendente anterior.
Feasibility and Contribution of Global and Regional 2D Strain during Exercise Stress Echocardiography Introduction The feasibility of longitudinal 2D strain analysis during exercise and the contribution of the information provided to detect ischemia at elevated heart rate are not well established. Although pharmacologic stress echocardiography has been used to evaluate ischemia and viability in several studies, the use of longitudinal 2D strain for the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia during exercise stress echocardiography has not been analyzed. Objectives The goal of this study was to determine the feasibility of analyzing longitudinal 2D strain and to evaluate its performance during exercise stress echocardiography. Methods Between February and March 2012, 93 consecutive patients (59 men, 54.9%), with mean age 58.8 ±11.8 years), underwent supine exercise stress echocardiography, in 150 kgm stages. Wall motion was visually evaluated using a semiquantitative analysis at baseline, peak exercise and immediately after exercise. Longitudinal 2D deformation was analyzed in 16 segments at rest and immediately after exercise using a tracking algorithm of acoustic markers (AFI: automatic functional images, GE). Symptoms, 12-lead electrocardiogram and blood pressure were simultaneously evaluated in each stage. Results Baseline heart rate was 76 ± 18 bpm, increased to 133 ± 25 bpm during peak exercise and was 117 ± 15 bpm immediately after exercise. The target heart rate was achieved in 64 (68.8%) of the 93 patients evaluated; in the 29 patients who did not achieve target heart rate, 9 tests were positive and 20 were negative for coronary artery disease. Twenty-one patients (22.5%) developed ischemia diagnosed as transient regional assynergies during exercise stress echocardiography: 7 patients in the anterior, septal and/or apical territories, 7 in the inferior, posterior and/or lateral territories and 7 in segments corresponding to both territories. These patients were older (63.5 ± 8.7 vs. 57.4 ± 12.2 years; p = 0.03) and the prevalence of previous myocardial infarction (14.3% vs. 7%; p = 0.01) and myocardial revascularization surgery (14.3% vs. 2.77%; p = 0.04) was higher compared to those without ischemia. There were no significant differences in the history of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia or smoking habits. The value of longitudinal 2D strain in the apical segments increased in 79 (85%) of the 93 patients evaluated: only 3 of these patients (3.8%) developed new wall motion abnormalities in the same region. In the 14 patients in whom longitudinal 2D strain did not increase or decreased, 11 (78.6%) presented apical ischemia in the visual analysis (sensitivity 79%, specificity 96%; p = 0.0001). Among the 53 patients presenting increased longitudinal 2D strain in the inferior, posterior and/or lateral segments, 6 (11.3%) presented wall motion abnormalities in the same sites, whereas in the 40 patients in whom longitudinal 2D strain did not increase, 8 (20%) presented transient dyssynergias which were visually detected in the same region (sensitivity 43%, specificity 41%). Longitudinal 2D strain could be evaluated in 1472 of 1488 segments at rest (feasibility 99%), in 1452 after exercise (feasibility 97.5%) and in 1147 of 1488 (77%) during peak exercise (this stage was not considered for the analysis). Conclusions The analysis of longitudinal 2D strain is feasible immediately after exercise. The lack of increase or decrease in longitudinal 2D strain in the apical segments was consistent with the presence of visually detected ischemia. Elevated heart rates were responsible of the lack of specificity in the inferior, posterior and lateral basal and mid segments. Thus, longitudinal 2D strain would only help to analyze the territory irrigated by the left anterior descending coronary artery.
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BACKGROUND: Medicine is changing rapidly and diagnostic and therapeutic innovations are common. Not all professionals adopt these innovations in the same way. AIM: To survey the physicians' opinions on adopting innovations in cardiovascular health care, to classify individuals from an innovative to a conservative behavior, and to individualize opinion leaders among them, in order to build a social network of influence. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between November and December 2008, 765 Argentine cardiologists were surveyed via e-mail in Argentina, to assess the way they adopt and disseminate innovations in cardiovascular health care. RESULTS: The survey was answered by 537 professionals (70.2%). Fifty three percent of respondents were "Early adopters". However, 63 to 79.3% of respondents preferred to wait for a full demonstration of the usefulness of innovation before adopting it. The opinion leaders' distribution adopted a scale-free network pattern, where few leaders had many connections and influence on the whole network. The giant component of the network included 41% of physicians; growth simulation of the network showed that the four most popular leaders influenced over 44% of the giant component. CONCLUSIONS: Among surveyed physicians there was an attitude towards rapid acceptance of innovations in health care. However, when analyzing the direct opinion of physicians, most cases preferred usefulness demonstrated before accepting innovations. The social network including respondents and opinion leaders showed a scale-free topology with a big influence of a few over the whole network.
Assuntos
Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Cardiologia , Difusão de Inovações , Argentina , Pesquisas sobre Atenção à Saúde , Humanos , Rede SocialRESUMO
Background: Medicine is changing rapidly and diagnostic and therapeutic innovations are common. Not all professionals adopt these innovations in the same way. Aim: To survey the physicians' opinions on adopting innovations in cardiovascular health care, to classify individuals from an innovative to a conservative behavior, and to individualize opinion leaders among them, in order to build a social network of influence. Material and Methods: Between November and December 2008, 765 Argentine cardiologists were surveyed via e-mail in Argentina, to assess the way they adopt and disseminate innovations in cardiovascular health care. Results: The survey was answered by 537professionals (70.2%). Fifty three percent of respondents were "Early adopters". However, 63 to 79.3% of respondents preferred to wait for a full demonstration of the usefulness of innovation before adopting it. The opinion leaders' distribution adopted a scale-free network pattern, where few leaders had many connections and influence on the whole network. The giant component of the network included 41% ofphysicians; growth simulation of the network showed that the four most popular leaders influenced over 44% of the giant component. Conclusions: Among surveyed physicians there was an attitude towards rapid acceptance of innovations in health care. However, when analyzing the direct opinion ofphysicians, most cases preferred usefulness demonstrated before accepting innovations. The social network including respondents and opinion leaders showed a scale-free topology with a big influence of a few over the whole network.
Assuntos
Humanos , Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Cardiologia , Difusão de Inovações , Argentina , Pesquisas sobre Atenção à Saúde , Rede SocialRESUMO
Recent studies have shown that the timing of death is often under the control of the physicians who treat the patient in intensive care unit (ICU), where death is commonly preceded by decisions either not to start an aggressive therapy or to discontinue life-sustaining therapy. The objective was to study end-of-life decisions and attitudes of Argentinian cardiologists when treating terminal patients in the ICU. During 2007, a survey by e-mail was carried out among 967 cardiologists across Argentina. The questionnaire consisted of the case scenario of a vegetative patient with no family and no advance directives, so the responsibility for decision making would depend exclusively on the physician or health care team. 72.7% answered the survey; 72.0% of physicians preferred to share decisions with other doctors or with an ethical committee, nevertheless they rarely involved nurses in decisions. Besides, 85.4% of cardiologists would apply the do-not-resuscitate order and 8% would choise the terminal weaning or extubation. Comparatively, these results were similar to those previously reported in Southern Europe. In conclusion, most physicians would decide with other doctors or would ask for an ethical consultant; in the same way, most of respondents would apply the do-not-resuscitate order, though a few times they would choise the terminal weaning or extubation. Since regional and international survey opinions on these issues remain highly variable, it seems difficult to reach a global consensus regarding end-of-life care in the ICU.
Assuntos
Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Cuidados Críticos/psicologia , Parada Cardíaca/complicações , Estado Vegetativo Persistente/etiologia , Ordens quanto à Conduta (Ética Médica)/psicologia , Assistência Terminal/psicologia , Argentina , Atitude Frente a Morte , Cardiologia , Tomada de Decisões , Feminino , Pesquisas sobre Atenção à Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Suspensão de TratamentoRESUMO
Estudios recientes muestran que el momento de la muerte está a menudo bajo el control de los médicos que cuidan pacientes en una unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI), donde la muerte suele estar precedida por decisiones de no comenzar una terapéutica agresiva o discontinuar una terapia para sostener la vida. El objetivo fue estudiar las actitudes de los cardiólogos en las decisiones médicas al final de la vida de pacientes terminales en UCI. Durante 2007 se realizó una encuesta vía correo electrónico a 967 cardiólogos de la Argentina. Se planteó el caso hipotético de una paciente en coma vegetativo y sin familiares para participar en una serie de decisiones al final de la vida. El 72.7% respondió el cuestionario; el 72.0% prefirió compartir las decisiones con colegas o un comité de bioética, aunque sólo el 6% dio participación al personal de enfermería; además, el 85.4% optaría por la orden "No Resucitar" (NR) y el 8% elegiría el "destete o extubación terminal". Estos resultados se asemejaron a los encontrados en estudios previos en Europa meridional. En conclusión, el análisis de las actitudes de los cardiólogos mostró una tendencia a compartir con colegas o un comité de bioética las decisiones sobre el final de la vida, así como a aplicar la orden NR y a no elegir el "destete terminal", con diferencias según el sexo y actividad laboral. La variabilidad de las opiniones locales e internacionales en las encuestas, hace difícil alcanzar un consenso sobre el tratamiento al final de la vida.
Recent studies have shown that the timing of death is often under the control of the physicians who treat the patient in intensive care unit (ICU), where death is commonly preceded by decisions either not to start an aggressive therapy or to discontinue life-sustaining therapy. The objective was to study end-of-life decisions and attitudes of Argentinian cardiologists when treating terminal patients in the ICU. During 2007, a survey by e-mail was carried out among 967 cardiologists across Argentina. The questionnaire consisted of the case scenario of a vegetative patient with no family and no advance directives, so the responsibility for decision making would depend exclusively on the physician or health care team. 72.7% answered the survey; 72.0% of physicians preferred to share decisions with other doctors or with an ethical committee, nevertheless they rarely involved nurses in decisions. Besides, 85.4% of cardiologists would apply the do-not-resuscitate order and 8% would choise the terminal weaning or extubation. Comparatively, these results were similar to those previously reported in Southern Europe. In conclusion, most physicians would decide with other doctors or would ask for an ethical consultant; in the same way, most of respondents would apply the do-not-resuscitate order, though a few times they would choise the terminal weaning or extubation. Since regional and international survey opinions on these issues remain highly variable, it seems difficult to reach a global consensus regarding end-of-life care in the ICU.
Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Parada Cardíaca/complicações , Cuidados Críticos/psicologia , Estado Vegetativo Persistente/etiologia , Ordens quanto à Conduta (Ética Médica)/psicologia , Assistência Terminal/psicologia , Argentina , Atitude Frente a Morte , Cardiologia , Tomada de Decisões , Pesquisas sobre Atenção à Saúde , Suspensão de TratamentoRESUMO
Introducción La cirugía de MAZE III izquierdo demostró una efectividad elevada en la restauración a ritmo sinusal. Sin embargo, la efectividad en la restauración de la sístole auricular en poblaciones con cardiopatía estructural y el predominio de enfermedad reumática resultan áreas de incertidumbre. Objetivo Evaluar la efectividad de la cirugía de MAZE en la restauración de la sístole auricular en pacientes con cardiopatía estructural. Material y métodos Estudio prospectivo, consecutivo de 27 pacientes portadores de fibrilación auricular crónica persistente con indicación de cirugía cardiovascular y en los que se realizó la técnica de MAZE como tratamiento de la arritmia. La presencia de sístole auricular se evaluó mediante Doppler tisular del anillo mitral lateral. Resultados En una población caracterizada por predominancia de cardiopatía reumática (41%) y tiempo prolongado de evolución de la arritmia (61 meses promedio), al final del seguimiento el 87% se encontraba en ritmo sinusal en el 80% de los casos con actividad mecánica. El antecedente de cardiopatía reumática, una duración de la arritmia mayor de 5,5 años, el sexo femenino y el reemplazo de válvula mitral fueron variables estadísticamente significativas en cuanto a la ausencia de sístole auricular. No tuvieron significación la edad, la fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo y el tamaño de la aurícula izquierda. Conclusiones En esta población es significativa la falta de correspondencia entre ritmo sinusal y sístole auricular. El Doppler tisular es un método útil para identificar a aquellos pacientes sin contracción auricular. El impacto clínico de este hallazgo está vinculado con la decisión en la continuidad del tratamiento anticoagulante.
Introduction Left MAZE III surgery has proven a high level of effectiveness in restoring the sinus rhythm. However, the effectiveness in restoring the atrial systole in individuals with structural cardiopathy and the prevalence of rheumatic disease are still uncertain areas. Objective To assess the effectiveness of the MAZE surgery in restoring the atrial systole in patients with structural cardiopathy. Material and Methods Prospective, consecutive study in 27 patients with persistent or chronic atrial fibrillation and recommendation for cardiovascular surgery, who underwent the MAZE technique for treating the arrhythmia. The presence of atrial systole was assessed by lateral mitral annular tisular Doppler. Results In a population characterized by rheumatic cardiopathy predominance (41%) and long arrhythmia evolution (61 months on average), 87% individuals had sinus rhythm and 80% of them had mechanical activity at the end of the follow- up. A history of rheumatic cardiopathy, an arrhythmia lasting more than 5.5 years, the fact of being female, and the mitral valve replacement were statistically significant variables, considering the absence of atrial systole. Factors like age, left ventricle ejection fraction, and left atrial size were not significant. Conclusions In this population, the absence of correlation between the sinus rhythm and the atrial systole is significant. The tisular Doppler is a useful method to identify those patients with no atrial contraction. The clinical impact of this finding is related to the decision on continuing the anticoagulant therapy.
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La satisfacción de los trabajadores en su ámbito laboral es una de las variables más importantes que suelen relacionarse con el funcionamiento eficiente de las organizaciones. La calidad de vida profesional (CVP) en particular, medida a través de cuestionarios, sirve para evaluar el grado de satisfacción de los médicos con su profesión. Por otra parte, existen resultados contradictorios cuando se analiza la relación entre el ingreso o el salario de los médicos y el nivel de satisfacción alcanzado en la profesión. Objetivos Analizar la relación entre el nivel de ingresos económicos de los médicos cardiólogos en la Argentina y la CVP referida por ellos en una encuesta. Material y métodos Entre abril y junio de 2007 se realizó una encuesta para evaluar la CVP de los cardiólogos con un cuestionario autoadministrado constituido por 14 preguntas separadas en tres dominios que midieron la percepción de la situación laboral, la realización personal y la expectativa de futuro. En este estudio se analizó la relación entre el nivel de ingresos económicos y los dominios antes descriptos. Los encuestados indicaron sus ingresos mediante la elección de una de cuatro opciones: < $2.000, de $2.000 a $4.000, de $4.000 a $6.000 o > $6.000; luego, estos valores se convirtieron en U$S por año. Resultados La distribución de los ingresos en los 717 cardiólogos encuestados fue la siguiente: menos de U$S 8.000 anuales, 15,9%; entre U$S 8.000 y 16.000 anuales, 33,9%; entre U$S 16.000 y 24.000 anuales, 25,0%; y más de U$S 24,000 anuales, 25,2%. La percepción de la situación laboral y el grado de realización profesional mejoró en forma lineal a medida que crecía el nivel de los ingresos (p < 0,0001 y p = 0,0033, respectivamente). De la misma forma se observó un patrón similar al preguntar sobre la situación hipotética de volver a estudiar medicina (p = 0,0086) o de elegir la especialidad (p = 0,0019) o el deseo de que un hijo siga la carrera de medicina (p = 0,0003). En estos últimos tres casos por igual se demostró mayor satisfacción con la carrera y la especialidad cuando los ingresos de los cardiólogos superaban los U$S 24.000 anuales. Conclusiones Este estudio demostró una clara asociación entre el nivel de ingresos de los cardiólogos encuestados y el grado de satisfacción medido a través de un cuestionario de CVP. La percepción de la situación laboral y la realización profesional mejoró linealmente con el nivel de los ingresos. Ante la situación hipotética de volver a estudiar medicina o de elegir la especialidad o el deseo de que un hijo siga la carrera de medicina se demostró mayor acuerdo cuando los ingresos de los cardiólogos superaban los U$S 24.000 anuales. La importancia de conocer la CVP de los médicos estriba en las posibles consecuencias de la insatisfacción con la profesión, la que podría promover el abandono de la actividad, la restricción de las horas dedicadas a la atención, la disminución de la calidad asistencial y la transmisión del desaliento a los colegas y a los futuros médicos.
Job satisfaction is one of the most important variables related to the efficient operation of the organizations. In particular, professional quality of life (PQL) measured through questionnaires is useful to assess the degree of job satisfaction among physicians. However, some contradictory results arise while assessing the relationship between physicians income or salary and job satisfaction. Objectives To analyze the relationship between the income levels of cardiologists in Argentina and the PQL they have reported in a survey. Material and Methods Between April and June 2007 we conducted a survey to assess the PQL of cardiologists. The respondents answered a self-administrated questionnaire that consisted of 14 questions separated in three domains: perception of their working situation, personal accomplishment and expectancy in the future. The present study analyzed the relationship between cardiologists income and the aforementioned domains. The survey respondents reported their income levels choosing one out of four options: < $2,000, from $2,000 to $4,000, from $4,000 to $6,000 or > $6,000; then, these values were converted into American dollars (U$S) per year. Results Seventy hundred and seventeen cardiologists participated in the survey. The distribution of their income levels was as follows: less than U$S 8,000/year, 15.9%; U$S 8.000 - 16.000/year, 33.9%; U$S 16.000 - 24.000/year, 25%; and more than U$S 24.000, 25.2%. The perception of the working situation and of the degree of professional accomplishment improved in a linear form as the income level rose (p<0.0001 and p=0.0033, respectively). A similar pattern was observed when the physicians were asked about the hypothetical situation of studying Medicine again (p=0.0086), or choosing the same specialty (p=0.0019) or if they wished their offspring studied Medicine (p=0.0003). Cardiologists with an annual income greater than U$S 24.000 were those most satisfied with the career and with the specialty. Conclusions This study demonstrated a clear association between the income levels of the survey respondents and the degree of satisfaction measured by a PQL questionnaire. The perception of the working situation and of the degree of professional accomplishment improved in a linear form as the income level rose. Cardiologists with an annual income greater than U$S 24,000 were those most satisfied with the career and with the specialty, and they were more likely to agree with the hypothetical situation of studying Medicine again, or choosing the same specialty or wishing their offspring studied Medicine. The importance of knowing physicians PQL is based on the possible negative consequences of job dissatisfaction, which might lead to giving up the practice, to reduce the hours spent in medical practice, to reduce the quality of the practice and to transmit their own disappointment to their colleagues and to future physicians.
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OBJECTIVES: This study considered whether the time employers allotted to medical consultations in many working environments in Argentina might be inadequate to carry out an interview. The objective was to conduct a survey to gather information on the length of cardiologic medical consultations in Argentina. METHODS: During 2007, a survey was carried out that included 816 cardiologists. RESULTS: Seventy-six percent of participants said they needed 20 to 30 minutes, and 14% considered that 15 minutes was sufficient, for an adequate consultation. On the other hand, 64% reported that their employer required that consultations be done in 10 to 15 minutes, and 86% cited limits of less than 20 minutes (P < 0.0001). This time was inadequate for 60% of physicians. With regard to ethics, 89% answered affirmatively that requiring that patients be attended in such a short time could be considered an ethical flaw of the employer; 75% acknowledged their own ethical flaw when agreeing to conduct the consultation in an inadequate amount of time. When opinions were grouped, 22% considered that an adequate consultation length was fundamental for a correct patient-physician relationship, 27% reported that this time depended on "pressures" of the system, 19% indicated that inadequate consultation length affected the quality of attention patients received, 17% thought that low fees forced employers to reduce this time with a resulting detriment in quality of care, and 15% said that consultation length was variable and depended on the patient. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that 60% of physicians perceived as insufficient the time their employers allotted for conducting an adequate consultation. Most believed that allotting such a short time for examining patients could be considered an ethical flaw.
Assuntos
Cardiologia/ética , Encaminhamento e Consulta/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Argentina , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This study considered whether the time employers allotted to medical consultations in many working environments in Argentina might be inadequate to carry out an interview. The objective was to conduct a survey to gather information on the length of cardiologic medical consultations in Argentina. METHODS: During 2007, a survey was carried out that included 816 cardiologists. RESULTS: Seventy-six percent of participants said they needed 20 to 30 minutes, and 14 percent considered that 15 minutes was sufficient, for an adequate consultation. On the other hand, 64 percent reported that their employer required that consultations be done in 10 to 15 minutes, and 86 percent cited limits of less than 20 minutes (P < 0.0001). This time was inadequate for 60 percent of physicians. With regard to ethics, 89 percent answered affirmatively that requiring that patients be attended in such a short time could be considered an ethical flaw of the employer; 75 percent acknowledged their own ethical flaw when agreeing to conduct the consultation in an inadequate amount of time. When opinions were grouped, 22 percent considered that an adequate consultation length was fundamental for a correct patient-physician relationship, 27 percent reported that this time depended on "pressures" of the system, 19 percent indicated that inadequate consultation length affected the quality of attention patients received, 17 percent thought that low fees forced employers to reduce this time with a resulting detriment in quality of care, and 15 percent said that consultation length was variable and depended on the patient. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that 60 percent of physicians perceived as insufficient the time their employers allotted for conducting an adequate consultation. Most believed that allotting such a short time for examining patients could be considered an ethical flaw.
OBJETIVOS: Se analizó si el tiempo asignado por los empleadores para las consultas médicas en centros de trabajo en Argentina es insuficiente. El objetivo fue recopilar información mediante una encuesta sobre la duración de las consultas de cardiología en Argentina. MÉTODOS: Se aplicó una encuesta a 816 cardiólogos en 2007. RESULTADOS: De los participantes, 76 por ciento dijo necesitar de 20 a 30 minutos para una consulta adecuada, mientras 14 por ciento consideró que 15 minutos era suficiente. Por otra parte, 64 por ciento informó que sus empleadores exigían que las consultas se realizaran en 10-15 minutos y 86 por ciento citó límites menores de 20 minutos (P < 0,0001); 60 por ciento de los médicos consideraron inadecuado ese tiempo. De los entrevistados, 89 por ciento respondió que exigir que se atienda a los pacientes en ese corto tiempo podría considerarse una falla ética de los empleadores; 75 por ciento reconoció su propia falla ética al aceptar realizar la consulta en un tiempo inadecuado. Cuando se agruparon las opiniones, 27 por ciento manifestó que ese tiempo dependía de "presiones" del sistema, 22 por ciento consideró que realizar la consulta en un tiempo suficiente era fundamental para una correcta relación médico-paciente, 19 por ciento indicó que un tiempo insuficiente de consulta afectaba a la calidad de la atención que recibía el paciente, 17 por ciento pensaba que los bajos honorarios forzaban a los empleadores a reducir ese tiempo con el consiguiente detrimento en la calidad de la atención y 15 por ciento dijo que la duración de la consulta era variable y dependía del paciente. CONCLUSIONES: Estos resultados muestran que 60 por ciento de los médicos percibían como insuficiente el tiempo que sus empleadores les asignaron para llevar a cabo las consultas. La mayoría consideró que asignar un tiempo tan corto para examinar a los pacientes puede considerarse una falla ética.